Cold Preparation Research Articles

Unused, expired pharmaceuticals and their disposal practices among the general public in Burdur-Türkiye: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundUnused pharmaceuticals are currently a public health problem. This study aimed to identify unused pharmaceuticals, research practices about the disposal methods, classify the medicines according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes (ATC) and, to determine the number of unused medicines.MethodsThe study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were collected between April and August 2023 in Burdur-Türkiye by non-probability sampling technique (convenience method). Pharmaceuticals were classified according to ATC. Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS (V.24) package program was used for data analysis.ResultsA total of 1120 people, 1005 in the first sample group and 115 in the second sample group, participated in the study. Findings of first sample group: A total of 4097 boxes of unused pharmaceuticals (4.7 ± 4.3 boxes/per capita) were detected. It was found that pharmaceuticals were stored in areas such as kitchens (59.1%) and refrigerators (38.6%), the reason for keeping them was reuse (41%), and the disposal practice was household garbage (81%). Paracetamol (648 boxes), Other cold preparation (303 boxes), Dexketoprofen (239 boxes), Diclofenac (218 boxes), Amoxicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor (190 boxes) were found to be the most frequently unused pharmaceuticals. Using the unused medicines at home without consulting a physician was 94.1% (self-medication). Findings of second sample group: Of the 6189 dosage forms in 265 boxes pharmaceutical, 3132(50.6%) dosage forms were used and 3057(49.4%) were found to be unused.ConclusionThere is a significant amount and number of unused medicines in households, and self-medication is common. Medicines are not properly disposed of and some of them expire. Public information is needed. A “drug take-back system” for unused medicines can be useful in solving this problem.

A Novel Extracellular Catalase Produced by the Antarctic Filamentous Fungus Penicillium Rubens III11-2

Catalase (CAT) is an enzyme involved in the first line of cellular antioxidant defense. It plays a key role in the protection of a wide range of Antarctic organisms against cold stress. Extracellular catalase is very rare and data on it are extremely scarce. The aim of the present study was to select an efficient producer of extracellular catalase from amongst Antarctic filamentous fungi. Sixty-two Antarctic filamentous fungal strains were investigated for their potential ability to synthesize intracellular and extracellular CAT. The Antarctic strain Penicillium rubens III11-2 was selected as the best producer of extracellular catalase. New information on the involvement of the extracellular antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and CAT in the response of filamentous fungi against low-temperature stress was obtained. An efficient scheme for the purification of CAT from culture fluid was developed. An enzyme preparation with high specific activity (513 U/mg protein) was obtained with a yield of 19.97% and a purification rate of 98.4-fold. The purified enzyme exhibited maximal enzymatic activity in the temperature range of 5–40 °C and temperature stability between 0 and 30 °C, therefore being characterized as temperature sensitive. To our knowledge, this is the first purified extracellular cold active catalase preparation from Antarctic filamentous fungi.

81 Meat Options for Dinner: the Road Less Travelled (Bison edition)

Abstract Consumers expect selection in almost every category of purchase including protein from meat sources. There are a variety of meats consumed worldwide with sustained marketing efforts for many species. This presentation will serve as an introduction to the topic of meat proteins from novel species, consumption trends and importance of understanding characteristics of specific meats. Bison, goat, ostrich, elk, deer, yak, water buffalo, horse, donkey, rabbit, wild boar, deer, alligator and llama are all consumed in various quantities in different parts of the world. Understanding reasons for meat selection and the many factors that can impact meat quality can help align production and marketing decisions for optimal consumer satisfaction. Animal genetics, feed, pre-slaughter handling and transport, proper stunning, carcass chilling, cold chain continuity and preparation of the meat can all influence the end eating experience. Research into meat characteristics of various species supports marketing efforts and puts integrity on nutritional claims. An example of this is bison meat marketing which promotes a lean, healthy meat raised on sustainable production systems in Canada and the USA with a rich history behind it. Nutritional analysis of bison meat and production research helps support these claims. Investigation into characteristics of meat from several species throughout the world could broaden opportunities for successfully marketing them as niche products.

Knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of patients towards use of cough and cold preparations: a comprehensive surveyKnowledge, attitude, and behaviour of patients towards use of cough and cold preparations: a comprehensive survey

Background: Cough, cold and related discomforts are the most common discomforts affecting general population, which can adversely affects subjects’ quality of life due to its physical, social, and psychological effects. To know the patients perception towards cough and cold preparation is need of hour for health care industry.Methods: This study investigated the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of patients toward use of cough and cold preparations. Questionnaires were distributed to patients approaching to pharmacy for purchasing these drugs.Results: The age group was from 17 to 55. In our study 66 % of patients reported that they prefer liquid oral formulation over other dosage form. Further in syrup formulations. Around 59% of patients are prescribed with some of the cough syrup while remaining 41% are purchasing OTC preparations. But 58% patients still not aware with concept of OTC medicine. Further 51% patients are not aware about the adverse effects of such preparations.Conclusions: The study provides important insights into the use of cough and cold medications in general populations especially about OTC medications. There is need to create awareness in patients about safe use of these preparation, as the safety profile of drugs included in cough syrup is very important here.

Hygienic-sanitary conditions in commercial restaurants: are there risks to consumers?

Controlling hygienic-sanitary conditions in restaurants is hard since contamination can occur at different food preparation stages. The current study analyzes hygienic-sanitary conditions in commercial restaurants in Vitória City, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. A checklist was applied to nine commercial restaurants, based on Brazilian Resolution RDC 216/2004. The classification was based on compliance with the investigated items, which was expressed in rates: Group 1 (76%-100%), Group 2 (51%-75%), and Group 3 (≤50%). Air quality was assessed based on the simple sedimentation technique. The restaurant's compliance rate ranged from 21.4% to 98.7%. Of the total number of investigated restaurants, 55.5% were classified as Group 1. Mean mesophilic aerobic count was above the recommended rate. Restaurant B was the only one in the cold preparation distribution sector to meet the recommendation for yeasts and molds. The evaluated establishments' presented risk conditions to consumers. Therefore, it is essential to implement corrective actions and provide periodic training to food handlers to ensure quality and customer safety.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHELIDONIUM SPECIES MAJUS L.

The present paper has as main objective the determination of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some pharmaceutical forms obtained in the laboratory of pharmaceutical technology of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University "Lower Danube of Galati". We used semi-solid pharmaceutical forms with different concentrations of soft extract of Chelidonium majus L, 50%, 25% and 10% in two ointment bases, simple ointment and base III I performed the antimicrobial activity for all four ointments, compared to extract 1: 3.75 in hydroalcoholic solution (ethyl alcohol / water 35/65 by mass) from aerial parts of Chelidonium majus and alcohol 70 °. hydroalcoholic solution was obtained by cold preparation from the aerial parts of the plant Chelidonium majus. We determined the antimicrobial activity by the diffusimetric method (Kirby-Bauer) and the dilution method. The 50% concentration ointment (UNG A) shows activity on some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and not on the fungus Candida albicans.

Phenolic composition of Croatian olive leaves and their infusions obtained by hot and cold preparation

Leaves and infusions of six Croatian olive cultivars grown in an organic orchard under the same agronomic conditions were characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry (HPLC-UV/VIS). The total identified phenols in leaves ranged from 3 818 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> [cultivar Istarska crnica (IC)] to 10 572 mg 100 g<sup>–1</sup> of dry mass [cultivar Oblica (OB)]. The canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) provided a distinct separation of cultivars based on leaves' phenolic profiles. Hot- and cold-water infusions (200 mL) were prepared from 1 g of dry leaves. The average transfer rate of the total phenols in the cold-water infusions was 40% (25 °C/30 min), while in the hot-water infusions was 63% (75 °C/3 min) and 76% (100 °C/3 min). Although the cold-water infusions had the lowest transfer rate, they contained important levels of hydroxytyrosol derivatives ranging from 16.6 mg 200 mL<sup>–1</sup> to 36.5 mg 200 mL<sup>–1</sup> depending on the cultivar. Therefore, both hot and cold preparations are effective in obtaining antioxidant-rich natural beverages.

Steatotic Livers Are More Susceptible to Ischemia Reperfusion Damage after Transplantation and Show Increased γδ T Cell Infiltration.

Liver transplantation (LTx) is often the only possible therapy for many end-stage liver diseases, but successful long-term transplant outcomes are limited by multiple factors, including ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). This situation is aggravated by a shortage of transplantable organs, thus encouraging the use of inferior quality organs. Here, we have investigated early hepatic IRI in a retrospective, exploratory, monocentric case-control study considering organ marginality. We analyzed standard LTx biopsies from 46 patients taken at the end of cold organ preparation and two hours after reperfusion, and we showed that early IRI was present after two hours in 63% of cases. Looking at our data in general, in accordance with Eurotransplant criteria, a marginal transplant was allocated at our institution in about 54% of cases. We found that patients with a marginal-organ LTx showing evidence of IRI had a significantly worse one-year survival rate (51% vs. 75%). As we saw in our study cohort, the marginality of these livers was almost entirely due to steatosis. In contrast, survival rates in patients receiving a non-marginal transplant were not influenced by the presence or absence of IRI. Poorer outcomes in marginal organs prompted us to examine pre- and post-reperfusion biopsies, and it was revealed that transplants with IRI demonstrated significantly greater T cell infiltration. Molecular analyses showed that higher mRNA expression levels of CXCL-1, CD3 and TCRγ locus genes were found in IRI livers. We therefore conclude that the marginality of an organ, namely steatosis, exacerbates early IRI by enhancing effector immune cell infiltration. Preemptive strategies targeting immune pathways could increase the safety of using marginal organs for LTx.

Quality of olive oils and olive bagasse oil and their use in thermal processes

Olive oil is recognized due to its different properties, however, its most used form is in cold preparation, as there is still the belief that, once heated, olive oil would lose its beneficial properties to health and even form toxic substances. Thus, in order to assess the quality of olive oils and olive bagasse oil subjected to different temperatures and their use in thermal processes, the present study was developed at the Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, belonging to the State University's Department of Agronomy of Maringá. The following analyzes were performed when the oils reached temperatures of 10, 25 (room temperature), 140, 180, 220 and 260°C: acidity, peroxide index, iodine index and measurement of absorbance at 232 and 270 nm (ultraviolet). After the results obtained are compared with the standards of Codex Alimentarius, the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento and the International Olive Council, it is concluded that even after heating, in most of the evaluated parameters, the oils remained in compliance with legislation, which can then be used in thermal processes.

Reducing harm through the development of good preparation practices for the injection of slow release morphine sulphate capsules

BackgroundIt is not always easy to advise people who inject drugs (PWID) on how to prepare their drugs in a way that is associated with reduced harm. This is particularly true for pharmaceutical drugs that are not meant to be injected. Our objective was to find “good preparation practices” for slow release morphine sulphate capsules, namely preparation methods that reduce harm, that are evidence-based and acceptable to PWID.MethodsIn the laboratory, morphine sulphate capsules were prepared using both a cold and lukewarm preparation technique, two contact and stirring durations (1 min and 20 s) and 4 different filters (cotton filter, Sterifilt, Sterifilt+ and a wheel filter). The following outcomes were compared: particle reduction and morphine content in the filtrate, as well as filtration ease and time.ResultsThe lukewarm method and a stirring and contact time of 1 min were associated with a considerably higher morphine yield than both the cold method and the stirring time of only 20 s. Moreover, the suspension obtained was easy to filter using membrane filters. Particle reduction was important with all three membrane filters tested. Using the lukewarm method, morphine recovery was 86% for the wheel filter, 89% for the Sterifilt and 99% for the Sterifilt+.ConclusionsThe provision of a method that is easy to use, reduces harms associated to the injection of insoluble particles and recovers virtually all the active drug has a large chance to be adopted by people who use drugs. This type of “best practices” can be provided by drug workers and by people who use drugs to actively promote harm reduction.

Effects of preparation method on the biochemical characterization and cytotoxic activity of New Zealand surf clam extracts

Molluscan extracts confer a wide range of health promoting properties, one of them is cytotoxicity. Extraction and processing can affect the efficacy and properties of bioactive molecules. New Zealand (NZ) surf clams have never been thoroughly studied for bioactives until recently. However, the effect of cold and heat extraction procedure on biochemical composition and cytotoxic activities of NZ surf clam remains unanswered. The objective is to compare the effects on cytotoxicity of three NZ surf clams (Diamond shell, Crassula aequilatera; Storm shell, Mactra murchisoni; and Deepwater Tua tua, Paphies donacina) extracts via cold or heat process across cancer cell lines to find out which process can preserve bioactivity better. Fractions of extracts prepared via cold or heat procedures were tested for cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in seven cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was induced through all cell lines, as further evidenced in Caspase-3/7 activities. Cell cycle arrest was focused on G2/M- and S- phases. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions, with the greatest bioactivity in this study, are rich in lipids and proteins, indicating likely bioactive sources. Cold preparation was responsible for the lowest cancer cell viability and induced greater apoptosis. Cold process retained better bioactivity/cytotoxicity than that of heat-processed extracts. This information may guide future health/nutraceutical clam product development.

Volatile profiling in Rhus coriaria fruit (sumac) from three different geographical origins and upon roasting as analyzed via solid-phase microextraction.

Rhus coriaria (sumac) is a fruit grown worldwide for its culinary use as a flavoring agent and for its health benefits. Despite several studies on R. coriaria non-volatile metabolites, much less is recognized concerning volatile composition within that genus. In an effort to expand on flavor profile sumac and its food products, we report on volatile profiling from three accessions of different origins including Palestine, Jordan and Egypt in addition to its cold tea and post roasting via headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Under optimized conditions, 74 volatile components were identified belonging to alcohols, aromatics, esters, ethers, furan/aldehyde, hydrocarbons, ketones, monoterpenes, oxides and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Major identified components included α-pinene, naphthalene and o-cymene in Palestinian, Jordanian and Egyptian sumac, respectively. Whereas sesquiterpenes amounted for the major volatile class in fresh R. coriaria at ca. 40–58%, furan/aldehydes were the predominant classes in roasted fruits (58%). Volatile abundance data was further subjected to multivariate data analyses revealing furfural and nonanal enrichment in roasted compared to fresh fruits and their cold tea preparation. Seeds exhibited no aroma components which justified their removal in R. coriaria prior to its use as a food flavor. Such knowledge is expected to be the key for understanding the olfactory and taste properties of R. coriaria and its several food products.

Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Fractions of a Cold Aqueous Extract of the Shiitake Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Agaricomycetes), Exhibit Apoptosis in Tumor Cells.

Lentinus edodes (shiitake) ranks among the most well-known medicinal mushrooms worldwide. Immune-modulating effects of shiitake extracts have been widely demonstrated in animals and humans. Apart from providing highly purified compounds such as lentinan, crude mushroom extracts also show antitumor activities. The direct cytotoxicity of crude preparations still requires investigation. The focus of our study lies in the molecular weight cutoff distribution of β-glucans and proteins in a cold aqueous extract from L. edodes. We applied cross-flow ultrafiltration to obtain 6 fractions with different molecular sizes. β-glucan and protein contents were quantified. We were able to show that only small amounts of β-glucans were extracted and that protein content decreases with fraction size. The cytotoxic potential of the cold aqueous preparation was demonstrated by analyzing inhibition of the growth of non-small cell lung cancer and triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Physicochemical characteristics of sauce model systems: Influence of particle size and extruded flour source

Physically modified extruded flours are suitable ingredients for cold preparation of products such as creams and sauces. The rheological and textural properties and stability of model sauces prepared with wheat and rice extruded flours with three different particle size fractions were assessed. All tested sauces showed non-Newtonian, shear-thinning and thixotropic fluid characteristics. Sauces made with rice extruded flours, with lower protein and amylose contents, presented lower shear-thinning behaviour, consistency index and yield stress than wheat based sauces. Rice sauces also displayed a less compact microstructure and lower viscoelastic character but a higher resistance to freeze-thaw process. Regarding particle size, the finest flours showed lower values of consistency index, yield stress, and G′ and G″ moduli but led to higher syneresis. Overall, results proved that pregelatinised extruded flours can be used in sauces applications without heating, but their properties greatly depend on the cereal type and its particle size.

'It's Fast, It's Quick, It Stops Me Being Sick': How to influence preparation of opioid tablets for injection.

Injection of pharmaceutical opioids (PO) among people who inject drugs has increased in many countries. The common method for preparing PO tablets for injection uses heat, resulting in greater particulate matter and therefore increased risk of local infection risk and damage to veins and organs. A cold preparation process has fewer risks, but this preparation method is not commonly used. This study seeks to explore how people who inject PO learn to prepare injections and how health promotion efforts could influence practice. Between March and December 2013, qualitative interviews were undertaken with 33 clients of Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre who inject PO tablets regarding sources of knowledge and current preparation methods for injection of POs. Overwhelmingly, the most commonly reported source of knowledge around injection of tablets was others who inject. Most participants reported heating the solution as the quickest way to administer the drug. Attitudes to the use of wheel filters varied, with some participants reporting that they would use the filters if they were shown how, while others reported a number of barriers to using filters, including complexity of use. Harnessing the power of social connections may provide avenues for education about safer injecting of tablets, including the use of wheel filters. Further work is required to debunk myths about the relative potencies of cold versus hot drug solution. Collaborations between harm reduction workers and peer workers would assist in knowledge dissemination regarding safer injecting practices.

A study on knowledge and practices of over the counter (otc) medications among 2nd year dental students

Use of Over the counter drug as well as self – medication is a very common problem in India. Medical students are of no exception at this mal-practice. This study was to assess the extent of knowledge and practices of over the counter (OTC) drugs among 2 nd professional MBBS students in Burdwan Medical College. A questionnaire based study was conducted among 250 numbers of 2 nd year medical students. Among the participants, 84% know what is OTC drug and 71% know which drugs fall under OTC category. They took self-medication approximately four to five times on average in last one year. Most common conditions/symptoms for self-medication were fever (89%), cough and cold (75%), headache (67%), diarrhoea (33%), any type of pain (53%) followed by minor cut, vomiting. Antipyretics (82%), cough and cold preparation (51%) and pain-killers (49%) were the most common medicines taken. 15% of them experienced adverse reactions on OTC self medicated drugs. 58% followed the instructions as per Package Insert and 40% recommended the medicine to others with similar problem. OTC medication is widely used among medical students who are studying pharmacology. It is important to create awareness about harmful effects of OTC drugs among medical students as they are future health care providers and prevent untoward consequences.

Self-Medication Trends in Children by Their Parents

The aim of present study was to determine the self-medication trends in children by their parents, knowledge of selfmedication and their attitude towards this practice. Factors that enforced them to do this practice were also determined along with their source of information about drug use. Total 400 parents were randomly selected and interviewed. It was observed that self-medication prevalence in children by their parents was 77.25% with male and female ratio 49% and 51%. Self-medication awareness was 66% among total parents and this practice was more in children of age 1-5 years i.e., 47%. Most common conditions for self-medication were fever, cough, flu, vomiting, diarrhoea and allergies. Frequently used drug groups include antipyretics, cough and cold preparation, antimicrobials, antiemetics and antiallergy. It was also observed that 45% of parents practiced self-medication 3-4 times per year and the main reasons behind this practice were perception of illness, previous experience, lack of time, financial constraint and leftover medicines. Old prescriptions, family members, friends and medical stores were common source of self-medication. This study also revealed that 57% of parents reported recovery after self-medication. It was also observed that 63% of parents informed physician about self-medication in their children and 18% reported that their child became sicker after self-medication. Out of total 56% participants were agreed that self-medication is unsafe for their children.

Application of a cold preparation comprising the combination Iceland moss, hyaluronic acid and a hydrogel complex

In a non-interventional study (NIS), 288 registered ENT specialists and GPs investigated the efficacy and tolerability of isla® med hydro+ Throat Lozenges [1]. In this instance, adults and children aged 6 and above with typical cold-related and sore throat complaints as well as dry mucous membranes and irritated vocal cords were enrolled in the study. The pharmaceutical effect was assessed on the basis of the findings collected by the doctors as well an assessment on the part of the patients. For the 1773 evaluated patients, who were up to 101 years old, there was a distinct improvement between initial and final round over the course of the observation period with regard to the symptoms typical of colds in particular (sore throat 53.3%, swallowing difficulties 52.4%, and tickly throat 50.2%). All in all, 1340 out of 1773 patients stated at the end of the observational period that they were free of complaints or that they considered the general severity of their complaints or irritation to be minor at most. Furthermore 84.0% of the patients had noticed an appreciable effect very quickly, either whilst they had sucked the lozenges or after as little as a few minutes. 73.7% of all patients said that they had felt a noticeable effect for up to 60 minutes or more. In addition, the preparation appeared to be tolerated extremely well (rating “good” or “very good” by 88.4% of all the doctors and by 86.4% of all the patients). The preparation may thus be regarded as effective and very well tolerated, and is therefore particularly suitable for cold-related symptoms, in situations where the voice is put under excessive strain, and for frequent users. The present results obtained from the combination thereof with hyaluronic acid and a hydrogel complex also confirm the long-standing positive experience gained with Iceland moss.

Quick cold preparation of TiO2 nanolayers on gold from P25 suspensions – film structure, voltammetric behavior and photocatalytic performance for the oxidation of EDTA under UVA-LED irradiation

Time consuming thermal treatments are a common place in the preparation of photocatalysts and their immobilization on substrates. In this work nanolayers of TiO2 were applied at room temperature on gold surfaces by simply exposing the metal during a minute to an acidic aqueous suspension of P25 TiO2 (10gL−1 in 0.1molL−1 HCl). Repulverization of the commercial semiconductor by dry grinding in a mortar increased the stability of the suspension and more than doubled the photoelectrocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanolayer. While the average TiO2 particle size in the suspension was of 103±3nm (obtained by DLS), the less than 100nm thick TiO2 nanolayer on the gold surface was dominated by particles with diameters ranging from 20nm (anatase) to 30nm (rutile) (observed by SEM, TEM and EDS). Photooxidation experiments with EDTA −an emerging organic pollutant– revealed a linear relationship between the photocurrent and the potential applied to the TiO2 modified electrode until the saturation photocurrent was attained. For a 1.0mmolL−1 EDTA solution the integrated saturation photocurrent resulted in a net charge, repeatable from one electrode modification to another, of 38±3CLmol−1cm−2 (conditions: 100s irradiation with an UV-LED at 365nm, 91mWcm−2; 0.5V vs. Ag/AgCl applied potential). A micrometric TiO2 layer applied on gold by drop casting enhances this net charge by just 50%. Cyclic voltammograms of the ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox probe on gold remained undisturbed (in the dark) after the application of the TiO2 nanolayer, but they became distorted with the drop-cast micrometric layer. The photoactivity of the TiO2 nanolayer lasts with little decay for many days of photoelectrocatalytic treatment of EDTA. The simple and quick modification process at room temperature can be easily scaled-up to large areas.

Étude in vitro de la durée d’écoulement de solutions antibiotiques préparées dans des diffuseurs portables élastomériques : effet du stockage au froid pendant trois à sept jours

Within the cystic fibrosis patients' home care, EMERAA network ("Together against Cystic fibrosis in Rhone-Alpes and Auvergne") organizes parenteral antibiotics cures at home prepared in elastomeric infusion devices by hospital pharmacies. However, patients and nurses found that the durations of infusion with these devices were often longer than the nominal duration of infusion indicated by their manufacturer. This study aimed to identify the potential different causes in relation to these discordances. Three hundred and ninety devices of two different manufacturers are tested in different experimental conditions: three antibiotics each at two different doses, duration of cold storage (three days or seven days) or immediate tests without cold storage, preparation and storage of the solution in the device (protocol Device) or transfer in the device just before measurement (protocol Pocket). All tests highlighted a longer flow duration for devices prepared according to the protocol Device versus the protocol Pocket (P=0.004). Flow duration is increased in the case of high doses of antibiotics with high viscosity such as piperacilline/tazobactam. The results of this in vitro study showed the impact of: (1) the time between the filling of the device and the flow of the solution; (2) cold storage of elastomeric infusion devices; (3) concentration of antibiotics and therefore the viscosity of the solution to infuse. It is therefore essential that health care teams are aware of factors, which may lead to longer infusion durations with these infusion devices. When the additional time for infusion remain acceptable, it should be necessary to inform the patient and to relativize these lengthening compared to many benefits that these devices provide for home care.