Cold Pathogenic Diseases Research Articles

Study on Naming Common Infectious Diseases in Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases

The naming factors of the representative infectious diseases in Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases are various, mainly according to the cause, time and symptoms of the disease. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, these names are mostly named by metaphor and metonymy. The types of metaphors are mainly abiotic metaphors, plant metaphors and animal metaphors, while metonymy highlights the key features. This reflects the wisdom of the ancients to transform abstract pathological phenomena into concrete perceptions. This naming principle not only highlights the essence of TCM culture, but also promotes the inheritance and development of TCM theories.

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Preventive Efficacy and Safety of Yiqi-Wenjing-Fang Granules on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial.

Background. Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) is one of the most common side effects of oxaliplatin, which can cause reduction and cessation of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy and significantly affect patients' quality of life. However, no drug has got recognition to prevent or treat OIPN. Yiqi-Wenjing-Fang (YWF) is a joint name of Chinese medicine prescriptions with similar effects of tonifying qi and warming meridians, represented by Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HGWD) and Danggui Sini decoction (DSD), both from “Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases.” YWF granules, including HGWD granules and DSD granules, have been, respectively, demonstrated to be effective in preventing OIPN in previous small-sample observations. The purpose of this study is to enlarge the sample size for further evaluation of the preventive efficacy and safety of YWF granules on OIPN. Methods and Analysis. This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and multicenter clinical trial. 360 postoperative patients with stage IIa-IIIc colorectal cancer will be randomly assigned into placebo-control group, intervention group I, and intervention group II, taking the mimetic granules of YWF as placebo, HGWD granules and DSD granules, respectively. All subjects will receive oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimen at the same time. EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 will be used to assess the degree of OIPN as the primary outcome measure. The grades of OIPN, quality of life, chemotherapeutic efficacy, and the number of completed chemotherapy cycles are selected as the secondary outcome measures. Discussion. Based on the condition of no recognized effective drugs in preventing OIPN, evidence-based medical study will be conducted for seeking a breakthrough in the field of Chinese herb medicine. This protocol could provide reliable and systemic research basis about the efficacy of YWF granules and the differentiation of two classical prescriptions of YWF on preventing OIPN objectively. Trial Registration. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 26 December 2020 (ID: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04690283).

A Core Drug Discovery Framework from Large-Scale Literature for Cold Pathogenic Disease Treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Cold pathogenic disease is a widespread disease in traditional Chinese medicine, which includes influenza and respiratory infection associated with high incidence and mortality. Discovering effective core drugs in Chinese medicine prescriptions for treating the disease and reducing patients' symptoms has attracted great interest. In this paper, we explore the core drugs for curing various syndromes of cold pathogenic disease from large-scale literature. We propose a core drug discovery framework incorporating word embedding and community detection algorithms, which contains three parts: disease corpus construction, drug network generation, and core drug discovery. First, disease corpus is established by collecting and preprocessing large-scale literature about the Chinese medicine treatment of cold pathogenic disease from China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Second, we adopt the Chinese word embedding model SSP2VEC for mining the drug implication implied in the literature; then, a drug network is established by the semantic similarity among drugs. Third, the community detection method COPRA based on label propagation is adopted to reveal drug communities and identify core drugs in the drug network. We compute the community size, closeness centrality, and degree distributions of the drug network to analyse the patterns of core drugs. We acquire 4681 literature from China national knowledge infrastructure. Twelve significant drug communities are discovered, in which the top-10 drugs in every drug community are recognized as core drugs with high accuracy, and four classical prescriptions for treating different syndromes of cold pathogenic disease are discovered. The proposed framework can identify effective core drugs for curing cold pathogenic disease, and the research can help doctors to verify the compatibility laws of Chinese medicine prescriptions.

Dahuang Zhechong Pills Suppress Silicosis Fibrosis Progression via p38 MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad Pathway In Vitro

Background Dahuang Zhechong pills (DHZCP) is a classic Chinese medicinal prescription in “Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases (Shanghan Zabing Lun),” and it has the function of tonifying blood, nourishing Yin, and removing blood stasis. Previous studies have shown that DHZCP could alleviate SiO2 induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. This study aims to further explore the preventive and therapeutic effects of DHZCP against silicosis fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Methods We used the experimental model of SiO2-induced MH-S cells to evaluate the therapeutic potential of DHZCP. MH-S cells induced by SiO2 were intervened with the drug-containing serum of DHZCP, and the effects of drug-containing serum of DHZCP on the MH-S cells were detected by CCK8, ELISA, flow cytometry, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results DHZCP improved cell viability by reducing apoptosis. It also decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the supernatant of MH-S cells induced by SiO2, inhibited the expression of p38 MAPK, blocked the activation of NF-κB, and controlled the upstream inflammatory response by multiple targeting. Concomitantly, we observed upregulation of Smad7 and a marked decline in TGF-β1, α-SMA, Smad2, Smad3 expression in MH-S cells treated with DHZCP. Conclusion To sum up, we conclude that DHZCP protects against SiO2-induced silicosis by reducing the persistent irritation of inflammation, regulating the p38 MAPK/TGF-β1/Smad pathway.

Topological Analysis of the Language Networks of Ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine Books.

This study aims to explore the topological regularities of the character network of ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) book. We applied the 2-gram model to construct language networks from ancient TCM books. Each text of the book was separated into sentences and a TCM book was generated as a directed network, in which nodes represent Chinese characters and links represent the sequential associations between Chinese characters in the sentences (the occurrence of identical sequential associations is considered as the weight of this link). We first calculated node degrees, average path lengths, and clustering coefficients of the book networks and explored the basic topological correlations between them. Then, we compared the similarity of network nodes to assess the specificity of TCM concepts in the network. In order to explore the relationship between TCM concepts, we screened TCM concepts and clustered them. Finally, we selected the binary groups whose weights are greater than 10 in Inner Canon of Huangdi (ICH, 黄帝内经) and Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease (TCPD, 伤寒论), hoping to find the core differences of these two ancient TCM books through them. We found that the degree distributions of ancient TCM book networks are consistent with power law distribution. Moreover, the average path lengths of book networks are much smaller than random networks of the same scale; clustering coefficients are higher, which means that ancient book networks have small-world patterns. In addition, the similar TCM concepts are displayed and linked closely, according to the results of cosine similarity comparison and clustering. Furthermore, the core words of Inner Canon of Huangdi and Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases have essential differences, which might indicate the significant differences of language and conceptual patterns between theoretical and clinical books. This study adopts language network approach to investigate the basic conceptual characteristics of ancient TCM book networks, which proposes a useful method to identify the underlying conceptual meanings of particular concepts conceived in TCM theories and clinical operations.

Research on ancient literature of Lingguizhugan Decoction, a classical prescription

Derived from Zhang Zhongjing's Shang han za bing lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases)of the Han Dynasty, Lingguizhugan Decoction was composed of 4 Chinese herbs: Poria, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, for treating fullness and discomfort in chest and hypochondrium, phlegm and fluid retention, dizziness etc. The relevant descriptions and records in ancient Chinese medical works were collected, and as a result, altogether 162 items from 106 kinds of ancient book were available. Through statistical analysis, it was found that most of them followed the original records of composition, dosage and indications in Zhang's original work, only with some extensions in the scope of its clinical application.

Study on the author and its edition circulation of Ao shi shang han jin jing lu (Ao's Records of Golden Mirror on Cold Pathogenic Diseases)

Based on Ao's original work, Du Qingbi compiled Ao shi shang han jin jing lu (Ao's Records of Golden Mirror on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) . Though someone claimed that Ao shi shang han jin jing lu was an expert of Confucian classics, Ao Jiweng in the Yuan dynasty, unfortunately, no records reveal that he had been related to medicine, and it needs further investigation. It was seldom known since the completion of Ao shi shang han jin jing lu. Thanks to Xue Ji' of the Ming Dynasty who blockprinted this work twice and then it began to circulate. In addition to its circulation as a monograph, it was attached to other medical works as appendix as another significant form for circulation, mostly attached to Gu jin yi tong da quan (A Complete Medical Book, Ancient and Modern) and Zheng zhi zhun sheng (Standards for Syndromes and Treatment) . It was transmitted to Japanand Vietnam and was especially famous in Japan. Currently, scores of versions of Ao shi shang han jin jing lu exists in Japan. On the basis of Ao shi shang han jin jing lu, new works on tongue diagnostics did appear, such as Shang han guan she xin fa (Mastering Tongue Diagnostics in Cold Pathogenic Disease) and Shang han she jian (Lingual Mirror for Cold Pathogenic Disease) , thus further pushing the transmission of tongue diagnostics.

Ding Ganren and the Shanghai Professional College of Chinese Medicine

Ding Ganren (1866-1926), a distinguished representative of the Menghe Medical School, created a new school of unifying the Cold pathogenic disease with Warm febrile disease by adopting a new therapeutic method of integrating the Six-channel and Defense-qi-nutrient-blood syndrome differentiation, and simultaneously applying the classical formula with seasonal formula for treating against the exogenous febrile disease, which was quite an innovative approach. Ding Ganren paid high attention to the advancement of the education of Chinese medicine and founded the first official medical school in 1916 called the "Shanghai Professional College of Chinese Medicine" . He was self-appointed the Director of the School, and responsible for its daily administration. Till the founding of new China, the School had trained 30 classes of students, totaling 869 graduates, most of them became well-known doctors and later the backbone of medical education and clinical science in the New China era.

張仲景醫學倫理學思想述評

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.東漢時代的張仲景是中醫歷史最重要的醫家之一，被稱之為中國的希波克拉底。其名著《傷寒雜病論》成為中華醫學最重要的經典。在該書的序言中，張仲景系統闡述了其醫學倫理思想和行醫原則。認為醫師行醫的前提是實踐對自我與族群生命的熱愛；行醫的橋樑是用人類理性去發現健康與疾病的規律及控制的手段；行醫的準則是對醫術的認真與創新的態度。就其醫學倫理思想而言，張仲景醫學倫理的基本框架與中國傳統的儒家思想相吻合，反映了醫儒同道的精神。其思想對宋代以後“醫學儒化”的風尚具有一定的影響。作者認為，張仲景醫學倫理學亦對構建當代中國生命倫理學的構建具有啟發意義。Zhang Zongjing (150-219), known as the Chinese Hippocrates, was one of the most eminent physicians in China during the Han Dynasty. In the Shanghailun, a famous treatise on cold pathogenic diseases, Zhang not only described past medicinal discoveries but provided regulations for contemporary medical practice. The Shanghailun is thus an important text for scholars of the history of traditional Chinese medicine. The treatise was privately transmitted with no public acknowledgment until the Jin Dynasty (265-420), when it was re-edited and rearranged. The treatise received more attention and became increasingly popular during the Song Dynasty, when a Confucian basis for medical practice was endorsed by the government. Zhang has since been regarded as a sage of Chinese medicine. The Shanghailun also became part of the compulsory curriculum at China’s Imperial Medical Academy. Zhang has a special status in the history of Chinese medicine due to his efforts to create an orthodox system of medical practice in line with the Confucian (Ru) tradition.In this paper, Zhang Zongjing’s major ideas on medical ethics and practice are explored. The author illustrates the critical role played by Zhang’s approach to medicine in the later Confucianization of medicine during the Song Dynasty, which in turn created the ideal of the traditional Confucian physician. The author also compares the ethical views of Zhang Zongjing with those of Sun Simiao (541-682), another key figure in the history of traditional Chinese medicine, who combined Confucian ethics with the moral teachings of Daoism and Buddhism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 237 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Textual research on the distribution and circulation of Yi lei yuan rong (Fighting Diseases in Medical Field)

Written by Wang Hao-gu (1200-1264) of the Yuan Dynasty, Yi lei yuan rong (Fighting Diseases in Medical Field) includes 12 volumes, with the twelve channels as its outline. It first describes the cold pathogenic diseases, and appended with the miscellaneous diseases. It is characterized by breaking the boundaries of cold pathogenic diseases and miscellaneous diseases, not only introducing the syndrome differentiation of six channels theory into the treatment of miscellaneous diseases, but also using the prescriptions of miscellaneous diseases for the treatment of six channels syndromes. The combination of treatment of these two kinds of diseases had a clinical significance. According to General Catalogue of the Ancient Literature of Chinese Medicine in China, there were many editions of the book, including 12-volume editions and 1-volume editions. The former was written by Wang Hao-gu and the later was the abstract of the book, compiled by Du Si-jing of the Yuan Dynasty.

The influence of ZHU Gong's Huo ren shu (A Book for Savings Life)in the Southern Song Dynasty and its Influence on the discipline of Cold Pathogenic Disease

ZHU Gong's Huo ren shu (A Book for Saving Life) is a famous work in the history of research on Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. It has great influence on the study of cold pathogenic disease, especially that of the Song dynasty. Many authors reedited or annotated this book to inherit and developed the idea of the Huo ren shu. Thus, a lot of new books, including annotations, revisions, citations, or discussions, appeared. WANG Su's Zeng shi nan yang huo ren shu (Amplified Annotated Huorenshu), for example, is one of them. Those compiled as rhymes or knacks include XU Shu-wei's Shang han bai zheng ge (The Rhymes of Hundred Kinds of Cold Damage Disease), LI Zhi-xian's Huo ren shu kuo (Introduction to Huorenshu), QIAN Wen-li's Shang han bai wen ge (Hundred Questions on Cold Damage Disease), YANG Shi-ying's Shang han lei shu huo ren zong kuo (A General Introduction to Huorenshu, a Classified Book of Cold Damage Disease), and TANG Yin-cai's Shang han jie huo lun (Essay to Answering Suspicions on Cold Damage Disease). Those cited or inherited the book include LI Cheng's Shang han yao zhi (Gist of Cold Damage Disease), GUO Yong's Shang han bu wang lun (Supplements to Cold Damage Disease), SUN Zhi-ning's Shang han jian yao shi shuo (Ten Simple Discourses on Cold Damage Disease), and CHEN Zi-ming's Guan jian da quan liang fang (A Complete Effective Formulary with my Own Opinions). Those differentiating the essentials of the Huorenshu including CHENG Jiong's Huo ren shu bian (Differentiation for Huorenshu), and LU Zu-chang's Ni jin huo ren can tong yu yi (An Elaboration on Huorenshu to be Presented). All the above books indicate the impact of the Huorenshu, and show its influence on later ages as well.

Development of Zhu Gong' thought on cold pathogenic diseases from Shanghan Baiwen to Huorenshu

Huorenshu (The Book of Huoren) is a famous work by physician Zhu Gong in Song Dynasty. Its early edition named Shanghan Baiwen (One Hundred Questions on Cold Pathogenic Diseases). It was reedited and printed for many times. The two early editions now exist are Shanghan Baiwen Jingluotu (One Hundred Questions on Cold Pathogenic Diseases and Meridian-collateral Diagram) printed in Yuan Dynasty and Chongjiaozheng Huorenshu (Corrected edition of Huorenshu) printed in Song Dynasty. Compared with the two editions, there are plenty of additions and deletions. These changes consider the convenience of searching, and reflect the development of Zhu Gong' thought on cold pathogenic diseases, though which implies the trend of development on Cold Pathogenic Diseases study during later Northern Song Dynasty.

The activity of searching for books of Shang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) of the Song edition

Originally, Shang Han Lun in the Song edition referred to the Shang Han Lun with large and small Chinese characters printed in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, its only edition of Shang Han Lun with small Chinese characters was again block-printed in Zhong Jing Quan Shu (Zhongjing's Complete Works) by Zhao Keimei and then the original one disappeared. So the Shang Han Lun in Zhong Jing Quan Shu was considered as the Song edition. Only 6 sets were in existence in the world, and were read by myself; I have detailed records and photos of 5 of them. The article is the result of textual research on Shang Han Lun of Zhong Jing Quan Shu preserved in Taiwan National Palace Museum.

Zhang Zhongjings lost formulas not included in Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases)

In addition to the medical formulas of Zhang Zhongjing mostly existed in Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) and Jinkui Yaolve Fanglun (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber ) collated by Lin Yi in the Song Dynasty, there are some other lost formulas scattered in Beiji Qianjin Yao Fang (Essential Recipes for Emergent Use Worth a Thousand Gold), Qianjin Yi Fang (A Supplement to Recipes Worth a Thousand Gold ) , Waitai Miyao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) , written in the Tang Dynasty, and Taiping Shenghui Fang (Tiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief) and Isimpo (Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine)and those written in the Song Dynasty. Based on the textual research, collation, differentiation of Zhongjings formulas in different texts and medical works, the lost formulas of Zhongjing were collected besides those in Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases) and Jinkui Yaolve Fanglun (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber), and then the state of the formulas were identified.

Wuwei Handai yijian (Wuwei Medical Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty) as evidential material for exploring the origin of Shang han Za bing Lun (Treatise on cold pathogenic and miscellaneous disease)

Since there are only very few Chinese medical literature in the Han and preceding dynasties extant, it is very difficult to investigate the origins of both the herbs and formulas in the book Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Disease) and the status of that of the contemporary period. The Chinese medical bamboo slips of the Han dynasty unearthed from the tombs in Wuwei, Gansu Province in 1972, had been speculated by archeologists to be a medical literature written in the early period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, or, 150 years earlier than the time Zhang Zhongjing's book written at the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Thus, it can provide evidence for the study on the source of herbs and formulas in Shanghan Zabing Lun.

Discussion of time and space differentiation of three-yin and three-yang in Shanghan Lun

The concept of "three-yin and three-yang" in Shanghan Lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Diseases), a classic written by Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty, has been always the focus of dispute in successive dynasties. The essence of "three-yin and three-yang" has not been fully revealed up till now. Through studying the six divisions of day and night, the six diseases, the combination of syndromes, the complicated diseases, the complete recovery time and the space division of "three-yin and three-yang", the authors draw a conclusion that the "three-yin and three-yang" in Shanghan Lun is a concept of time-sequence, which is associated with the location of disease in space. So it is suggested that the "six diseases" in Shanghan Lun is a categorization for exogenous febrile diseases, and this categorization reveals a sort of inner relationship between the emergence, development, transformation of the febrile diseases and the time.

Investigation on the historical facts about Zhu Weiju, a modern famous physician

Zhu Weiju (1884 - 1951) was born to a physician family and read extensively medical books of all ages. He entered a military medical school to learn western medicine and investigated western medicine in Japan when he was young. He advocated to reform traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by incorporating scientific knowledge and created a theory of "Five section-Eight guideline" to elucidate Zhongjing's theory. He got a nickname "Zhu-aconitum" due to his favor on using aconitum. He practiced medicine in Shanghai in his middle age and ran medical schools. He challenged the Warm-disease School in Shanghai, which advocated the application of "clear-light atmosphere" by applying heavy warm and hot medicines to save critical cases, and was famous of his applying warm-hot remedies as the "Zhu's School" at a time in Shanghai. His academic thought was focused in his representative work, Shang han zhi nan (Questioning in Cold Pathogenic Diseases). His disciples include Chen Susheng, Xu Zhongcai and Wang Zhaoji.

A discussion on Zhang Cigong's materia medica

Zhang Cigong's Materia Medica, being compiled by the author after learning and studying exogenous cold disease and herbology for several decades, printed in 1949 with a capacity of 150,000 Chinese characters, is a book of practical and clinical significance, featuring adoration on the theory of cold pathogenic disease, preferential practical use, integration of Chinese and western medicine, pursuit of origin and evolution, discussion on the compatibility of drug application. It emphasizes the application of drugs utilized in Shang han lun (Treatise on Cold Pathogenic Disease) and advocating the ideas of absorbing extensively ancient and modern theories from various schools, especially consulting the pharmacology of Chinese and the west, embodying the author's advocacy of "developing the classical ideas and integrating new knowledge", "overcoming one's weak points by learning from others' strong points and making effort in inheriting and developing the science of traditional Chinese medicine". However, this book also bears some incorrect points which are not overall and comprehensive enough in the understanding of drugs, and thus, should be properly accepted and rejected.