Cold Flow Properties Research Articles

Enhancing biomass, hydrocarbon and biodiesel properties of green microalga Botryococcus braunii KMITL through gamma and UV radiation exposure.

This study investigated the effects of gamma (137Cs, 0-250Gy) and UV (UV-C, 0-12h) radiation on growth and biodiesel properties of Botryococcus braunii KMITL. For gamma radiation, maximum biomass (1.37 ± 0.02g L-1) was achieved with 50Gy, while a dose of 200Gy resulted in the highest hydrocarbon content (51.84 ± 0.20%) and yield (0.66 ± 0.01g L-1). For UV radiation, a 9h exposure produced the highest biomass (2.45 ± 0.05g L-1), hydrocarbon content (55.01 ± 1.22%), and yield (1.35 ± 0.04g L-1). Algae exposed to gamma radiation within the range of 0-150Gy exhibited C16:0 as the dominant fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), similar to those exposed to UV radiation, while algae exposed to 200-250Gy displayed C18:1n9t as the dominant FAME. High levels of gamma and UV radiation were observed to lengthen fatty acid chains and increase unsaturated fatty acids. The cetane values of biodiesel from algae exposed to gamma and UV radiation ranged from 64.55 ± 0.14-66.47 ± 0.20 and 59.43 ± 0.04-65.27 ± 0.22, respectively, all meeting standard criteria. Both gamma and UV radiation also improved the saponification value and cold flow properties of the biodiesel. These findings suggest that controlled levels of gamma and UV radiation effectively enhance hydrocarbon yields with significant implications for biofuel production.

Evaluation of Advanced Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines: Diesel/Fusel Oil/Vegetable Oil Triple Blends

In this research work, the feasibility of using fusel oil, a by-product of the sugar–alcohol industry, as an LVLC solvent in blends with straight vegetable oils (SVOs) and diesel was investigated. Concretely, diesel/fusel oil/sunflower oil (D/FO/SO) and diesel/fusel oil/castor oil (D/FO/CO) triple blends were prepared and characterized by measuring the most important physicochemical properties, i.e., viscosity, density, cold flow properties, flash point and cetane number. An appreciable improvement in cold flow values has been achieved with triple blends, without compromising properties such as calorific value and cetane number. Likewise, the triple blends meet the viscosity and density requirements specified by the European quality standard EN 14214 and the American standard ASTM D6751. After characterization, the triple blends were used on a diesel engine, evaluating different parameters such as power output, opacity, exhaust emissions (CO and NOx) and consumption at different engine loads. The results indicate that as the biofuel content in the blend increases, engine power decreases while fuel consumption rises. Nevertheless, the values obtained with D/FO/CO are better than those for D/FO/SO and are also very similar to those of fossil diesel. Regarding opacity values and NOx emissions obtained with the utilization of the triple blends, they are lower than those produced by diesel. However, in the case of CO emissions, it depends on the type of oil used, with the samples prepared with castor oil exhibiting the best results.

Nanoporous Carbon-Supported Bimetallic (Ni, Cu, and Fe)-Mo Catalysts for Partial Hydrogenation of Biodiesel.

Upgrading biodiesel or hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters (H-FAMEs) by partial hydrogenation is a second-generation biofuel with high specific fuel characteristics, such as superior cold flow properties, higher oxidative stability, and lower hazardous gas emissions, allowing this biofuel to provide excellent fuel properties, over conventional biodiesel. This study assessed the potential of using nanoporous carbon produced from cattail leaves (CL) as an alternative catalyst support. We synthesized various catalysts including monometallic Mo/NPC, Ni/NPC, Ce/NPC, and Fe/NPC catalysts, as well as bimetallic molybdenum-based catalysts doped with nickel, copper, or iron for the partial hydrogenation of soybean biodiesel. The NPC support demonstrated a surface area (S BET) of approximately 1,323 m2g-1, which greatly increases the catalytic activity through the efficient dispersion of catalyst active sites. The partial hydrogenation reaction of soybean FAME over the MoNi/NPC catalyst obtained the highest catalytic activity with enhanced oxidation stability from 3 to 14 h, and the cloud point and pour point increased from 2 to 13 °C and -1 to 10 °C, respectively. Hence, the selection of catalysts is crucial due to their impact on the feasibility of the process and its economic viability. This article focuses on highlighting the effectiveness of a highly promising catalyst for partial hydrogenation as well as examining the variables that influence the primary reaction pathway.

To Study the Effects of Microemulsion Based Hybrid Biofuel on Emission Characteristics of CI Engine: A Short Review

AbstractMicroemulsion based fuels (MBF) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve overall engine performance. This research paper enlightens the effects of physiochemical properties on the emission characteristics of CI engine. The microemulsions are formulated using surfactants, co‐surfactants, water or alcohols, and fuel components. The effects of density, viscosity, calorific value, cold flow properties, and cetane number along with the stability and the multi‐component characteristics of (MBF) has been taken into consideration to examine its effects on Emission characteristics such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Microemulsion‐based fuels lower emissions of NOx and PM, recognized to the more complete combustion. The review highlights various studies that have investigated the benefits of microemulsion fuels, including reduced emissions of different pollutants and thus reduce the adverse effect on environment.In conclusion, microemulsion‐based fuels show likely physiochemical properties, as well as favorable emission characteristics, with reduced NOx, SOx, CO, PM, and UHC emissions. This study highlights the potential of microemulsion‐based fuels as environment friendly alternatives, flagging the way for further research.

A strain rate response and self-healing organohydrogel for use in impact-protective materials

Impact-protective materials are used in many fields owing to their excellent mechanical properties, impact resistance, and rapid responses to external stimuli. In this study, a new organohydrogel (PAIG) was designed and prepared through emulsion copolymerization by combining polymer chain segment as a skeleton and oil phase containing IHP as dynamic crosslinking points. The PAIG gel system provided a stable structure and overcame the cold flow property of impact-hardening polymers (IHP) with a tensile stress of 0.48 MPa. In addition, the introduced flexible IHP chains provided a large number of boron–oxygen dynamic bonds and hydrogen bonds, which improved both the impact resistance (the peak force reduction rate of 74 %), speed- response and the self-healing ability (with an efficiency of ca. 90 %). Impressively, PAIG can withstand cyclic twisting and bending even at −20 °C, showing its excellent freezing resistance. These properties make the PAIG promising for intelligent impact-protection applications.

Solid-State NMR Investigation of Cold-Flow Properties of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils and Their Blends with Petroleum Diesels

Solid-State NMR Investigation of Cold-Flow Properties of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils and Their Blends with Petroleum Diesels

Optimizing cold-flow properties and oxidation stability of B40 biodiesel blend with turpentine oil and ethanol: Experimental and quantum chemical approach

This study investigates the effectiveness of turpentine oil and ethanol as cold-flow improvers (CFIs), synergizing as antioxidants for ternary B40 biodiesel blend. Utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM), the effects of these CFIs on the ternary blend, including cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), filter blocking tendency (FBT), precipitation, and oxidation stability, were comprehensively evaluated. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) presented that a linear model best describes the impact of CFIs on CP, whereas quadratic models more accurately represent CFPP, FBT, and oxidation stability. The results also demonstrate that 2FI was identified as the most suitable model for describing precipitation responses. The optimal concentrations of turpentine oil and ethanol were determined to be 10 % v/v and 0.5 % v/v, respectively, resulting in predicted values for CP, CFPP, FBT, precipitation, and oxidation stability of 10.4 °C, 9.0 °C, 1.31, 9.09 mg/100 mL, and 225 minutes, respectively. Theoretical insights from density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the primary interaction controlling wax formation in biodiesel blends is the strong hydrogen bonding between monostearin and pinene, a major component of turpentine oil, which effectively disrupts wax crystallization. This study presents a novel approach to enhancing B40 biodiesel cold-flow properties and maintaining its oxidation stability by utilizing the synergistic effects of turpentine oil and ethanol to optimize B40 biodiesel formulation.

Boosting the cold flow properties and oxidation stability of diesel-biodiesel blends by novel polymethacrylate graft copolymer nanocomposites

The applications and development of biodiesel fuels are restricted by the poor low-temperature fluidity and oxidation stability. Meanwhile, typical antioxidants are usually compounds containing phenyl groups, which have the disadvantages of high toxicity and carcinogenicity. To address these defects, our study originally synthesized a multifunctional additive using both post grafting and nanocomposite technology, as well as apply a biofuel antioxidant free of benzene ring group, 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. Our findings reveal that the delayed crystallization behavior of B20 (20 vol%. biodiesel +80 vol%. diesel) is strongly dependent on the additive structure and amount, which the pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are decreased by 20 and 16 °C respectively at 1000 ppm. The post grafting technology enhanced additive antioxidant properties, which extend the induction period of B20 from 2.0 to 6.9 h. Our study confirmed the synthesized additives through possess synergistic enhancement effects on both cold flow properties and oxidation stability. In addition, DFT calculations simulating the potential energy changes of B20 solutions forecast copolymer structure affects the low-temperature fluidity. Hence this study pioneered the proposal for developing multifunctional additives through both post grafting and nanocomposite technology of methacrylate copolymer for biofuels, and provide a theoretical prediction strategy for exploring optimum copolymer pour point depressant for fuels.

A Review of Biodiesel Cold Flow Properties and Its Improvement Methods: Towards Sustainable Biodiesel Application

Significant concerns over energy security and environmental impact reduction will drive all stakeholders to generate proper alternative energies. Biodiesel is a prospective cleaner-burning biofuel that can contribute on addressing these concerns globally. Presently, pure biodiesel (B100) application is still facing several obstacles, principally in terms of its cold flow properties. Improvement in cold flow behavior parameters is the solution to promoting biodiesel implementation at a higher percentage and wider environmental temperature range. This study provides a detailed review of several improvement methods, both physical, chemical, and biological, from various scientific sources, to elevate the cold fluidity characteristics of biodiesel. The investigated methods convincingly offer proper enhancement in the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Mostly, this improvement is accompanied by an alleviation in oxidation stability, cetane number, and/or viscosity. However, the skeletal isomerization method presents promising cold fluidity refinement with minimal reduction in other physical properties. Therefore, the continuous development of these methods promises global sustainable application of high-quality biodiesel.

A quantitative comparison of economic viability, volatile organic compounds, and particle-bound carbon emissions from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends

Despite the environmental advantages of biofuel blends, detailed studies on emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and particle-bound carbon from diesel engines, particularly when fueled with biodiesel, remain limited. This study addresses these gaps by analyzing biodiesel blends from neem, linseed, and jatropha oils produced via mechanical extraction and assessing their impact on volatile organic compounds and particle-bound carbon emissions in diesel engine. Economic evaluations of production costs, engine modifications, and payback periods are also conducted. The result shows that jatropha biodiesel exhibits a calorific value of 35.7 MJ/kg, while neem biodiesel shows superior oxidative stability due to its low iodine value. Additionally, linseed biodiesel displays favorable cold flow properties due to its high density and cetane value. Compared to D100, the N10 and N30 blend notably reduced high molecular weight PAH emissions by 10.7 % and 38.4 %, respectively, with the N30 blend achieving a remarkable 76 % reduction in formaldehyde emissions. Conversely, the J10 blend increased specific PAHs, while the J30 blend reduced PAHs by 21.3 %. Both L10 and L30 blends showed reduced naphthalene emissions, with the J30 blend notably reducing elemental carbon (EC) by 31.4 %, although organic carbon (OC) slightly increased. In contrast, the N30 blend decreased both EC and OC emissions, demonstrating a dose-dependent relationship between biodiesel concentration and emissions reduction. Overall, Jatropha biodiesel blends offer the best balance of economic efficiency and emission reductions, resulting in shorter payback periods and lower carcinogenic risks. Neem and linseed blends also provide environmental benefits but with varying economic implications, highlighting the trade-offs between production costs and long-term sustainability.

Cold flow properties of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and a new improvement method

Biodiesel despite its positive advantages when using it as a fuel in replacement of diesel, suffers a major drawback in the cold flow properties (CFP). During winters, plugging of the filters as well as crystallization of the fatty acid are two of the leading problems that makes the fuel to not reach injectors and the combustion chamber and therefore the engine does not start. Cold flow properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) through the reduction of cloud point (CP), pour point (PP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) where investigated in this work. The effectiveness of an approaches using the combination of two techniques, controlled winterization and addition of fatty acids 2-ethylhexyl esters (FAEhE) to reduce CP, PP and CFPP was studied. The change in CP, PP and CFPP corresponded to a decrease in the saturated ethyl esters content. A reduction of the palmitic and stearic acid ethyl esters content of 20,63 % and 8.64 % respectively was found. There was not significant effect on the fuel properties due to changes in the chemical composition of liquid fractions. However, using a Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology optimization, the lowest CP, PP and CFPP for WCOB biodiesel could be obtained working with a winterization temperature of −5 °C, adding a 10 % of FAEhE and cooling during 30 min.

Optimization of biodiesel yield from waste cooking oil and sesame oil using RSM and ANN techniques

In the era of global energy crises and the pressing concern of fossil fuel depletion, the quest for sustainable alternatives has become paramount. The current study aims to optimize biodiesel extraction from a combination of waste cooking oil (WCO) and sesame seed oil (SSO) through response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The cold flow properties of biodiesel produced from WCO are a major obstacle to the commercial use of biodiesel. On the other hand, SSO possesses better oxidation stability and cold flow properties. A mixture of waste cooking oil (i.e. 70 % by volume) and sesame seed oil (i.e. 30 % by volume) has been prepared for biodiesel production via a microwave-assisted transesterification process. For biodiesel yield optimization, the interaction among the operating parameters is developed by RSM, whereas biodiesel yield is predicted by ANN. The operating parameters include reaction speed, RPM (100–600 rpm), reaction time (1–5 min), methanol to oil ratio (8:1–12:1 v/v), and catalyst concentration (0.1–2 % w/w). The highest biodiesel yield of 94 % is found at a reaction speed of 350 rpm, reaction time of 3 min, catalyst concentration of 1.05 w/w, and methanol to oil ratio of 10:1. Furthermore, it is discovered that when estimating biodiesel production rate depending on reaction constraints, ANN shows lower comparative error compared to RSM. The results show that ANN outperforms RSM in terms of percentage improvement when it comes to biodiesel production prediction.

Evaluated the effects of nature α-olefins (limonene, β-caryophyllene and camphene) as additives on the cold flow properties of diesel fuel

Pour Point Depressants (PPDs) are currently deemed the most efficacious methodology to enhance the low-temperature fluidity of diesel fuel. However, the majority of these PPDs present complications such as high costs, intricate synthesis procedures, and exhibit potential biotoxicity. To address these challenges, natural α-olefins (β-caryophyllene, limonene and camphene) with 1-hexadecene in varying ratios (5, 10, 15, 20, 25:1) were successfully polymerized at ordinary temperature as poly-α-olefine pour point depressant (PAO PPD), and designated as 1-hexadecane-β-caryophyllene (C16-SZX), 1-hexadecane-limonene (C16-NMX), 1-hexadecane-camphene (C16-KX). An in-depth examination was conducted on the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and solid point (SP) of both untreated and PPD-added diesel. Subsequently, the finding clearly demonstrates that the CFPP and SP were separately reduced 10 and 32 °C in diesel treated with a molar ratio of 10:1 of C16-KX at the dosage of 2000 ppm. Meanwhile, a comprehensive study was undertaken to investigate the influence of natural α-olefins on the reduction of low-temperature fluidity in diesel fuel. The inhibitory impacts of natural molecular formations on wax crystals were meticulously scrutinized, particularly their roles in modifying the growth patterns of these crystals. Eventually, a novel mechanism by which poly-α-olefine alters the crystalline behavior of wax crystals is proposed.

Terpolymers of alkyl methacrylate-trans anethole-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride copolymers: a low dosage and high-efficiency cold flow improver for diesel fuel

The addition of cold flow improvers (CFIs) is considered as the optimum strategy to improve the cold flow properties (CFPs) of diesel fuels, but this strategy is always limited by the required large dosage. To obtain low-dosage and high-efficiency CFIs for diesel, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA) was introduced as a third and polar monomer to enhance the depressive effects of alkyl methacrylate-trans anethole copolymers (C14MC-TA). The terpolymers of alkyl methacrylate-trans anethole-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (C14MC-TA-THPA) were synthesized and compared with the binary copolymers of C14MC-TA and alkyl methacrylate-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (C14MC-THPA). Results showed that C14MC -THPA achieved the best depressive effects on the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and solid point (SP) by 11°C and 16°C at a dosage of 1250 mg/L and monomer ratio of 6:1, while 1500 mg/L C14MC-TA (1:1) reached the optimal depressive effects on the CFPP and SP by12°C and 18°C. THPA introduction significantly improved the depressive effects of C14MC-TA. Lower dosages of C14MC-TA-THPA in diesel exerted better improvement effects on the CFPP and SP than that of C14MC-TA and C14MC-THPA. When the monomer ratio and dosage were 6:0.6:0.4 and 1000 mg/L, the improvement effect of C14MC-TA-THPA on diesel reached the optimum level, and the CFPP and SP were reduced by 13°C and 19°C, respectively. A 3D nonlinear surface diagram fitted by a mathematical model was also used for the first time to better understand the relationships of monomer ratios, dosages, and depressive effects of CFIs in diesel. Surface analysis results showed that C14MC-TA-THPA achieved the optimum depressive effects at a monomer ratio of 6:0.66:0.34 and dosage of 1000 mg/L, and the CFPP and SP decreased by 14°C and 19°C, respectively. The predicted results were consistent with the actual ones. Additionally, the improvement mechanism of these copolymers in diesel was also explored.

Microwave-enhanced preparation of finned-FER zeolites and their application in the skeletal isomerization of FAME

The skeletal isomerization of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) is vital for producing branched-chain esters and is a great tool to improve the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Ferrierite (H-FER) zeolite is an effective catalyst for facilitating this reaction; however, its efficiency can be limited by site accessibility and pore structure. Thus, our research developed a novel method for producing finned-FER zeolites by a seed-mediated approach that applies microwave heating with H-FER as seeds. The main focus was to examine how varying synthesis conditions, particularly microwave heating time, influenced the physical and chemical properties of the produced zeolites; we showed that the optimized condition was achieved with 6 h of microwave heating, revealing well-defined finned crystals and improved characteristics. Finally, the study evaluated the catalytic performance of these finned-FER zeolites. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction, serving as a model reaction, was employed to assess the performance of the materials. We also accessed the performance of these materials in the same reaction in the presence of triphenylphosphine, offering a deeper understanding of the real active sites and their accessibility. Furthermore, the isomerization reactions of methyl oleate were explored to evaluate the practical applicability of the synthesized zeolites. The results revealed that branched isomers exceeding 70 % yield were achieved at 89 % conversion for the best catalyst at a temperature of 250 °C and 20 bar of H2 for 6 h. Thus, this research proposes a more efficient method for synthesizing finned-FER zeolites and systematically analyzes their characteristics, highlighting potential improvements in catalytic efficiency and sustainability.

Effect of palm oil methyl ester on coconut oil as a viable bio‐lubricant alternative to traditional mineral‐based oils

AbstractVegetable oils are promoted as a base oil for automobile lubricants due to increased concerns about the environmental damage caused by synthetic and mineral oils‐derived lubricants. Coconut oil exhibits excellent tribological properties but poor cold flow properties. This work investigates the effect of the addition of palm oil methyl ester (POME), obtained from the transesterification of palm oil, on coconut oil by blending it in three proportions with varying volumes and evaluating for lubricant properties namely tribological properties, rheological properties, thermal properties, chemical properties and corrosion and oxidative stabilities. Fatty acid composition are evaluated for the base oil and the blends. The findings show that the addition of POME improves the base oil's pour point and reduces friction and wear. The corrosion test shows only slight tarnishing of copper strips, while the HOOT and chemical tests indicate appreciable resistance to oxidation. Therefore, this blended mixture has the potential to be a viable bio‐lubricant alternative to traditional mineral‐based oils.

Synergistic effect of selenium and gibberellic acid for enhanced biomass, lipid and improved biodiesel quality from Tetradesmus obliquus through response surface methodology

Biodiesel production from microalgae presents an innovative solution for renewable energy. This study investigates biodiesel production using Tetradesmus obliquus ON506010.1 by optimizing substrates, selenium and gibberellic acid. Using 15 µg/L selenium, lipid content and biomass productivity reached 35.45 %±0.92 and 0.178 g/L/day ± 0.051. With 50 µM gibberellic acid, biomass productivity and lipid content peaked at 0.785 ± 0.101 g/L/day and 38.95 %±0.35, surpassing the control. Fatty acid composition, biodiesel properties, and mRNA expression of lipid synthesis enzymes (acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid desaturase (FAD)) correlated. Combining 10 µg/L selenium with 75 µM gibberellic acid with response surface methodology (RSM) increased lipid content (42.80 % ±0.11) and biomass productivity (0.964 g/L/day ± 0.128). ACC and FAD upregulation validated this enhancement, with a 4.4-fold increase in FAD expression. Fatty acid composition and most biodiesel properties met international standards demonstrating Tetradesmus obliquus ON506010.1′s potential for sustainable biodiesel production with better cold flow property and oxidative stability.

Investigation on Cold Flow Properties of Natural Ester Insulating Oils Based on Molecular Dynamics

Investigation on Cold Flow Properties of Natural Ester Insulating Oils Based on Molecular Dynamics

A Review of Chemical Modification of Vegetable Oils and Their Applications

In order to cope with the shortage of non-renewable energy and the increasingly environmental pollution, sustainable vegetable oils, as competitive alternatives, have widely been held in the good graces of the researchers. Vegetable oils are suitable for a wide range of applications such as biofuels and biodiesel. However, the development of vegetable oils is limited due to the characteristics of unsatisfactory oxidation stability and poor cold-flow properties. Chemical modification is considered as an effective solution to enhance the performance. The research progress of the chemical modification methods and applications of vegetable oils in recent years are summarized in this review. Reducing the content of carbon–carbon double bonds and increasing the degree of saturation are the keys to improve the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils. The prospects for the development direction and challenges of vegetable oils are proposed. Future research may focus on the use of multifunctional catalysts to optimize reaction conditions or to introduce active groups with lubricating properties in epoxidation reactions and explore the combination of chemical and auxiliary methods.

The effects of grafted multiple phenolic antioxidants onto polymethacrylate type pour point depressants on the low-temperature flowability and oxidation stability of biodiesel blends

The enhancement of cold flow properties (CFPs) and oxidative stability (OS) in biodiesel-diesel blends typically involves the use of pour point depressants and antioxidants. However, a scant number of additives are capable of manifesting both pour point depression and antioxidant functionalities concurrently. This study explored the grafting of syringic acid (SA), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DTBHA), and gallic acid (GA) onto polymethacrylate (PMA) type copolymers, culminating efficacious copolymers, namely PTG-SA, PTG-DTBHA and PTG-GA. The findings reveal that with the addition of 1500 ppm of PTG-GA, the CFPP and PP of B20 (20 vol% soybean biodiesel+80 vol% diesel) decrease by 10 and 18 °C respectively, and with the addition of 2000 ppm, the induction period (IP) of B20 can be extended from 1.34 to 8.69 h. In contrast, the application of PTG-SA and PTG-DTBHA to B20 led to inferior OS and CFPs as compared to PTG-GA. The inherent scientific mechanism that underlies this performance discrepancy was thoroughly investigated, scrutinizing it through the lens of co-crystallization and nucleation processes. This research underscores the potential of post-modification of PMA type pour point depressants with antioxidants, a strategy that not only bolsters the CFPs of B20 but also confers antioxidant attributes to the pour point depressants.