Cold Ice Research Articles

Investigation of the effect of sucrose substitution with Stevia on the structure, physicochemical and sensory properties of ice cream


 Abstract:
 Consumption of milk and its products is considered as one of the indicators of human societies' development. Ice cream as one of the most popular milk products around the world has many fans but due to its high amount of sucrose has negative effects on health. Stevia, a natural sweetener, was used as a sucrose substitute at 0-100% replacement levels in ice cream formulation. To investigate the treatments produced, physicochemical properties in ice cream including specific gravity, viscosity, melting time of the first drop, melting amount, overrun. The results showed that viscosity decreased by 100% by increasing the amount of stevia replacement. While overrun, Firmness, melting time of the first drop and consequently the melting stability of the samples increased with increasing the percentage of stevia used, Sensory test results showed that there was no significant difference between stevia and control samples except cold sensation and ice crystal. As a general result, stevia sweetener is a suitable substitute for sugar and samples containing 100-75% stevia were identified as desirable treatment.

Observations of submesoscale eddy-driven heat transport at an ice shelf calving front

Antarctica’s ice shelves buttress the continent’s terrestrial ice, helping slow the loss of grounded ice into the ocean and limiting sea level rise. Ice-ocean interaction plays a critical role in ice shelf stability by driving basal melt rates. Consequently, improved prediction of the future state of ice shelves lies in understanding the coastal ocean mechanics that deliver heat to their cavities. Here, we present autonomous glider-based observations of a coherent structure at the calving front of a cold-water cavity ice shelf (Nansen Ice Shelf, East Antarctica). This ~10 km-wide eddy dominated the local ocean circulation in the austral summer of 2018/2019, promoting an upwelling of cold ice shelf water and a deepening of warm surface water. Microstructure turbulence measurements show a resulting maximum vertical heat transport of 10 W m−2 at depths equivalent to the ice shelf draft. Similar eddy-driven heat transport further into the ice shelf cavity would support enhanced summertime melt in regions of shallower ice draft.

In situ, broadband measurement of the radio frequency attenuation length at Summit Station, Greenland

AbstractOver the last 25 years, radiowave detection of neutrino-generated signals, using cold polar ice as the neutrino target, has emerged as perhaps the most promising technique for detection of extragalactic ultra-high energy neutrinos (corresponding to neutrino energies in excess of 0.01 Joules, or 1017 electron volts). During the summer of 2021 and in tandem with the initial deployment of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G), we conducted radioglaciological measurements at Summit Station, Greenland to refine our understanding of the ice target. We report the result of one such measurement, the radio-frequency electric field attenuation length $L_\alpha$. We find an approximately linear dependence of $L_\alpha$ on frequency with the best fit of the average field attenuation for the upper 1500 m of ice: $\langle L_\alpha \rangle = ( ( 1154 \pm 121) - ( 0.81 \pm 0.14) \, ( \nu /{\rm MHz}) ) \,{\rm m}$ for frequencies ν ∈ [145 − 350] MHz.

Dispatches from the Ice

Dispatches from the Ice Todd Anderson (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution todd anderson, i-165 deep field basecamp, allan hills, transantarctic mountains, antarctica detail shot, 15 in. x 35 in., 10 runs, 18 colors, reductive woodcut with watercolor and pencil In 2019 Todd Anderson journeyed to the Allan Hills with fellow artist Ian van Coller to visit and document an eight-person ice coring science team led by Princeton University professor and geoscientist John Higgins. Additional Allan Hills team members included Austin Carter (Scripps UC–San Diego), Jenna Epifanio (Oregon State University), Jacob Morgan (Scripps UC–San Diego), Sarah Shackleton (Princeton University), drill operators Tanner Kuhl and Elizabeth Morton (University of Wisconsin–Madison), and USAP camp coordinator Anna Zajicek. Journal Entry, 19 November 2019: Arrival at Allan Hills blue ice area … This is the farthest afield I will ever be —visually and geographically. Reflecting on this journal entry now in 2022, I am reminded that definitive statements about the future rarely hold up. But sometimes they do. Earlier in 2019, I hiked amongst glaciers in the Rwenzori Mountains of Uganda and a month later north of the Arctic Circle to the Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. I found the Rwenzori Mountain Range unworldly in its beauty; had an emergency arisen while traveling on the Penny Ice Cap—three days' wait for a rescue was the best I could have hoped for. On both of these expeditions I felt moments of wonder and physical caution that seemed absolute. When I wrote the above journal entry, I had just arrived at the Allan Hills blue ice area, which is part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. I was approximately 675 [End Page 36] miles north of the South Pole and 135 miles from the nearest medical services at McMurdo Station, the United States' premier Antarctic research center. My initial experience with the landscape at Allan Hills was akin to feeling adrift in an ocean of ice. There was a seemingly endless horizon to behold there, and the magnitude of the expanse allowed my eyes to discern a slight bend in the horizon line as it adhered to the earth's spherical shape. Owing to exceedingly low levels of atmospheric humidity, visual clarity in Antarctica is unrivaled. Unaided, one can see for hundreds of miles. And what I saw was a tremendously vast plane of cerulean blue ice canopied by a similarly hued sky. There was a steady, southern wind coming from the pole that day. I would soon learn that even on relatively calm days a strength of wind is not just felt but always heard in the Allan Hills. Above all else, though, the Allan Hills is an extremely cold place. Rarely does the temperature rise above fifteen degrees Fahrenheit, while subzero temperatures are the norm. Within days of my arrival, it hit negative twenty degrees Fahrenheit. I began using three chemical heat warmers in each boot—one under the sole of the foot and one above and one below the toes. I had never seen or been to any place quite like this. Journal Entry, 24 November 2019: Day 6, Higgins Ice Coring Tent, Allan Hills … Earth breathes in and out —remember carbon dioxide. The Allan Hills is one of the few spots in Antarctica where intense katabatic winds (wind generated by gravity) from the interior of East Antarctica prevent the accumulation of new snow on the ground. When the area's fierce katabatic winds are combined with its tremendously dry atmosphere and severely cold temperatures, ice and snow transition from a solid state directly to a gas (altogether bypassing a liquid state, a process called sublimation). Put simply, any type of precipitation or snow in the Allan Hills either evaporates instantly before touching the ground or is disappeared elsewhere by the wind. When ice is formed, air bubbles and dust become trapped. Under analysis, ice bubbles can relay physical records such as the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), from when the ice formed. Examination of trapped dust similarly helps scientists understand past planetary events and conditions (such as dates of volcanic eruptions and...

Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations

Abstract. The Amery Ice Shelf (AIS), East Antarctica, has a layered structure, due to the presence of both meteoric and marine ice. In this study, the thermal structure of the AIS and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through borehole observations and numerical simulations with Elmer/Ice, a full-Stokes ice sheet/shelf model. In the area with marine ice, a near-isothermal basal layer up to 120 m thick is observed, which closely conforms to the pressure-dependent freezing temperature of seawater. In the area experiencing basal melting, large temperature gradients, up to −0.36 ∘C m−1, are observed at the base. Three-dimensional (3-D) steady-state temperature simulations with four different basal mass balance (BMB) datasets for the AIS reveal a high sensitivity of ice shelf thermal structure to the distribution of BMB. We also construct a one-dimensional (1-D) transient temperature column model to simulate the process of an ice column moving along a flowline with corresponding boundary conditions, which achieves slightly better agreement with borehole observations than the 3-D simulations. Our simulations reveal internal cold ice advected from higher elevations by the AIS's main inlet glaciers, warming downstream along the ice flow, and we suggest the thermal structures dominated by these cold cores may commonly exist among Antarctic ice shelves. For the marine ice, the porous structure of its lower layer and interactions with ocean below determine the local thermal regime and give rise to the near-isothermal phenomenon. The limitations in our simulations identify the need for ice shelf–ocean coupled models with improved thermodynamics and more comprehensive boundary conditions. Given the temperature dependence of ice rheology, the depth-averaged ice stiffness factor B(T′)‾ derived from the most realistic simulated temperature field is presented to quantify the influence of the temperature distribution on ice shelf dynamics. The full 3-D temperature field provides a useful input to future modelling studies.

Heat Strain and Use of Heat Mitigation Strategies among COVID-19 Healthcare Workers Wearing Personal Protective Equipment-A Retrospective Study.

The combination of an exacerbated workload and impermeable nature of the personal protective equipment (PPE) worn by COVID-19 healthcare workers increases heat strain. We aimed to compare the prevalence of heat strain symptoms before (routine care without PPE) versus during the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID-19 care with PPE), identify risk factors associated with experiencing heat strain, and evaluate the access to and use of heat mitigation strategies. Dutch healthcare workers (n = 791) working at COVID-19 wards for ≥1 week, completed an online questionnaire to assess personal characteristics, heat strain symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the access to and use of heat mitigation strategies. Healthcare workers experienced ~25× more often heat strain symptoms during medical duties with PPE (93% of healthcare workers) compared to without PPE (30% of healthcare workers; OR = 25.57 (95% CI = 18.17–35.98)). Female healthcare workers and those with an age <40 years were most affected by heat strain, whereas exposure time and sports activity level were not significantly associated with heat strain prevalence. Cold drinks and ice slurry ingestion were the most frequently used heat mitigation strategies and were available in 63.5% and 30.1% of participants, respectively. Our findings indicate that heat strain is a major challenge for COVID-19 healthcare workers, and heat mitigations strategies are often used to counteract heat strain.

Reanalysis of Polythermal Glacier Thermal Structure Using Radar Diffraction Focusing

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used on polythermal glaciers to image bed topography and detect internal scatter due to water inclusions in temperate ice. The glaciological importance of this is twofold: bed topography is a primary component for modeling the long‐term evolution of glaciers and ice sheets, and the presence of temperate ice and associated englacial water significantly reduces overall ice viscosity. Englacial water has a direct influence on radar velocity, which can result in incorrect observations of bed topography due to errors in depth conversion. Assessment of radar velocities often requires multi‐offset surveys, yet these are logistically challenging and time consuming to acquire, hence techniques to extract velocity from common‐offset data are required. We calculate englacial radar velocity from common offset GPR data collected on Von Postbreen, a polythermal glacier in Svalbard. We first separate and enhance the diffracted wavefield by systematically assessing data coherence. We then use the focusing metric of negative entropy to deduce a migration velocity field and produce a velocity model which varies spatially across the glacier. We show that this velocity field successfully differentiates between areas of cold and temperate ice and can detect lateral variations in radar velocity close to the glacier bed. This velocity field results in consistently lower ice depths relative to those derived from a commonly assumed constant velocity, with an average difference of 4.9 ± 2.5% of local ice depth. This indicates that diffraction focusing and velocity estimation are crucial in retrieving correct bed topography in the presence of temperate ice.

Experimental investigations on the performance of anti-snow designs for urban rail train bogies

Under weather conditions such as snow and icing in cold regions, snow and ice accumulation on bogies severely affect the running safety and increase the energy consumption of urban rail trains. To analyze the snow and ice accumulation process, experiments for real urban rail train non-powered bogie were conducted for the first time in the Central South University Icing and Snowing Wind Tunnel (CSU-ISWT). Two anti-snow structures (deflectors and wheelset snow shields) with low energy consumption were designed and discussed based on comparative experiments. The following data were collected after each experiment: dynamic accumulation process, final distribution of snow and ice, and total accumulation mass on the bogie. The results showed that the distributions on the original and optimized bogies were similar. Much more snow and ice accumulated on the lower part of the bogie than on the upper part and covered more on the windward side of the frame than on the leeward side. In the experiments with anti-snow structures, the snow and ice mass accumulated on the bogies decreased by 53.35% and 52.64% in the deflectors and wheelset snow shields cases, respectively. The proposed structures were proven to significantly improve anti-snow performance on the bogies. Therefore, the presented initial research can remarkably strengthen the transportation capacity and safety of urban rail trains in winter.

Contemporary mass balance on a cold Eastern Alpine ice cap as\xa0a potential link to the Holocene climate

Alpine cold ice caps are sensitive indicators of local climate. The adequate interpretation of this information in an ice core requires detailed in situ glaciological and meteorological records, of which there are few. The Weißseespitze summit ice cap (3499 m) presents an ideal case to compare past and present climate and mass balance, with limited ice flow, but close to 6000 years locked into about 10 m of ice. First-ever meteorological observations at the ice dome have revealed that over 3 years of observation most of the accumulation took place between October and December and from April to June. In the colder winter months, between January and March, wind erosion prevents accumulation. Melt occurred between June and September, ice was only affected during short periods, mainly in August, which caused ice losses of up to 0.6 m (i.e. ~ 5% of the total ice thickness). Historical data points at a loss of of 34.9 ± 10.0 m between 1893 and 2018 and almost balanced conditions between 1893 and 1914. The local evidence of ice loss lays the basis for the interpretation of past gaps in the ice core records as past warm/melt events.

The Effect of Extreme Cold on Complete Blood Count and Biochemical Indicators: A Case Study.

Regular exposure to a cold factor—cold water swimming or ice swimming and cold air—results in an increased tolerance to cold due to numerous adaptive mechanisms in humans. Due to the lack of scientific reports on the effects of extremely low outdoor temperatures on the functioning of the human circulatory system, the aim of this study was to evaluate complete blood count and biochemical blood indices in multiple Guinness world record holder Valerjan Romanovski, who was exposed to extremely cold environment from −5 °C to −37 °C for 50 days in Rovaniemi (a city in northern Finland). Valerjan Romanovski proved that humans can function in extremely cold temperatures. Blood from the subject was collected before and after the expedition. The subject was found to have abnormalities for the following blood indices: testosterone increases by 60.14%, RBC decreases by 4.01%, HGB decreases by 3.47%, WBC decreases by 21.53%, neutrocytes decrease by 17.31%, PDW increases by 5.31%, AspAT increases by 52.81%, AlAT increase by 68.75%, CK increases by 8.61%, total cholesterol decreases by 5.88%, HDL increases by 28.18%. Percentage changes in other complete blood count and biochemical indices were within standard limits. Long-term exposure of the subject (50 days) to extreme cold stress had no noticeable negative effect on daily functioning.

Investigating the biochemical effects of heat stress and sample quenching approach on the metabolic profiling of abalone (Haliotis iris).

Ocean temperatures have been consistently increasing due to climate change, and the frequency of heatwave events on shellfish quality is a growing concern worldwide. Typically, shellfish growing areas are in remote or difficult to access locations which makes in-field sampling and sample preservation of shellfish heat stress difficult. As such, there is a need to investigate in-field sampling approaches that facilitate the study of heat stress in shellfish. This study aims to apply a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based metabolomics approach to examine molecular mechanisms of heat stress responses in shellfish using abalone as a model, and compare the effects of different quenching protocols on abalone metabolic profiles. Twenty adult Haliotis iris abalone were exposed to two temperatures (14°C and 24°C) for 24h. Then, haemolymph and muscle tissues of each animal were sampled and quenched with 4 different protocols (liquid nitrogen, dry ice, cold methanol solution and normal ice) which were analyzed via GC-MS for central carbon metabolites. The effects of different quenching protocols were only observed in muscle tissues in which the cold methanol solution and normal ice caused some changes in the observed metabolic profiles, compared to dry ice and liquid nitrogen. Abalone muscle tissues were less affected by thermal stress than haemolymph. There were 10 and 46 compounds significantly influenced by thermal stress in muscle and haemolymph, respectively. The changes of these metabolite signatures indicate oxidative damage, disturbance of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, and a shift from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic pathways. The study provided insights into the heat response of abalone, which could be useful for understanding the effects of marine heatwaves and summer mortality events on abalone. Dry ice appeared to be a suitable protocol, and safer in-field alternative to liquid nitrogen, for quenching of abalone tissues.

Drainage system and thermal structure of a High Arctic polythermal glacier: Waldemarbreen, western Svalbard

AbstractUnderstanding glacier drainage system behaviour and its response to increased meltwater production faces several challenges in the High Arctic because many glaciers are transitioning from polythermal to almost entirely cold thermal structures. We, therefore, used ground-penetrating radar data to investigate the thermal structure and drainage system of Waldemarbreen in Svalbard: a small High Arctic glacier believed to be undergoing thermal change. We found that Waldemarbreen retains up to 80 m of temperate ice in its upper reaches, but this thickness most likely is a relict from the Little Ice Age when greater ice volumes were insulated from winter cooling and caused greater driving stresses. Since then, negative mass balance and firn loss have prevented latent heat release and allowed near-surface ice temperatures to cool in winter, thus reducing the thickness of the temperate ice. Numerous reflectors that can be traced up-glacier are interpreted as englacial channels formed by hydrofracturing in the crevassed upper region of the glacier. The alternative cut and closure mechanism of conduit initiation only forms conduits in parts of the lower ablation area. Consequently, Waldemarbreen provides evidence that hydrofracturing at higher elevations can play a major role in englacial water drainage through cold ice.

Transport model for implementing the national fish logistics system in Maluku

Maluku province, an archipelagic region with abundant fish resources, has been declared a National Fish Bank to ensure Indonesian national food security. To ensure the availability, affordability, and sustainability of fish supplies for national consumption and processing industries, it is therefore necessary to develop an effective and efficient National Fish Logistics System (known as SLIN) for the procurement, storage, transport, and distribution of fish products. This study aimed to develop an efficient fish transport model. Primary and secondary data were analysed by linear programming using the Transport model approach. The results show that the most efficient distribution costs for tuna and small pelagic fishes are IDR 612,922,192/distribution and IDR 467,668,438/distribution, respectively. Tuna landed in Ambon would be most efficiently distributed to Makassar, Surabaya, and Jakarta in volumes of 10,306 tonnes, 1,684 tonnes and 22,236 tonnes, respectively; whereas tuna landed in Tual would be most efficiently distributed to Makassar and Surabaya in volumes of 5,885 tonnes and 1,962 tonnes, respectively. All small pelagic fishes landed in Ambon would be most efficiently distributed to Jakarta in lots of 53,533 tonnes; all those landed in Dobo should be distributed Makassar in lots of 15,275 tonnes, and all those landed in Tual to Surabaya in lots of 14,572 tonnes. To increase distribution cost efficiency, the MLIN program transport model scenario suggests tuna and small pelagic fishes landed in Tual and Dobo should be distributed to Ambon before distribution to Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. Collaboration between government and private sector actors is needed to support the MLIN program by optimizing the economic scale of fish processing plants in Maluku, providing fish carrier vessels in fishing zones and building proper cold storage and ice factories.

Polar Amplification in Idealized Climates: The Role of Ice, Moisture, and Seasons

AbstractThe drivers of polar amplification are investigated by isolating the role of sea‐ice processes, moist energy transport, and the seasonal cycle of insolation in two models, an energy balance model and an idealized general circulation model. Compared to a simple ice‐albedo feedback (temperature‐dependent surface albedo), the addition of thermodynamic‐ice processes and the seasonal cycle of insolation profoundly affects seasonal polar warming. Climatologically limited‐extent ice in the warm season permits only small increases in absorbed solar radiation, producing weak warming, while thick, cold ice in the cold season enables a large radiatively forced response. Despite this enhanced winter warming, the annual‐mean polar amplification is modestly reduced by thermodynamic‐ice processes. When latent heat transport is disabled, polar amplification is further reduced by a factor of 1.8 across the range of ice representations, suggestive of a nearly additive warming by ice and moist‐transport processes.

A three-dimensional model of transient bioheat transfer in the lower extremity during cryotherapy.

The purpose of this research was to create a computational model of the human thigh undergoing cryotherapy. The tissue temperatures were measured for five cold pack temperatures of -8°C, -4°C, 0°C, 4°C, and 8°C in addition to six different time intervals of cold application and ice removal. The depth of cold penetration and duration of local tissue cooling were investigated at 10 points during 30 min of application and 7 h of post-application. The model was created in CATIA, using a mid-axial cut of the human thigh MRI without pathology. After validation by the available clinical data, this research applied the finite-volume discretization method to solve bioheat transfer equations. A 16°C decrease in the cold pack temperature reduced the tissue temperatures located 1 and 2 cm below the fat by almost 3.34°C and 1.4°C, respectively, after 30 min of cold application. It took the tissues 10-15 min to start cooling down, and the temperature reached its plateau after 100 min. Thirty minutes of cold application declined the superficial tissue and deep tissue temperatures near the bone by 22.59°C and 0.48°C, respectively. Intense cryotherapy led to an insignificant change in the deep tissue temperature at 2 cm and deeper below the fat tissue. After ice removal, tissues continued cooling down for about 8 min until 40 min, depending on the tissue depth. This study proposed a 100-min cold therapy with 10 min of ice removal to optimize tissue cooling.

The Comparison of The Effectiveness of Local Ice and Manual Pressure Application in Decreasing Pain Related to Intramuscular Injection

Objective: Because of the pain they cause, injection applications can constitute a negative experience for both the patients and the nurses performing the application. This study was planned to compare the effectiveness of local ice and manual pressure applications in decreasing the injection pain experienced by patients. Methods:This study performed a university hospital in Turkey. Onehundred and five patients,45 in the lokal ıce group, 45 in the manuel pressure group and 45 in the control group, met the inclusion criteria and completed the study. The local ice group received cold ice application to the injection area before injection. The manual pressure group was received 10 seconds of pressure applied by the researcher to the injection area before injection. The control group received routine injection. Study data was collected using The Wong‐Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and The Visual Analog Pain Scale. Results: A statistically significant difference among the groups with regard to mean WBS and VAS scores was found as a result of the study. The control group received a higher score compared to the groups which underwent manuel pressure and local ice applications. Conclusions: It was concluded that local ice and manuel pressure applications before IM injections were effective in decreasing the injection pains of patients.

The effect of guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract on the quality of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fillets during ice storage

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Psidium guajava leaves extract on the quality of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fillets during in ice storage. A group of cobia fillets was soaked in Psidium guajava extract solutions at concentration of 0.03% (w/v) for 30 minutes while the other group soaked in cold ice water, considered as control treatment. The experimental fillets were packed and stored in ice for 15 days. Sampling were done on the 1st, 5th, 10th and 15th day. Analyzed parameters included temperature, total viable counts (TVC), sensory property, pH, moisture, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB–N), peroxide value (PV), Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and fillet color. The results indicated that cobia fillets treated with guava extract solutions 0.03% showed significantly higher sensory property, lower PV and TBARs compared to the control treatment during ice storage. Based on the sensory property and total viable counts, cobia fillets can be used up to 10 days in both treatments remaining high quality of the cobia fillet.

Controls on rare earth elements distribution from Kerala coast, southwest India over the past 2000 years

Climate changes on the Southwest coast of India have essential impacts on social and economic development, and the ecosystem of Southern India. Here, we present the last 2000 cal yr AD rare earth elemental records of the sediment core from the Cherai, Kerala coast, southwest India. The light rare earth elements (LREE) were the most abundant fraction in the core sediment, followed by medium rare earth elements (MREE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE). Total REE (ΣREE) showed a significant correlation with fine fractions and Y, Al, Ti, Fe and total organic carbon content of the sediments, suggesting an intrinsic relationship between REE, total organic carbon and fine grain-size fraction. The LREE and MREE were enriched over the MREE due to their high adsorption with the fine fraction. The lack of correlation between terrigenous elements and low Y/Ho elemental ratio suggests a minor shift in the source materials. High ΣREE values during warm (Medieval Warm Period/ Medieval Climate Anomaly (MWP/MCA) and cold Little Ice Age (LIA) periods indicate a high influx of lithogenous materials during these intervals. The negative δCe values except MCA suggest a suboxic condition and the δEu values suggest feldspar-rich source rock material derived from moderately weathered sediments. It also indicates that the REE variations are controlled by factors like river supply, biological productivity and redox condition. A close link between monsoonal precipitation and REE records existed on the southwest coast of India. During the Dark Age Cold Period (DACP)/MWP transition, a sudden increase in monsoon is documented and the monsoon precipitation was further decreased during LIA and Current Warming Period. The Cherai core REE records synchronize with the episodes of centennial-scale warm/cool events and essentially follow the northern hemispheric climate cycles.

Therapeutic Aspects of Hydrotherapy: A Review

Hydrotherapy is a procedure where water of different temperatures are used to relieve pain and treat illness. This review describes about different conditions of water treatments. Hydrotherapy can help treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, stomach problems, sleep disorders, stress and depression. The theory behind hydrotherapy is that water has healing properties that can mitigate various ailments and conditions. Different states of water such as ice, liquid, and steam is used in the treatment of various conditions. Water cure therapies comprise enema therapy, gel therapy etc. and also includes colonic hydrotropic, sitz bath, hydro-massage, wraps and compress methods. Cryotherapy, cold water immersion or ice bath could be a new treatment method thatis used by physical therapists, sports medicine facilities and rehab clinics.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Medicine July 2021; 32(2) : 138-141

On the thickness of the Antarctic ice, and its relations to that of the glacial epoch

ABSTRACTAt a time when nobody has yet landed on the Antarctic continent (1879), this presentation and accompanying paper predicts the morphology, dynamics and thermal regime of the Antarctic ice sheet. Mathematical modelling of the ice sheet is based on the assumptions that the thickness of tabular icebergs reflects the average thickness of the ice at the margin and that the surface gradients are comparable to those of reconstructed former ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. The modelling shows that (a) ice is thickest near the centre at the South Pole and thins towards the margin; (b) the thickness at the pole is independent of the amount of snowfall at that place; and (c) the mean velocity at the margin, assuming a mean annual snowfall of two inches per year, is 400–500 feet per year. The thermal regime of the ice sheet is influenced by three heat sources – namely, the bed, the internal friction of ice flow and the atmosphere. The latter is the most significant and, since ice has a downwards as well as horizontal motion, this carries cold ice down into the ice sheet. Since the temperature at which ice melts is lowered by pressure at a rate of 0.0137 °F for every atmosphere of pressure (something known since 1784), much of the ice sheet and its base must be below the freezing point. Estimates of the thickness of ice at the centre depend closely on the surface gradients assumed and range between 3 and 24 miles. Such uncertainty is of concern since both the volume and gravitational attraction of the ice mass have an effect on global sea level. In order to improve our estimate of the volume of ice, we will have to wait 76 years for John Glen to develop a realistic flow law for ice.