Cold Extraction Research Articles

Effect of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Melissa Officinalis on Germination, Growth and Yield of Cultivated Red Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a member of the Brassicaceae family of root vegetables and both the roots and the leaves are consumed for their natural therapeutic value and health promoting effects owing to the presence of phytochemicals. Thus, the effect of three different solvents (Cold, hot and alcoholic) of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) extracts on germination and growth of radish was studied. A field experiment was carried out during October to December 2021 season with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Alcoholic, hot water and cold water extraction at a concentration of 1 % showed a higher germination percentage compared to other concentrations, while Distilled water showed a major germination percentage 80% compared to other extractions. Regarding the chlorophyll content, alcoholic extraction at a concentration of 0.5 % showed higher Chlorophyll content of 19.5 compared to other treatments and even the control. The root length of radish for alcoholic extraction at a concentration of 1 % showed the highest root length. Alcoholic extraction at a concentration of 0.5 %, hot water extraction at a concentration of 3% and cold-water extraction at a concentration of 5% showed the highest stem diameter. Alcoholic extraction of lemon balm at concentration of 1 presented the biggest leaf diameter. This indicated that the Melissa officinalis extracts as a medicinal plant had different effects on radish germination and growth. Further research should evaluate radish development in different circumstances to see whether this strategy may boost the output of this vital crop.

In vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Activity and Potential Genotoxic Effect of Fruit Extracts of Capparis spinosa L. Plant

This research was carried out to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the genotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous (cold and hot) fruit extracts of Capparis spinosa L. (C. spinosa) plant against different types of bacterial strains. The antimicrobial effect of these extracts against the tested bacteria was investigated using broth microdilution method. The potential genotoxic effect was evaluated by ERIC-PCR technique. Results of the current study revealed that the MIC values of ethanolic fruit extract against the tested bacterial had a range of 12.5 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml. However, aqueous fruit extracts had an MIC with a range of 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL. The potential genotoxic activity of cold aqueous extract was determined according to the changes in ERIC-PCR profile of E. coli strain treated with extract in comparison to that untreated (negative control). Results of this study suggest the genotoxic effect of aqueous fruit extract on E. coli. Further research is required to assess and identify the biological molecules and their mechanisms in the context of the genotoxicity. In vivo genotoxicity assessment or with the presence of liver extract is recommended to evaluate the safety of using fruits for therapeutic purposes and a valuable nutrient source.

A New Annulenol from Aconitum heterophyllum with Bioactivity and Cytotoxicity against Vero and Lung Cell Line

In this research work, a detailed phytochemical and biological investigation of Aconitum heterophyllum was accomplished. The cold methanolic root extract of A. heterophyllum was subjected to VLC for fractionation over silica gel, which led to the isolation of two compounds 1,1,8,8-trimethyl-4-methylene-decahydro- 1H-cyclopenta-[8]-annulen-1-ol (1) and β-stigmasterol (2). The compounds were characterized by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Compound 1 is first reported from this plant. The crude extract was screened for antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and fungi using disk diffusion method where significant inhibitory activity was observed. The extract was also tested for cytotoxic property using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which revealed moderate activity in comparison with the standard anticancer drug, vincristine sulphate. Antioxidant property of the crude methanol extract of A. heterophyllum was determined by the scavenging of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical and found moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 53.25 μg/mL) when compared to standard antioxidant. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and polyphenolic compound content of the crude extract were determined by HPLC. The isolated compounds 1 and 2 showed dosedependent antiproliferation activity against the vero and lung A549 cells. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 22(1): 1-10, 2023 (June)

GC-MS profiling of phytochemicals present in ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata L. Leaves

Bauhinia variegata L. is an ethnomedicinal plant belonging to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Caesalpiniaceae; commonly known as Kachnar, Mountain ebony, Koinar saag and Orchid tree. It is native to China, Indian-subcontinent and South eastern Asia. Ethnomedicinally it is used for the treatment of diarrhoea, mouth ulcer, hepatomegaly, tonsilitis, cyst and fibroid in uterus, burning sensation in urine and diabetes. It has pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective. For present study ethanolic extract was prepared using cold extraction method. For the identification of phytochemicals prepared extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. The obtained spectra of GC-MS were analysed and compared with the GC-MS spectra database of online Wiley library and NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology) to identify the phytochemical compounds. A total of 33 compounds were isolated, out of which Neophytadiene was present in highest %; Palmidrol and 2,6,10,14,18-PENTAMETHYL-2,6,10,14,18-ICOSAPENT in lowest %. Major phytochemicals identified from GC-MS spectra are Neophytadiene (25.19), Phytol (13.07) and gamma-Sitosterol (10.97). Identified phytochemicals belong to different compound classes of flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids. Most of the identified compounds are biologically active compounds which can be potential drug agents for control and treatment of various ailments.

Assessment of the Safety of Aqueous Extract of Maize (Zea mays) Husks in Wistar Albino Rats

Aims: The possible toxic impact of aqueous extract of maize husks (HA) on Wistar albino rats was investigated.
 Study Design: Experimental design.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria between January 2020 and April 2020.
 Methodology: The extract was prepared adopting the cold extraction procedure. Forty-eight (48) Wistar albino rats were used for this study. Acute toxicity study was carried out by administering HA at a single dose of 2000, 4000 and 8000 mg/kg body weight to the rats by oral gavage. The rats were observed for 14 days for any mortality or signs of toxicity. For sub-acute study, doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight were orally administered daily for 28 days. Biochemical and haematological parameters as well as histopathological studies were carried out after the experiments.
 Results: Acute toxicity results indicated that the median lethal dose (LD50) of HA was greater than 8000 mg/kg. There was remarkable body weight gain (P ≤ 0.05) in both male and female rats in all the sub-acute groups and acute group treated with 8000mg/kg. In the acute and sub-acute toxicity study, slight difference was recorded between the biochemical and haematological parameters of the treated rats dosed with the extract and the control. There was a significant increase in Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of female rats and lymphocytes of male rats treated with 800 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL respectively. The total protein, glucose and urea level of male rats treated with 200 mg/mL reduced while urea level of females treated with 200 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL also reduced remarkably. However, histological data showed no significant difference.
 Conclusion: In general, the extract was found to show no toxic effect on the rats and hence it is safe for potential therapeutic use.

Effect of the cold plasma and aqueous grape seeds extract on sensory qualities of minced beef

Cold plasma technology has developed in recent decades as a method of processing meat that functions as a bacteriostatic and bactericide, and it is used to treat meat as a non-thermal technique to preserve the sensory qualities of meat. Yet, one of the disadvantages of this approach is lipid oxidation. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of aqueous grape seed extract at a (1%) concentration after spraying it onto meat (100 ml/kg) and then treating it with cold plasma (plasma jet) using argon gas at a frequency of 23 kHz, a voltage of 150 kV, a distance of 2 cm, and a time of 5 minutes, as well as to demonstrate the extent of its effect on the sensory evaluation (penal test) of meat at 4 ℃ for 12 days. We separated 100 samples of minced beef into three groups. Group (1)- Control (Con), group (2)-Cold plasma (Cp), group (3)-Grape seeds extract (GSE), and group (4)-Cold plasma mixed Grape seed extract (CP+GSE): Each group has 25 samples, and all parameters were measured. In conclusion, up until the end of the storage period at 4 °C, an analysis of sensory quality revealed that the beef samples treated with GSE and Cp+GSE, respectively, had the highest panel test score.

Mikania micrantha extract enhances cutaneous wound healing activity through the activation of FAK/Akt/mTOR cell signaling pathway

Mikania micrantha (MM) has been traditionally used for various health benefits, including mental health, anti-inflammatory, wound dressing, and healing of sores. However, the molecular mechanisms and dose required for the wound healing activity of MM have yet to be reported. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing potential of a cold methanolic extract of MM through in vitro and in vivo studies. Human dermal fibroblast adult (HDFa) cells were treated with 0 (control), 75 ng/ml, 125 ng/ml, 250 ng/ml, and 500 ng/ml of MMmethanolic extract (MME) for 24 h. MME at 75 ng/ml has significantly (p˂0.05) promoted HDFa cell proliferation and migration. Further, MME has also been shown to enhance the invasiveness of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), indicating the neovasculature for wound healing. The tube formation assay demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase in the angiogenic effect of the MME starting at a concentration of 75 ng/ml as compared to the control. Treatment of excision wounds in Wistar rats with 5% and 10% MME ointment significantly enhanced wound contraction compared to control animals. Incision wounds in rats treated with 5% and 10% MME showed a significant (p<0.01) increase in tensile strength compared to control. HDFa cells, and granulation tissue collected on day 14 post-wounding, revealed the modulation of the FAK/Akt/mTOR cell signaling pathway during the enhancement of wound healing. The results of gel zymography showed increased activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the HDFa cells after treatment with the extract. It is concluded that MMEcan potentially accelerate cutaneous wound healing.

Seedborne mycoflora of faba bean (Vicia fabae L.) and evaluation of plant extract and Trichoderma species against mycelium growth of selected fungi

Fungal diseases are among the biotic factors limiting the production of faba bean in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify seedborne mycoflora associated with faba bean seed samples, determine their effects on seed germination and disease transmission, and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of seven plant extracts and four Trichoderma spp. against the pathogen isolated from the seed. Fifty seed samples were collected from different farmers’ saved seeds of five major faba bean-producing varieties of the Ambo district and were tested by agar plate methods as recommended by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). A total of 7 fungal species belonging to 6 genera, viz. Fusarium oxysporum (Schlechlendahl), Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. Botrytis spp. Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) and Alternaria spp. were isolated and identified. Among these, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp, and Penicillium spp. were the most predominant fungi in all seed samples. Seed-to-seedling transmission test results confirmed that F. oxysporum, F. solani and R. solani were major causal pathogens that caused root rot and damping-off disease in faba beans and were transmitted from seeds to seedlings. A higher germination rate was observed in Golja-GF2 (97%), and a lower germination rate was observed in Kure Gatira-KF8 (81%). A study on in vitro evaluation of plant extract and Trichoderma spp. against F. oxysporum, F. solani and R. solani revealed that plant extracts at 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of all tested fungi. Inhibitory effects on the three tested fungi (R. solani, F. solani and F. oxysporum) were recorded on T. longibrachiatum (87.91%), T. atroviride (86.87%), Trichoderma virens (86.16%) and T. harzianum (85.45%). The inhibitory effect of the aqueous plant extracts on mycelial growth increased with an increase in concentration, and the hot water extracts showed higher effects compared to the cold water extract in all tested fungi. This study showed that the highest inhibitory effect of Allium sativum L. extracted at a 20% concentration against mycelial growth inhibition of the three test fungi (F. oxysporum, R. solani and F. solani) was 84.60%, 83.61% and 83.47%, respectively. However, Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.) extracts at the same concentration showed the lowest inhibitory effects on the three tested fungi (74.94%, 73.94% and 73.24%).

ANTI-ADIPOGENIC EFFECT OF ELATERIOSPERMUM TAPOS ON 3T3-L1 CELLS

Obesity is defined as an excessive fat accumulation that causes metabolic syndrome such as diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal cholesterol levels. Adipocytes are a major part of the adipose tissue that grows the abnormal lipid droplets which leads to fat accumulation. In modern drugs, treating obesity without any side effects is challenging. Natural products such as plants and herbs are widely used to cure obesity. Natural products are safer because of their reduced toxicity and infrequent negative effects. This study focuses on examining the potential anti-adipogenesis effects of Elateriospermum tapos on 3T3-L1 cells. The extracts from both seed and shell of the fruit were extracted using hot, cold and ethanol extraction. The extracts were tested for the cytotoxicity on 3T3-L1 cells and on zebrafish embryo in vivo. Zebrafish study on heartbeat, heart rate and scoliosis formation, shell extract show less toxic compared to seed extract. This shell extracts showed a positive correlation determination of R2 = 0.96. Therefore, shell extracts were used to indicate the maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of each extraction. The lowest MNTD was observed in ethanol extract at 5.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL, hot extract at 7.6 ± 0.25 µg/mL and cold extract at 8.1 ± 0.31 µg/mL. Oil Red O staining to determine the amount of lipid accumulation showed a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease of 70% when compared to adipocytes when treated with ethanol shell extract, and a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease of 60% by hot shell extract. With the reduction in lipid accumulation, lipolysis was measured by accounting the amount of glycerol produced. The highest production of glycerol was significant when treated with hot shell extract at 42 mg/L, followed by cold extract at 38 mg/L. This is concluded that the hot shell extract has potential to curb obesity by reducing lipid accumulation through lipolysis at a maximum non-toxic dosage.

In vitro anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and cytotoxic effects of extracted colorants from two species of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.)

To evaluate the medicinal value of natural colorants derived from dragon fruit, this research measures the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of extracted colorant from two species (Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus) of dragon fruit at different concentrations. The cold extraction method was used for extraction. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic assay were measured using free radical scavenging, denaturation, and hemolytic inhibitory, disk diffusion, liquid microdilution assay, brine shrimp lethality and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. The aqueous extract showed high levels of phytochemicals (phenolics and flavonoids) in contrast to the other two (ethanol and ethyl acetate) extracts. Aqueous extract colorants exhibited better antioxidant and anti-inflammation activity than other two extracts (p<0.05; <0.001). Promising antibacterial activity was observed in a range of concentrations (50–200 mg/mL) of the aqueous extract colorants against tested bacteria; the inhibiting zone ranged from 6.00±0.50 to 8.54±0.23 mm. The both species of dragon fruits extract could inhibit the selected microorganism under study with variable minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Lack of cytotoxic activity was evident in the aqueous extract colorant relative to the other (LC50 for the aqueous extracts ranged from 748.78 to 886.63 µg/mL). Subsequently, the aqueous extract colorant from the two dragon fruit species could be an excellent source of color for food additive purposes, and as an ingredient in pharmaceutical medications.

Evaluation of the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Cold, Hot Water and Wine Extracts Produced from Ficus capensis Leaf

Red wine consumption has increased tremendously due to the apparent health benefits and pleasure derived from red wines. In the quest to search for&nbsp;alternative sources of raw material for wine production, the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of the cold and hot water extracts of Ficus&nbsp;capensis leaf as well as the wine produced from hot water extract of F. capensis leaf were evaluated. The qualitative screening of phytochemical constituents in cold and hot water extracts of F. capensis leaf revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids and phytate. The quantitative phytochemical screening of the cold and hot water extracts as well as the wine extracts of F. capensis using HPLC method revealed the presence of important bioactive ingredients with the concentration of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of F. capensis wine significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than the cold and hot water extracts. The wine extract exhibited significantly (p&lt;0.5) decrease in the antioxidant activity against DPPH, nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity and FRAP compared to the cold and hot water extracts. Moderate consumption of F. capensis wine would help to protect the organism against oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids caused by the phenols in the drink. Moderate consumption of F. capensis wine would help to protect the organism against oxidative damage to nucleic acids lipids, and proteins caused by the phenols in the drink.&nbsp

Economical Olive Oil Production by Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses in Olive Fruit

The higher cost of oil extraction units and their shortage at the district level results in huge economic losses for olive farmers. Olive fruit harvesting and packing method for temporary storage and transportation cause major losses to the growers due to the reduction in the quality of olive oil. Poor economic returns from lower-quality olive oil result in financial losses to the growers. Fruit harvesting and packing method are major sources of fruit losses; hence the studies were designed to standardize commercial fruit harvesting and packing method to minimize the losses. The study was conducted at Buzdar Agricultural Farm, DG Khan. The fruit was packed in plastic bags (Conventional method) and perforated fruit baskets (Non-conventional method) for transportation from the olive orchard to the Oil Mill (Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal) for extraction of olive oil. Olive oil extraction machine Model (Pieralisi, Italy) and the first cold extraction were used for data collection. Minimum fruit damage of 1.14% was recorded in hand picking, and maximum fruit damage of 10.65% was recorded in stick beating. Maximum fruit rotting of 4.48% was recorded in stick beating, and minimum damage of 1.10% was recorded in the hand picking method. Oil recovery percentage was not affected by harvesting and packing methods; however, oil quality was highly affected by harvesting and packing methods, which resulted in economic returns from produced olive oil. Poor quality oil fetched minimum price as compared with premium quality olive oil, which resulted in financial losses to the grower.

Evaluation of Recovery Methods for Fragaria vesca L. Oil: Characteristics, Stability and Bioactive Potential.

Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) seed oil (WSO) recovered by two methods-cold pressing (CP) and extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2E)-taking into account the different extraction times, was characterized for its composition and quality. The cytotoxicity assessment of WSOs was also carried out using the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line. Tocopherol and total polyphenol contents were significantly higher in WSO recovered by SCO2E, up to 1901.0 and 58.5 mg/kg, respectively, in comparison with CP oil. In CP oil, the highest content of carotenoids and squalene was determined (123.8 and 31.4 mg/kg, respectively). Phytosterol summed up to 5396 mg/kg in WSO collected in 30 min of SCO2E. Moreover, the highest oxidative stability was found for this oil. All studied WSOs were non-cytotoxic in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leaching and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays; however, oils collected by SCO2E in 15 and 30 min were found to be cytotoxic in the tetrazolium salt (MTT) test, with the CC50 at a concentration of 3.4 and 5.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the composition of WSO indicates that, depending on the method of its recovery, seeds can have different bio-potencies and various applications.

A comparison of wet‐extracted coconut oils prepared under hot and cold conditions

AbstractVirgin coconut oil was prepared by four wet extraction methods which included hot extraction by boiling coconut milk, and three cold extraction methods by centrifugation, fermentation, and chilling followed by thawing of coconut milk. The chemical characteristics related to both saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of oils were evaluated. Quality parameters such as peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, acid value, and moisture content of the four oils remain within the acceptable range for edible purposes. Hot conditions incorporate a richer phenolic profile, a higher α‐tocopherol content, and a higher β‐carotene content in coconut oil. Epimerization and hydrolysis of the phenolic compounds occur depending on the extraction conditions. The longest shelf‐life of the coconut oil prepared under hot conditions may be due to the relatively lower contents of moisture, free acids, peroxides, and higher contents of phenolic compounds, α‐tocopherol, and β‐carotene in hot‐extracted coconut oil. Contrary to popular belief, hot and wet extraction conditions may produce higher quality coconut oil compared to cold extraction conditions.

Hesperidin from citrus peel waste: extraction and its health implications

Hesperidin is abundantly present as a flavanone glycoside in citrus fruits. The citrus peels, seeds, pulp, and cell and membrane residues contain a high amount of hesperidin. It has received scientific momentum lately as it offers several health benefits upon consumption, as it possesses antioxidant, anti-hypocholesteric, antitumor, anticancer, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic properties, and so on. It is used in the treatment of various diseases and disorders such as type-II diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Various extraction methods such as solvent extraction, cold extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical fluid extraction have been employed globally to obtain the maximum yield of hesperidin, which is also environment-friendly and cost-effective. The food industries produce a huge amount of citrus residue after the preparation of juices, jellies, jams, etc. These byproduct wastes are used to extract hesperidin. This review aims at highlighting the updated and scientific information about the nutritional, phytochemical, and biological activities of hesperidin; various classical and modern extraction methods; and their impact on the yield of hesperidin and health implications of hesperidin.

The silver paste containing ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glass sintered at high temperature with low solid content formed high performance conductive thick film on MgTiO3 microwave ceramics

A high-temperature conductive silver slurry containing lead-free ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glass for metallization of ceramic MgTiO3 substrate has been prepared. The ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glass was obtained by high-temperature melting and cold extraction with a transition temperature (Tg) of 579 °C and thermal stability (∆T) of 105 °C as an inorganic bonding phase of high-temperature conductive silver paste. Then, silver paste with different glass powder content was sintered on ceramic MgTiO3 substrate between 730 °C and 930 °C in increments of 50 °C. Characterization of the prepared materials revealed that their resistivity increases with the increase in glass powder content and decreases with the increase in sintering temperature. Sintering temperature and glass content have significant effects on the resistivity and adhesion of the thick silver film. When the silver paste with a glass content of 1.1 wt% was sintered at 830 °C for 10 min, the resulting thick silver film had a low resistivity of 1.81 μΩ·cm (1.65 μΩ·cm for silver) and a good adhesive strength of 39.4 N mm−2. During the sintering process, the glass material melts and wets the silver powder, which promotes the sintering of the silver powder to form a dense network structure and improves the electrical conductivity of the silver film. In addition, the formation of ZnTiO3 by chemical reactions between the glass and the substrate was observed, which dramatically improved the bonding strength of the silver film. Therefore, lead-free silver paste containing ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 glass powder and MgTiO3 ceramics has broad development prospects in ceramic filters.

Evaluation of anti-microbial efficacy among Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi on oral microflora: An Experimental in-vitro study.

Oral health is an essential non-integrated part of general health that plays a vital role in preventing chronic diseases. The oral cavity acts as a suitable environment for the proliferation of bacteria by forming a connecting link to invade the tissues through direct contact from outside. For the past few decades, there has been increased resistance of human pathogenic bacteria to the currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for tooth decay, gingivitis, periodontitis and fungal infection among different age groups. Hence, the search has shifted to traditional plants and natural products, which are a good alternative. To create oral hygiene solutions for the prevention of oral infections, several ayurvedic ingredients, including Andrographis paniculata and Mimusops elengi, have been tested for their effectiveness against dental pathogens. The present investigation's purpose is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration-based antibacterial efficiency of Andrographis paniculata and Mimusops elengi against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity of herbal extracts was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Ethanolic extracts were prepared using a cold extraction method whereas Dimethyl sulfoxide and water were used as dissolution solvents. The diluted herbal extract sample was used as the test sample, while the positive control used was an antibiotic solution and the negative control used was dissolution solvents. The samples were implanted, the bacteria along with the culture media were incubated, and the zone of inhibition was measured. The Minimum inhibitory concentration and zones of inhibition of Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi showed significant antibacterial efficacy when compared with standards. Andrographis Paniculata and Mimusops Elengi may be used as an efficient addition to conventional care in the management of oral disorders, according to their antimicrobial efficacy.

Thyme essential oil fostering the efficacy of aqueous extract of licorice against fungal phytopathogens of Capsicum annuum L.

Capsicum annuum L. production is impeded by various biotic factors, including fungal diseases caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. Various plant extracts and essential oils are increasingly used to control different plant diseases. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) cold water extract (LAE) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TO) were found to be highly effective against the C.annuum pathogens. LAE at 200mgml-1 demonstrated the maximum antifungal activity of 89.9% against P.aphanidermatum, whereas TO at 0.25mgml-1 showed 100% inhibition of C.capsici. However, when used in combination, much lower doses of these plant protectants (100mgml-1 LAE and 0.125mgml-1 TO) exhibited a synergistic effect in controlling the fungal pathogens. Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the presence of several bioactive compounds. Enhanced cellular components leakage revealed damage to the fungal cell wall and membrane due to and LAE treatment, which can be attributed to the TO lipophilicity and triterpenoid saponins of LAE. TO and LAE treatments also caused a reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis might be due to the presence of thymol and sterol components in the botanicals. Although the aqueous extracts have a low preparation cost, their uses are limited by modest shelf life and lacklustre antifungal effect. We have shown that these limitations can be bypassed by combining oil (TO) with the aqueous extract (LAE). This study further opens the avenues for utilizing these botanicals against other fungal phytopathogens.

Valuation The efficiency of Nanotechnology and biological activity of Nanoparticle for two plant extracts Ricinus communis and Neriun oleander against immature stages of Greater wax moth.Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: pyralidae)

The results of present study conducted on the Laboratory of advance entomology \ Department of biology \ Faculty of Education for Girls \ University of Kufa, during the years 2018-2019 for evaluating The efficiency of Nanotechnology and biological control and the effect of two plant extracts on the different immature stages of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyrallidae). eggs, first and fourth larval instars. The cold aqueous extract of castor Ricinus communis and Nerium oleander leaves ,from which different concentrations ( 1,2,3 and 4) mg \ ml were prepared in the Laboratory. The experiments include the enhancement of these plant extracts of toxic nature with chemically prepared particles, silver nanoparticles, and conducting multiple experiments for the same instars of the insect, which was treated with aqueous plant extracts .The statistical results as well as the observation during different stages of the experiments were superior of these nanoextracts over plant extracts in the mortality of eggs and first and fourth latval instars. Experiments indicated that the mortality percentages when treated with aqueous leaves extract of castor were (76, 91, 96) % respectively while the same instars were treated with nano extract of castor was(83.3 ,92.3 ,98.6 )% respectivly . The leaves extract of N.oleander was (86.6%, 96.6%, 99.4%) compared with (93.3, 100, 100) % respectively of the nanoparticle of the eggs and larvae of the first and fourth phases at 4 mg / ml. It also proved that the first instar was the most sensitive to the extract of the fourth instar, where the highest mortality percentages was (96.6, 100) % compared with (86.6, 93.3)% respectively of the first and fourth larval instars when treated with and nano of N. oleander and R.communis respectively.

Evaluation of Larvicidal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Leaves, Root, Stem of Plumbago zeylanica Plant on Aedes aegypti

The purpose of this study was to determine the larvicidal effect of aqueous extracts of different parts of the Plumbago zeylanica plant on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. This research assessed P. zeylanica for its larvicide activity against A. aegypti larvae. Five different concentrations of hot and cold aqueous extracts of root, leaf, and stem powders of P. zeylanica were separately prepared. The larvicidal effect of these extracts was assessed against early 1st, 3rd, and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Mosquito larvae were sampled, larval populations were monitored before and after application of aqueous extracts, and larval mortality was monitored after 12, 24, and 48 hours. Three trials were carried out under the same conditions. The percentage mortality of larvae in the sample was calculated, and the mean mortality was obtained for the 3 trials. Then the LC50 value was calculated according to the mean mortality with the SPSS package. The lowest LC50 values were obtained for the hot aqueous extracts on 1st instar larvae: root 122.74 mg/l, leaf 274.95 mg/l and stem 275.92 mg/l, 3rd instar larvae: root 129.37 mg/l, leaf 205.74 mg/l and stem 286.21 mg/l, 4th instar larvae: root 165.52 mg/l, leaf 216.89 mg/l and stem 329.94 mg/l and the root was found to have the highest larvicide activity. Finally, it was identified that by using 165.52 mg/l all three larval instar stages could be killed up to 50% and 90% with 280.921 mg/l. The present study reports that Plumbago zeylanica could serve as a potential larvicidal agent.