Magnetized Cold Plasma Research Articles

Mid- and Low-Latitude Ionospheric D Region Remote Sensing by Radio Atmospherics—Part I: Forward Modeling and Field Measurement Validations

Radio atmospherics (sferics for short) are electromagnetic (EM) pulses discharged by lightning return strokes and can be used for D region remote sensing. A frequency-domain full-wave (FDFW) numerical model is developed to simulate sferics propagation in earth ionosphere waveguide (EIWG). For a certain sampling frequency, EM fields of sferics are decomposed into a series of plane waves in the spectral domain via 2-D spatial Fourier transforms. The magnetized cold plasma medium of ionosphere is divided into several thin layers with the arbitrary anisotropic dielectric constant for each layer. The EM fields at the sferics receiver site are evaluated by recursively computing the reflection and transmission matrices in all layer boundaries for all the plane wave components and performing 2-D numerical integration in the spectral domain. The earth flattening technique is adopted and the horizontal wave vector of each plane wave component is directly modified in the spectral domain to compensate for earth curvature effects. Interactions between plane waves and the magnetized cold plasma of ionosphere are analyzed and discussed. Comparisons between the FDFW computation and finite-difference time-domain simulation as well as field measured sferics are implemented to verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed new model.

Tunable filter properties in 1D linear graded magnetized cold plasma photonic crystals based on Octonacci quasi-periodic structure

Using the transfer matrix method (TMM), we study the transmission properties in Octonacci one-dimensional linear graded photonic crystals compressing a dielectric material and a magnetized cold plasma material. We found that the frequency and the quality factor of filters can be easily manipulated by tuning the external magnetic field (B). In addition, a linear gradation of the thickness allows to enhance the filter’s performance, such as the optimization of the system sensitivity and the increasing of the filtering quality factor. Finally, this study ends by discussing the influences which come from the incident angle for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM). All of these above parameters are optimized to obtain a tunable filter with high quality factor. These filters may be of interest to design satellite transponders and weather radars.

Designing one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals for compensating second- and third-order dispersion effects in ultra-short pulse lasers

The dispersion compensation ability of a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of dielectric and magnetized cold plasma materials has been theoretically investigated, based on the simple transfer matrix method in the near infrared region. Group delay, group velocity dispersion and third-order dispersion of the considered multilayer structure are deduced, and the propagating pulse shape correction in terms of external magnetic field is investigated for TE mode at normal incidence. The numerical simulations show that, for initially chirped ultra-short pulses, the external magnetic field controls both the pulse width and ripple. It is found that with the increasing of static magnetic field applied on the plasma layers, the pulse propagating through the structure reaches its minimum duration at shorter lengths of the crystal. The results of this study may be utilized to develop dispersion engineered ultra-short pulse laser systems. Moreover, the outcomes may also be useful in designing compact size tunable pulse compressors and pulse shapers.

Lower hybrid range cold magnetized plasma coupling in ANSYS HFSS

The coupling between cold magnetized plasmas with lower hybrid resonance frequency antennas is generally addressed using specifically developed codes. These antenna coupling codes often approximate the plasma to a surface impedance described by a 1D half infinite models and antennas either with simplified 2D dimensions or from 3D CAD models conversion. Such approaches add an additional step of model approximation/conversion which is not convenient to rapidly assess impact of geometry changes on coupling performances. In this work, we assess the ability of using ANSYS HFSS to describe the usual range of experimental magnetized cold plasma inhomogeneous parameters facing LHRF antennas, away from resonances, in order to guide the RF designer during the design phase of an antenna. The coupling calculations of Lower Hybrid Resonance Frequency antennas are performed and successfully benchmarked with the fast coupling codes ALOHA on inhomogeneous cold magnetized plasmas. Good agreements are obtained when the boundary conditions in the full-wave modelling are properly handled. Practical advices and limitations are given in order to define correctly these boundary conditions and insure correct results.

A tunable broadband filter of ternary photonic crystal containing plasma and superconducting material

This work reports the optical properties of a one-dimensional (1D) ternary periodic structure composed of a dielectric, magnetized cold plasma (MCP) and superconducting material by using well-known simple transfer matrix method. The MCP has considered right-hand and left-hand polarizations having positive (+ B) and negative (− B) transverse magnetic field, respectively. The transmittance of the ternary photonic crystals is analyzed by varying the angle of incidence, the magnetic field, the electron density of the magnetized cold plasma, the temperature of the superconductor, the thickness of magnetized cold plasma and superconducting material for the right-hand and left-hand polarization structures. The transmittance of the ternary photonic crystal containing dielectric, magnetized cold plasma and superconducting material has tunable broadband and narrowband filters for the left-hand and right-hand polarizations, respectively. The magnetized cold plasma layer in the ternary photonic crystal also played an important role to form the tunable gap due to the transverse magnetic field. The analysis of the transmittance of the ternary photonic crystal containing dielectric, magnetized cold plasma and superconducting materials has shown an innovative idea for the formation of the tunable broadband and the narrowband filters.

Extrinsic magnetized plasma Fabry–Perot resonator

This study uses the transfer matrix method to compute the transmission properties of electromagnetic waves within the microwave region of the one-dimensional extrinsic magnetized plasma periodic multilayer. The layer thicknesses of the extrinsic photonic structure were determined by the spatially varying external magnetic field. Apart from a few photonic bandgaps, a cluster of the resonant peak was noticed within the microwave region in the absence of a defect layer. The envelope of such resonant peaks was controlled by changing the layer’s thickness, the strength of the external magnetic field and the electron density of the magnetized cold plasma. With these features, periodic extrinsic magnetized plasma photonic crystal would offer a potential for designing a tunable multi-resonance periodic multilayer Fabry–Perot resonator for microwave applications.

Simulation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Magnetized Cold Plasma by the SO-DGTD Method

A novel discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method called the shift operator DGTD (SO-DGTD) method in the 3-D case is proposed for the simulation of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized plasma. In this paper, the electric permittivity tensor of the magnetized plasma is written as a rational matrix polynomial function; a time-domain iteration formula between the electric displacement field D and the electric field E is obtained by the SO method. The proposed algorithm is validated by a simulation of a magnetoplasma-coated sphere and a cavity filled with a plasma. Last, the transmission coefficients of magnetized plasma periodic slabs are analyzed.

Tunable broadband reflector and narrowband filter of a dielectric and magnetized cold plasma photonic crystal

The tunable broadband reflector and the narrowband filter of a periodic structure composed of dielectric and magnetized cold plasma materials have been studied. The optical properties are calculated theoretically using the well-known simple transfer matrix method (TMM). Dispersion relation and transmission spectra of the considered structure with right-hand polarization and left-hand polarization of the magnetized cold plasma materials are studied. The right-hand polarization and the left-hand polarization of the magnetized cold plasma are exhibited due to positive and negative values of the external magnetic field, respectively. The dispersion relation and transmission spectra of the considered periodic structure with the most valuable parameters, like external magnetic field, electron density, and effective collision frequency of the magnetized cold plasma, have been analyzed. The tunable narrow filter for right-hand polarization is obtained with a high value of the external magnetic field and a low value of the electron density. The broadband filter for the left-hand polarization is investigated with a low value of the external magnetic field and a high value of the electron density of the magnetized cold plasma. It is also noted that the impact of variation of effective collision frequency of the magnetized cold plasma is minute in both cases. These calculated results reveal an innovative idea for designing the tunable broadband reflector and narrowband filter.

Multichannel tunable omnidirectional photonic band gaps of 1D ternary photonic crystal containing magnetized cold plasma

By using the transfer matrix method, theoretical investigations have been carried out in the microwave region to study the reflection properties of multichannel tunable omnidirectional photonic bandgaps (OPBGs) based on the magneto-optic Faraday effect. The proposed one dimensional ternary plasma photonic crystal consists of alternate layers of quartz, magnetized cold plasma (MCP), and air. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the proposed structure possesses two OPBGs induced by Bragg scattering and is strongly dependent on the incident angle, the polarization of the incident light, and the lattice constant unlike to the single-negative gap and zero-n¯ gap. Next, the reflection properties of OPBGs have been made tunable by the application of external magnetic field under right hand and left hand polarization configurations. The results of this manuscript may be utilized for the development of a new kind of tunable omnidirectional band stop filter with ability to completely stop single to multiple bands (called channels) of microwave frequencies in the presence of external static magnetic field under left-hand polarization and right-hand polarization configurations, respectively. Moreover, outcomes of this study open a promising way to design tunable magneto-optical devices, omnidirectional total reflectors, and planar waveguides of high Q microcavities as a result of evanescent fields in the MCP layer to allow propagation of light.

Periodic multilayer magnetized cold plasma containing a doped semiconductor

The present work is to numerically investigate the properties of the defect mode in a one-dimensional photonic crystal made of magnetized cold plasma, doped by semiconductor. The defect mode of such kind of multilayer structure is analyzed by applying the character matrix method to each individual layer. Numerical results illustrate that the defect mode frequency can be tuned by varying the external magnetic field, the electron density, and the thickness of the defect layer. Moreover, the behavior of the defect mode was found to be quite interesting when study the oblique incidence. It was found that for both right- and left-hand polarized transversal magnetic waves, the defect mode of the proposed defective structure disappears when the angle of incidence is larger than a particular oblique incidence. For the left-hand polarized transversal electric wave, however, an additional defect mode was noticed. The results lead to some new information concerning the designing of new types of tunable narrowband microwave filters.

Tunable photonic band gaps in an extrinsic Octonacci magnetized cold plasma quasicrystal

In this paper, the characteristics matrix method is employed to theoretically investigate the propagation of electromagnetic waves through one-dimensional extrinsic Octonacci magnetized cold plasma (MCP) quasicrystal. Compared with the periodic structure, the results show that such type of structure has more numbers of photonic band gaps (PBGs) within the selected computational range. These PBGs can be easily manipulated by tuning the external magnetic field (B), electron density (ne) and the thickness ratio (ρ). When considering the case of B and ne, the analysis of the results shows that the pattern of change in the transmittance spectrum is opposite to each other. Moreover, the influence of the structural configuration of parameter ρ on PBGs is noteworthy and quite different from B and ne. The observed results are of technical use in the design of a multichannel microwave reflector.

Double-negative multilayer containing an extrinsic random layer thickness magnetized cold plasma photonic quantum-well defect

Theoretically, the transmission properties of a symmetric double-negative metamaterial one-dimensional photonic crystal containing an extrinsic random layer thickness magnetized cold plasma photonic quantum-well defect structure have been investigated. From the numerical results performed by characteristics matrix method, it is found that, such type of structure possesses a transmission peak within the zero-n¯ gap. To design a tunable microwave filter, the effects of many parameters such as randomness of layer thickness of the multilayer defect in terms of standard deviation (σ), strength of external magnetic field (B) and electron density of magnetized cold plasma (ne) on transmission peak is discussed. Our findings show that the histogram for the central frequency of the transmission peaks becomes wider with respect to smaller values of σ. In addition, in the case of B, our investigations also reveal that the histogram shifts to the higher frequency range and vice versa while considering the case of ne. These findings help to design a tunable filter for different microwave applications.

Effect of standard deviation, strength of magnetic field and electron density on the photonic band gap of an extrinsic disorder plasma photonic structure

Transmission properties of electromagnetic waves within microwave region of the one-dimensional random extrinsic plasma photonic crystals were computed using the transfer matrix method. The layers thicknesses of the extrinsic random photonic structure follow a Gaussian distribution. Compared with the periodic extrinsic photonic crystal, wider photonic band gaps (PBGs) were found in case of random extrinsic plasma photonic crystals with few resonant peaks. The PBGs are much wider while the randomness was increased and the number and the strength of resonant peaks were enhanced. The above observations were confirmed through analysis of histogram of normalized average transmissions for four different values of standard deviation with one thousand random samples for each group. The normalized average transmission was controlled by changing the strength of external magnetic field and the electron density of magnetized cold plasma. These features of disordered extrinsic plasma photonic structures would have potential applications such as omnidirectional reflectors and random multichannel filters with lower and higher rate of disorder.

Transmittance properties in a magnetized cold plasma-superconductor periodic multilayer.

This study theoretically investigates the transmittance properties of a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing magnetized cold plasma and high-temperature superconductor materials. The cutoff frequency, as a function of the magnetic field, electron density of the plasma layer, and temperature, will be investigated. The results illustrate that the temperature, electron density, and variations of the magnetic field affect the cutoff frequency. In addition, the shift trend in the cutoff frequency proves to be dependent on the polarization due to the presence of polarization-dependent magnetized cold plasma. Moreover, in temperature-dependent transmittance, weak oscillation and intensity can be seen at higher temperatures, which is in sharp contrast to low-temperature superconductor-dielectric structures. The proposed structure could certainly provide helpful information for the design of new types of antennas, reflectors, and high-pass filters at microwave frequency.

Radially inhomogeneous bounded plasmas

On the basis of kinetic theory along with self-consistent field equations, the expressions for dielectric tensor of radially inhomogeneous magnetized plasma columns are obtained. The study of dielectric tensor characteristics allows the accurate analysis of the inhomogeneous properties, beyond limitations that exist in the conventional method. Through the Bessel–Fourier transformation, the localized form of material equations in a radially inhomogeneous medium are obtained. In order to verify the integrity of the model and reveal the effect of inhomogeneity, a special case of a cylindrical plasma waveguide completely filled with inhomogeneous magnetized cold plasma was considered. The dispersion relation curves for four families of electromagnetic (EH and HE) and electrostatic (SC and C) modes are obtained and compared with the findings of the conventional model. The numerical analysis indicates that the inhomogeneity effect leads to coupling of electromagnetic and electrostatic modes each having different radial eigen numbers. The study also reveals that the electrostatic modes are more sensitive to inhomogeneous effects than the electromagnetic modes.

Single-negative metamaterial periodic multilayer doped by magnetized cold plasma.

This study theoretically investigates the properties of the defect mode in a 1D defective single-negative photonic crystal containing a magnetized cold plasma defect layer. The considered photonic crystal structure is made of epsilon-negative and mu-negative metamaterials. We investigate the defect mode as a function of the thickness and the electron density of the defect layer and the magnetic field. The results show that the thickness, electron density, and variations of the magnetic field affect the frequency of the defect mode. In addition, the shift trend in the defect mode is shown to rely on the polarization due to the presence of polarization-dependent magnetized cold plasma. The results lead to some new information concerning the designing of new types of tunable narrowband filters at microwave frequency.

Dispersion relations in cold magnetized plasmas

Starting from kinetic models of cold magnetized collisionless plasmas, we provide a complete description of the characteristic variety sustaining electromagnetic wave propagation. As in [ 4 , 13 , 17 ], the analysis is based on some asymptotic calculus exploiting the presence at the level of dimensionless relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations of a large parameter: the electron gyrofrequency. The method is inspired from geometric optics [ 29 , 33 ]. It allows to unify all the preceding results [ 8 , 12 , 38 , 31 , 37 , 40 ], while incorporating new aspects. Specifically, the non trivial effects [ 5 , 9 , 10 , 24 ] of the spatial variations of the background density, temperature and magnetic field are exhibited. In this way, a comprehensive overview of the dispersion relations becomes available, with important possible applications in plasma physics [ 7 , 28 , 30 ].

Propagation of Gaussian laser beam through magnetized cold plasma with increasing density ramp

Propagation of Gaussian laser beam in magnetized cold plasma with upward increasing density ramp is investigated. The slowly increasing plasma density ramp profile n(ξ)=notan(ξ/d) is taken similar to Sadighi-Bonabi et al. [12]. Such density profile is quite useful in decreasing the beam width parameter which leads to strong self-focusing. Strong self-focusing is reported on account of combined role of plasma density ramp and magnetic field for extra ordinary mode than ordinary mode at optimized intensity (αoEoo2=0.6). The comparison has been reported both in the presence and absence of plasma density ramp at optimized magnetic field (ωc/ωo=0.3) and intensity (αoEoo2=0.6). The selection of proper density ramp and static magnetic field results in strong self-focusing which might be useful in various potential applications such as laser driven accelerators and ICF.

Analysis of defect mode in a one-dimensional symmetric double-negative photonic crystal containing magnetized cold plasma defect.

In this paper, the characteristic matrix method is employed to theoretically investigate properties of the defect mode in a 1D lossy symmetric defective photonic crystal containing two magnetized cold plasma defect layers. The considered photonic crystal is made of double-negative and double-positive materials. The defect mode, as a function of the magnetic field and the electron density, will be investigated in three different structures. The results show that the defect mode frequency can be tuned by variations of the magnetic field and the electron density as well. Due to the polarization-dependent magnetized cold plasma, the shift trend in the defect mode is shown to also rely on the polarization. The proposed structures could provide another alternative for the design of narrowband filters at microwave.

Study on the polarization properties of electromagnetic waves with arbitrary magnetic declination in magnetized plasma

The polarization characteristics of oblique incidence electromagnetic waves in magnetized cold plasma layer are studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on the trapezoidal recursive convolution (TRC) technology. The TRC-FDTD formulations are derived in detail and are confirmed by computing the reflection and transmission coefficients for the elliptically polarized wave through a magnetized cold plasma slab with arbitrary magnetic direction. Particularly, when the propagation direction of the EM wave is parallel to the magnetic direction, the right-circular-polarized and left-circular-polarized wave should be considered. When the propagation direction of the EM wave is perpendicular to the magnetic direction, the ordinary polarized wave and extraordinary polarized wave should be considered.