Cold Rolling Reduction Rate Research Articles

Influence Mechanisms of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Microstructure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Silicon Steel

The effects of cold rolling reduction on the microstructure, recrystallization behavior, and magnetic properties of 3.0%Si-0.8%Al-0.3%Mn steel were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). With the reduction rates of 78%, 85% and 87% in the cold rolled sheet, the width of the deformation band becomes narrower, the number of intragranular shear bands decreases, and the proportion of grain boundaries increases. The intensity of the α and γ fibers texture in the cold rolled sheet is enhanced, and the annealed sheet is dominated by the γ fibers texture and the content increases from 26.0% to 34.5%. During the recrystallization process, the Goss and γ-grains nucleate first. The λ-grains nucleate mainly at the grain boundaries of the deformed α-grains, and the α-grains ultimately recrystallize. With the increase in the cold rolling reduction rate, the γ-grains develop into the main texture due to a large amount of nucleation at the deformation band and grain boundary. The λ-grains with a high mobility do not have a numerical advantage, and the increase in the texture content is very small. The content of the unfavorable γ fiber texture in the annealed sheet increases, the magnetic induction intensity B50 decreases, Pe and Pt decrease significantly, and the critical grain size with the lowest iron loss decreases from 136.2 to 109.4 μm.

Evolution and mechanism of recrystallization microstructure and texture in GH3536 superalloy foil and their influence on strength performance

To achieve isotropic strength in GH3536 foil, this study investigated the influence mechanism of initial recrystallization microstructure and texture characteristics of GH3536 superalloy foil with different cold-rolled reduction rates (referring to the reduction rate in thickness) on annealing recrystallization microstructure, including secondary recrystallization microstructure, and texture. This was studied by controlling the cold-rolled reduction rate and annealing temperature, in conjunction with microstructure and texture analysis. Meanwhile, this study clarified the dependency of strength performance on recrystallization microstructure and texture. The results of this study indicate that the Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) grain boundaries and High Energy (HE) grain boundaries did not show significant superiorities, and were not the primary reasons for the formation of Brass ({011}<211>) and Goss ({011}<100>) textures, as well as secondary recrystallization. Instead, by controlling the cold-rolled reduction rate, the initial recrystallization stage formed a significant quantity and size superiority of α-fiber texture ({110}∥ND) in each grain size range. This led to preferential growth, and even abnormal growth of Brass and Goss grains in subsequent high-temperature annealing processes. The control of the α-deformation fiber texture was identified as the driving factor behind the formation of the initial recrystallization texture due to the cold rolling reduction rate. Cold-rolled processes with a deformation amount greater than 40 % yielded a quantity superiority of α-fiber texture shear bands and an appropriate stored energy advantage. This facilitated the nucleation and effective growth of more α grains, while suppressing the random growth of grains with γ-fiber texture ({111}∥ND). Ultimately, a quantity and size superiority was achieved in the initial recrystallization stage. The tensile strength of GH3536 foil was controlled by grain size and texture. By controlling the deformation amount to approximately 30 %, GH3536 foil was successfully produced with no pronounced orientation texture and isotropic strength.

High-temperature near-equiatomic TiNi strain glass

Strain glasses (STGs) exhibit many unique properties not available in their counterparts of martensites and have found applications in cutting-edge space technology. However, the strain glass transition temperature Tg is commonly too low to enrich applications, especially in prototypical TiNi-based shape-memory alloys (SMAs). Here we report a surprising finding of strain glass in Ti50.1Ni49.9 alloys with high Tg ∼290 K, which is the highest among existing TiNi STGs. It was achieved via a simple method of slight annealing at 573 K for 15 s on cold-rolled high Ms (martensitic transformation temperature) Ti50.1Ni49.9 SMAs. As a result, this near-equiatomic TiNi strain glass caused by cold-rolling-induced dislocations can inherit the high-Ms of Ti50.1Ni49.9 SMA and possess high Tg, manifested by a weak transition temperature decrease with cold-rolling reduction rate in the phase diagram.

Coordinate regulation mechanism of primary recrystallization texture and microstructure of grain-oriented silicon steel

Texture control, which is affected by composition, hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing, is the core element to improve the magnetic properties of grain-oriented silicon steel and is one of the key scientific problems in developing electrical steel technology. The research and control of first factors have been very mature, and the integrated regulation of upstream and downstream processes has become a breakthrough point for improving texture. For the common grain-oriented silicon steel based on the “two-stage cold rolling method”, primary recrystallization is the stage achievement of smelting, hot rolling, first cold rolling, and decarburization annealing. The grain size and texture characteristics of the primary recrystallization are the only standards to measure the pre-process technology and is the pointer of whether the secondary recrystallization can occur in the subsequent process or not, which are extremely important to improve the magnetic properties. This paper studied the hot rolling, the first cold rolling and decarburization annealing of grain-oriented silicon steel by using XRD, EBSD technologies. The results showed that the hot rolled plate is not as thinner as better, only the optimum ratio of the thickness of hot rolled plate and the first cold reduction rate can obtain optimal primary recrystallization. The minimum iron loss value and maximum magnetic induction intensity are obtained under the primary cold rolling reduction rate controlled at 77.27%, the average grain size of the primary recrystallization is 14 µm, the iron loss P1.7/50 is reduced to 1.02 W/Kg, and the magnetic induction intensity B8 can reach 1.910 T.

Importance of cold rolling and tempering on the microstructure evolution, precipitation behavior and mechanical responses of 9Cr3Co3W1Cu ferritic/martensitic steel

The effects of thermomechanical treatment (cold rolling + tempering) on the microstructure evolution, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of the 9Cr3Co3W1Cu martensitic steel (G115) were investigated, by adjusting the cold rolling reduction (0, 20% and 40%), tempering temperature (750 °C and 800 °C) and time (30 min and 120 min). The results indicate that the G115 steel with 20% cold-rolling reduction rate followed by tempering at 800 °C for 30 min exhibits the optimum mechanical response (yield strength (σs) 899 MPa, elongation (δ) 26%), compared with that of 40% cold-rolled (σs 812 MPa, δ 17%) and undeformed steels (σs 670 MPa, δ 15%). The optimum yield strength in 20%-800 °C-30 min steel is attributed to the dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening, for the relatively low recrystallization rate and high density Cr23C6 and NbC precipitates, and the good ductility is attributed to the low recrystallization ratio and the uniform microstructure. As a comparison, in 40%-800 °C-30 min steel, a ferrite martensite dual phase structure formed. Due to the hardness difference between the two phases, there may be significant inharmony during the deformation process, leading to premature fracture.

Effects of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on the Microstructure and Properties of Cu-1.16Ni-0.36Cr Alloy after Thermo-Mechanical Treatment.

In this paper, a Cu-Ni-Cr alloy was prepared by adding a Ni-Cr intermediate alloy to copper. The effects of the cold rolling reduction rate on the microstructure and properties of the Cu-1.16Ni-0.36Cr alloy after thermo-mechanical treatment were studied. The results show that the tensile strength of the alloy increased while the electrical conductivity slightly decreased with an increase of the cold rolling reduction rate. At a rolling strain of 3.2, the tensile strength was 512.0 MPa and the conductivity was 45.5% IACS. At a rolling strain of 4.3, the strength further increased to 536.1 MPa and the conductivity decreased to 41.9% IACS. The grain size and dislocation density decreased with an increase of the reduction rate in the thermo-mechanical treatment. However, when the rolling strain reached 4.3, the recrystallization degree of the alloy increased due to an accumulation of the dislocation density and deformation energy, resulting in a slight increase in the grain size and a decrease in the dislocation density. The texture strength of the brass increased due to the induced shear band, with an increase of the cold rolling reduction rate. The reduction rate promoted a uniform distribution of nano-scale Cr precipitates and further enhanced the strength via precipitation strengthening.

Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on the Microstructure and Properties of Q&P Steel with a Ferrite-Pearlite Initial Structure.

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel has garnered attention as a promising third-generation automotive steel. While the conventional production (CP) method for Q&P steel involves a significant cumulative cold rolling reduction rate (CRRR) of 60-70%, the thin slab casting and rolling (TSCR) process has emerged as a potential alternative to reduce or eliminate the need for cold rolling, characterized with a streamline production chain, high-energy efficiency, mitigated CO2 emission and economical cost. However, the effect of the CRRR on the microstructure and properties of Q&P steel with an initial ferrite-pearlite microstructure has been overlooked, preventing the extensive application of TSCR in producing Q&P steel. In this work, investigations involving different degrees of CRRRs reveal a direct relationship between increased reduction and decreased yield strength and plasticity. Notably, changes in the microstructure were observed, including reduced size and proportion of martensite blocks, increased ferrite proportion and decreased retained austenite content. The decrease in yield strength was primarily attributed to the increased proportion of the softer ferrite phase, while the reduction in plasticity was primarily linked to the decrease in retained austenite content. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing the TSCR process of Q&P steel, facilitating its wider adoption in the automotive sector.

Microstructure, Texture, and Anisotropic Properties of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel

The effects of cold rolling reduction rates and recrystallization annealing temperature on the microstructure, texture, and anisotropic properties of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The results revealed that the constituents of recrystallized, substructured, and deformed structures were strongly affected by cold rolling reduction rates ranging from 33.3% to 66.7% and recrystallization temperatures ranging from 780 to 840 °C. At an annealing temperature of 820 °C, when the cold rolling reduction rate was 33.3%, HSLA steel exhibited a low percentage of recrystallization, with cubic, γ-linear, rolled, and Z-texture (the texture at Euler angles φ1 = 30° and Φ = 20°–30°) structures. The rolled texture and Z-texture increased the strength anisotropy and disappeared at high cold rolling reduction rates. When the annealing temperature was increased from 780 °C to 820 °C, the proportion of recrystallized grains increased, the rolling texture disappeared, and grain orientation gradually gathered in the cubic texture and γ line texture, resulting in low anisotropy of strength. At an annealing temperature of 840 °C, the deformation of the grain disappeared; however, the anisotropy increased compared to annealing at 820 °C because of the formation of a new texture of {001}&lt;−1–20&gt;.

Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Ratio on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Secondary Cold‐Rolled High‐Grade Nonoriented Silicon Steel

Trial production of 0.25 mm‐thick thin‐gauge high‐grade nonoriented silicon steel with a Si content of 3.5% by the secondary cold rolling process is studied. The recrystallization microstructure and magnetic properties are systematically studied by the microstructure, texture evolution, and the effect of two‐stage cold rolling reduction ratios (37.5–70.5%) during the whole process. The results show that the magnetic induction intensity B5000 first increases and then decreases; the iron loss first decreases and then increases at the frequencies of 50 and 400 Hz with the reduction of the cold rolling reduction rate in the second stage. The cubic and Goss texture of the finished annealed sheet has the highest strength when the reduction ratio of the second stage cold rolling is 58.3%. The highest magnetic induction intensity, B5000 = 1.671 T. Lowest iron loss, P1.0/50 = 0.83 W kg−1, P1.5/50 = 1.98 W kg−1, and P1.0/400 = 11.94 W kg−1, respectively.

Effect of Secondary Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Secondary Recrystallization Behavior of CGO Steel

With the implementation of the “double carbon” policy in various countries in the world, the demand for grain-oriented electrical steel with low iron loss and high magnetic induction is increasing. Reducing the thickness of the steel sheets is an effective method to reduce the iron loss.The sheet thickness reduction means the increasing cold rolling reduction rate, especially the secondary cold rolling reduction rate, will directly affect the texture evolution of the secondary recrystallization process. In this paper, the secondary cold rolling reduction rate of commercial grain-oriented silicon steel was studied by means of X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Backscatter Diffraction. The results showed that Ultra-thin oriented silicon steel cannot be obtained by increasing the secondary cold rolling reduction rate alone; the optimum secondary cold rolling reduction rate was 59.2%. The grain size increased as the secondary cold rolling reduction rate increased and favorable texture content decreased, which was disadvantage to obtain a secondary recrystallization environment.

Refinement of coarse AlN by the shear effect of dislocation slip during cold rolling in low-temperature grain-oriented silicon steel

The transition behavior of coarse AlN during cold rolling in the low-temperature grain-oriented silicon steel normalized sheet was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SEM observation results showed that the size of AlN decreased with the increase of the cold rolling reduction rate, and the average sizes of AlN in the normalized specimen and the cold-rolled specimens with the cold rolling reduction rates of 14%, 23%, 30%, 40%, and 89% were approximately 1734, 771, 742, 582, 490, and 96 nm, respectively. The morphology of AlN nearly transformed from rectangle to irregular polygon when the cold rolling reduction rate exceeded 23%. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the refinement of AlN during cold rolling was characterized by TEM. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis results confirmed that the refinement of coarse AlN during cold rolling was caused by the shear effect of dislocation slip because lots of slip traces, which were produced by dislocation slip along some slip systems of AlN, such as (011‾0)[21‾1‾0], (01‾11)[21‾1‾0], and (0001)[21‾1‾0] slip systems, were observed in AlN. Moreover, it was also found that after a coarse AlN was sheared to become two parts, the orientations of them would be slightly different when the slip plane of AlN was not completely parallel to that of the matrix before shearing. Therefore, based on these results, it was confirmed for the first time that the coarse AlN precipitated in low-temperature grain-oriented silicon steel normalized sheet was shearable and could be refined after cold rolling. The possible mechanisms were summarized as follows: the orientation relationship between AlN and matrix might be randomly changed during cold rolling owing to the considerable stress concentration around AlN, making it possible that the slip plane of AlN matched with that of the matrix, at this time, the dislocations slipping in the matrix could glide into and shear AlN with the slip system of matrix changing into the slip system of AlN.

A novel method to study recrystallization behavior: Continuous heating stress relaxation

The characteristics of recrystallization determine the hot working process, the final properties, and the limits of the high-temperature service of metal materials. Metal recrystallization theory is also one of the most basic scientific issues in materials science. In this paper, a novel continuous heating stress relaxation method was proposed to determine the recrystallization temperature of metal sheets, and the recrystallization behavior of H65 brass with a cold rolling reduction rate of 70% is studied by this method. The results show that the stress relaxation method can accurately obtain the recrystallization temperature characteristic points of metal samples. The effects of external load and heating rate on stress relaxation are analyzed. Compared with the hardness method, the stress relaxation method can continuously monitor the mechanical properties of materials during recrystallization. The stress relaxation method can be used to determine the recrystallization activation energy Qr of metal through the less experimental workload. The Qr of the brass samples determined by the stress relaxation method is 127 KJ/mol, which is very close to the 131 KJ/mol determined by the hardness method.

Effect of cold rolling reduction rate on mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Cu–Ni–Si alloy prepared by temperature controlled mold continuous casting

The contradictory relation between the strength and electrical conductivity of Cu–Ni–Si alloy after cold deformation is a significant scientific issue, break the contradictory relation is an important challenge for preparing the Cu–Ni–Si alloy with high strength and electrical conductivity. The C70250 copper alloy strips were prepared by temperature controlled mold continuous casting (TCMCC) and cold rolled. The effects of different cold rolling reduction rates on mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the alloy were investigated, and the mechanism was revealed. The results indicate that the C70250 copper alloy strip prepared by TCMCC can be directly cold rolled with large deformation. When the cumulative cold rolling reduction rate reaches 97.5%, the strength and electrical conductivity of the alloy increase by 327 MPa and 0.6 IACS%, respectively. With the increase of cold rolling reduction rate, the shear deformation degree of columnar grain structure with strong [001] orientation increases gradually in C70250 copper alloy prepared by TCMCC. The alloy forms a large number of parallel shear bands consisting of high density dislocations, which seriously hinder the slip of dislocations and lead to the continuous increase of strength of the alloy. The parallel distributed shear bands in the C70250 copper alloy uniformly cut the matrix during the cold rolling process, and finally form a fibrous-shaped microstructure. The transverse grain boundary density is significantly reduced after cold deformation, which greatly reduces the influence of transverse grain boundary on the electrical conductivity and leads to abnormal increase of the electrical conductivity of the alloy.

Prediction of mechanical properties of cold rolled and continuous annealed steel grades via analytical model integrated neural networks

ABSTRACT Mechanical property prediction is considerably demanded by steel manufacturers because it helps to avoid quality problems and increase productivity. However, prediction of yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of steel after annealing is a hard task because the relation between mechanical properties and process parameters like cold rolling reduction rate, annealing time, annealing temperature and alloying elements of steel is highly nonlinear. Moreover, analytical models mostly depend on experimental constants which are hard to obtain for industrial processes due to the wide range of the process parameters. Using neural network models is more practical, but it may lead to unphysical results. To increase accuracy and avoid unphysical results, analytical annealing models are redeveloped and integrated into the neural network models. Moreover, more than 50,000 tensile test data belonging to the production of past 3 years are used during model construction. Additionally, models are developed for different steel categories based on historical data, and these are aluminum killed, bake hardening, dual phase, high strength low alloy, interstitial free, and rephosphorized steels. According to the results, models have less than 1.7 error for tensile strength, 3.3 error for yield strength and 4.7 error for elongation.

Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Corrosion Behaviour of Twin-roll Cast 8006 Aluminium Alloys

Utilization of aluminum alloys in automotive industry takes a crucial role in recent years due to their excellent properties such as corrosion resistance and light weight. 3003 and 8006 aluminum alloys have been particularly used as a heat exchanger compartment due to their corrosion resistance feature which has a perfect match for a heat exchanger fin stocks and a destructive salty environment in this car’s part. In the present work, an effect of cold rolling reduction (CRR) rate on the corrosion twin-roll cast 8006 aluminium alloys was investigated. Firstly, the aluminium alloy was submitted to twin-roll casting process to achieve 8.5 mm thickness sheet. Then, homogenization annealing was applied between 550 °C and 600 °C. Subsequently, two cold rolling routes were subjected at different CRR rates of %94 and %98 respectively. Finally, the aluminium sheets were annealed between 400 °C and 450 °C for 60 min in a furnace for electrochemical corrosion tests. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed in 1 M NaCl and H2O2 solution, and open circuit potential and polarization curves were successfully achieved. The surface features of the specimens before and after corrosion tests were assessed using stereomicroscopy and 3D profilometer. Based on the results, an increase in the various CRR rates depending on cold rolling route applied decreases the corrosion resistance of the twin-roll cast 8006 aluminum alloys and thus, they could be very versatile materials for heat exchanger fin stock materials.

Microstructural evolution and its influence on the mechanical properties of a thermomechanically processed β Ti–32Zr–30Nb alloy

In this study, microstructural evolution and its influence on the mechanical properties of a newly developed titanium–zirconium–niobium (TZN) alloy after cold rolling and recrystallization annealing have been investigated. With an increase in the cold rolling reduction rate (CRRR) of the Ti–32Zr–30Nb TZN alloy, a change in the plastic deformation mechanisms has been observed. Deformation-induced α” and kink bands were observed in the TZN alloy after cold rolling at 20% and 56% CRRR; however, with a further increase in CRRR, while the deformation mechanisms including kink bands, {332} <113> β mechanical twinning and shear bands were increased, the formation of deformation-induced α” was suppressed. The Young's modulus of the TZN alloy specimen after cold rolling at 86% CRRR was found to be higher than those of the specimens after cold rolling at 20%, 56% and 76% CRRR, due to the reverse transformation of the deformation-induced martensite α” into β. The TZN alloy is evaluated as a promising candidate material for orthopaedic implant applications by virtue of its unique combination of values for Young's modulus, tensile strength, elongation at rupture and elastic admissible strain, which were measured in the ranges of 57–69 GPa, 692–961 MPa, 4–10% and 1.11–1.31%, respectively, after various thermomechanical treatments.

Influence of Grain Size on Work-Hardening Behavior in 12Cr Stainless Steel

Grain refinement is attracting attention as a strengthening method which does not depend on the alloying elements added to steels. Many reports have described the manufacturing methods and mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained steels. In ultra-fine grained steels, it is well known that yielding stress drastically increases in accordance with the Hall-Petch relationship, while uniform elongation significantly decreases. These tendencies imply that grain size affects not only yielding but also work-hardening behavior. However, the influence of grain size on work-hardening behavior has not been clearly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the work-hardening behavior during tensile deformation of 12Cr stainless steel with various grain sizes. Grain refining was conducted by cold-rolling of annealed and quenched steel specimens, followed by recrystallization annealing. The grain size of the specimens decreased as the cold-rolling reduction rate increased. The minimum grain size obtained by this method was approximately 5 μm. With decreasing grain size, 0.2% proof stress increased and the strain which reached the plastic instability condition decreased. In the session, we report the dislocation accumulation behavior estimated by grain hardness and XRD and the dynamic recovery behavior assessed by the Kocks-Mecking model.

Microstructural characterization and mechanical behavior of a low-carbon 17%Mn steel

Steels containing high levels of Mn, Si and Al exhibit high plasticity when deformed, owing to twinning-induced plastitity (TWIP) and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects. In this study, we investigated the microstructural evolution of samples of samples of a 17%Mn steel subjected to war rolling at 700° and 800°C. We also studied the effects of the microstructure of the steel samples on their mechanical behavior. Using a mathematic model the stacking fault energy of the steel was estimated to be 14.5 mJ/m 2 . This value was indicative of a martensitic transformation. The presence of martensite and twinned austenite was verified using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses. The presence of austenite and e- and α'-martensites was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and dilatometry. Increasing the rate of cold reduction resulted in the formation of a α'-martensite phase and a decrease in the volume fraction of the e-martensite phase. The volume fractions of the various phases were measured by integrating the areas under the XRD peaks. The sample subjected to a cold-rolling reduction of 81% and a subsequent annealing treatment did not contain a α'-martensite phase, indicating that it was fully recrystallized. The Vickers microhardness of the samples increased with an increase in the cold-rolling reduction rate. However, the microhardness values of the cold-rolled samples decreased after the annealing treatment.

Texture investigation of the superelastic Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy

In this work, the influence of crystallographic texture on mechanical properties was investigated by X-ray diffraction in the superelastic Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy. Different textures were obtained by changing the cold rolling reduction rate and the following thermal treatment (solution treatment or flash thermal treatment). The tensile tests performed show that Young’s modulus, elongation at rupture and ultimate tensile strength are not influenced by texture. However, the superelastic property of the Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy after solution treatment clearly increases with the textural change into the γ-fiber texture with a (111)[12¯1] main component due to the increase of cold rolling rate. Contrarily, the texture change induced by the increase of cold rolling rate has no influence on superelasticity after flash thermal treatment. Flash thermal treatment gives also higher recovery strain than solution treatment due to a smaller grain size.

Effect of Cold Rolling Reduction Rate on Secondary Recrystallized Texture in 3 Pct Si-Fe Steel

The phenomenon of secondary recrystallization in 3 pct Si-Fe electrical steel subjected to relatively high cold rolling reduction rates has been investigated. The texture of the secondary recrystallized sample that has a cold rolling reduction rate of 97.2 pct consists mainly of {110}〈112〉 component, which is quite different from the ideal Goss ({110}〈001〉) texture obtained after lower cold rolling reduction rates. The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) analysis on the primary recrystallized sample with a cold rolling reduction rate of 97.2 pct indicates that the {110}〈112〉 component has the highest frequency of high energy (HE) boundary with a misorientation angle between 20 and 45 deg, whereas the Goss component in the sample subjected to lower cold rolling reduction rates has the highest frequency of HE boundary. These results indicate that the component with the highest frequency of HE boundary surrounding it after primary recrystallization has the privilege to outgrow other components during secondary recrystallization. However, the GBCD analysis for coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundary points out that the Goss component has the highest frequency of CSL boundaries in the primary recrystallized texture irrespective of the cold rolling reduction applied. These results suggest that the HE model can predict the orientation relationship between the primary and secondary recrystallized textures better than the CSL model.