Cold Drinks Research Articles

A Comparative Study on Red and White Karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces, Extracts and Their Products

4 Abstract: This study dealt with red and white karkade calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) which are found in different parts of the world especially, the tropical and subtropical areas. In Sudan karkade is grown in western parts of the country (Kordofan and Darfur). In this study the chemical composition of dry red and white Roselle calyces was studied. It was found that, the red and white karkade calyces were contained 11 and 9.3% moisture respectively. Also the following was found respectively, 0.16 and 0.12% (fat), 13.2 and 12% (fiber), 7.88 and 7.35% (protein), 10.6 and 9.5% (ash) and 57.16 and 61.55% (carbohydrates). The red and white karkade calyces were also contained 11 and 15.5 mg/100 g of vitamin C, 60 and 50 mg/100 g of calcium, 25 and 20 mg/100 g of iron and 9 and 11 mg/100 g titrable acidity, respectively. Extraction of karkade calyces was carried out using different soaking ratios ranging from 1:6 to 1:12 and different soaking periods ranging from 1-4 h. For cold extraction the best soaking ratios and soaking period for red karkade were 1:10 for 2 h and ratio of 1:12 for 3 h for white karkade. Cold and hot drinks as well as jams and marmalades were made from both types of Roselle extracts. All these products were subjected to sensory analysis and tested for preference by sensory panels using hedonic scale. The sensory evaluation of cold and hot drinks made from both kinds of red and white karkade revealed that there was no significant difference as regard to the overall preference. The sensory evaluation of jams showed that there were no difference according to it is appearance, color, flavor and overall acceptability. However, there were differences in consistency.

"Baseball for the Insane": The Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital and its "Asylums"

"Baseball for the Insane":The Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital and its "Asylums" James E. Overmyer (bio) Dr. Selden Haines Talcott, superintendent of the Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital in Orange County, New York, had progressive ideas about how to treat the mentally ill. In a time not long after the basic treatment for "lunatics" was to warehouse them in asylums and poorhouses, Talcott believed a healthy mind should reside in a healthy body. As he put it, "the physical means for recuperating the worn and wasted systems of the insane may be stated in three words—heat, milk, and rest, and the greatest of these is rest."1 Talcott and his staff also believed in stimulating patients' minds through activities. The hospital had educational classes, theater, and its own patient-run newspaper. The doctors also encouraged their wards to exercise, in the fresh air if possible, and soon settled upon baseball as a way to give male inmates a workout and provide a sort of therapy to other patients who could become attentive fans and focus on the game instead of their troubles. Baseball, the sole nationally popular team sport in America at the time, was not a new tool for mental health practitioners. Its usefulness in treatment had been known of for years, but the Middletown staff went a step farther. In 1888, they founded a team partially composed of patients, hospital employees, and some of the best local amateurs and semiprofessionals to be an informal part of the treatment regimen. That didn't last long because the team soon developed into a semipro powerhouse in the lower-Hudson River Valley area north of New York City, and thousands came to see its marquee games. This was at a time when baseball was establishing itself at all levels. Beyond the two major leagues (the National League and the American Association) were "thousands of local amateur clubs, semiprofessional independent teams, barnstorming teams, town teams, company-sponsored leagues, and semiprofessional and professional minor leagues. . . . There was no well-defined line between amateur and professional play; teams would fill out their schedule with any team that people would pay to see."2 In those long-ago days before [End Page 27] major-league farm systems, the Asylums were known for drafting amateur stars, organizing big-league scouting, and developing major- and minor-league ballplayers. The late nineteenth century was also a time of evolution in the medical profession in general, and the treatment of the mentally ill in particular. By the turn of the twentieth century, Middletown State Hospital was noted for its advanced methods of treating the mentally ill. The hospital opened in 1874, a time when American medicine, including the ideas of proper psychiatric care, was in a state of dignified turmoil. During the 1870s, it was still common procedure for many physicians to treat illnesses by extracting some (often quite a lot) of the patient's blood. Bloodletting, as it was called, was thought to drain away the dangerous humors that caused disease. Medicines were prescribed in large doses and often included ingredients that would appall modern doctors. "Most doctors treated fever not only with bloodletting, but with great quantities of laxatives," according to one medical historian, which "also brought on strong bouts of nausea; emetics, . . . which also produced heavy sweating; large doses of mercury . . . black pepper in whiskey, chloroform, zinc, iron or colds baths and cold drinks. Blistering was a common treatment."3 Mercury, given straight and in bulk doses ranging up to two pounds, was used for its sheer weight to blow away intestinal blockages. In combination with inert substances, mercury was used both inside and outside the body to treat diseases as various as constipation, syphilis, and itching. One common compound called "blue mass" (named for the color of its additives) was one-third mercury, and a single daily pill contained about forty times the modern Environmental Protection Agency's daily safe limit of the toxic element.4 The way the mentally ill were treated wasn't generally much kinder. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, few acceptable resources were available for the mentally ill. The first mental hospital, a private Quaker-run facility in Philadelphia...

Modelling occupants’ personal characteristics for thermal comfort prediction

Based on results from a field survey campaign conducted in Switzerand, we show that occupants' variations in clothing choices, which are relatively unconstrained, are best described by the daily mean outdoor temperature and that major clothing adjustments occur rarely during the day. We then develop an ordinal logistic model of the probability distribution of discretised clothing levels, which results in a concise and informative expression of occupants' clothing choices. Results from both cross-validation and independent verification suggest that this model formulation may be used with confidence. Furthermore, the form of the model is readily generalisable, given the requisite calibration data, to environments where dress codes are more specific. We also observe that, for these building occupants, the prevailing metabolic activity levels are mostly constant for the whole range of surveyed environmental conditions, as their activities are relatively constrained by the tasks in hand. Occupants may compensate for this constraint, however, through the consumption of cold and hot drinks, with corresponding impacts on metabolic heat production. Indeed, cold drink consumption was found to be highly correlated with indoor thermal conditions, whilst hot drink consumption is best described by a seasonal variable. These variables can be used for predictive purposes using binary logistic models.

Rapid enumeration of low numbers of moulds in tea based drinks using an automated system

Aseptically prepared cold drinks based on tea have become popular worldwide. Contamination of these drinks with harmful microbes is a potential health problem because such drinks are kept free from preservatives to maximize aroma and flavour. Heat-tolerant conidia and ascospores of fungi can survive pasteurization, and need to be detected as quickly as possible. We were able to rapidly and accurately detect low numbers of conidia and ascospores in tea-based drinks using fluorescent staining followed by an automated counting system. Conidia or ascospores were inoculated into green tea and oolong tea, and samples were immediately filtered through nitrocellulose membranes (pore size: 0.8 μm) to concentrate fungal propagules. These were transferred onto potato dextrose agar and incubated for 23 h at 28 °C. Fungi germinating on the membranes were fluorescently stained for 30 min. The stained mycelia were counted selectively within 90 s using an automated counting system (MGS-10LD; Chuo Electric Works, Osaka, Japan). Very low numbers (1 CFU/100 ml) of conidia or ascospores could be rapidly counted, in contrast to traditional labour intensive techniques. All tested mould strains were detected within 24 h while conventional plate counting required 72 h for colony enumeration. Counts of slow-growing fungi ( Cladosporium cladosporioides) obtained by automated counting and by conventional plate counting were close (r 2 = 0.986). Our combination of methods enables counting of both fast- and slow-growing fungi, and should be useful for microbiological quality control of tea-based and also other drinks.

Prevalence of Dentine Hypersensitivity in a General Dental Practice in Greece

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in a sample of patients visiting a general dental practice. Study design: The study population consisted of 1,450 patients, 690 males and 760 females, aged 18-69 years. All individuals were clinically examined and answered questions regarding variables such as gender, age, educational level, occupation status, teeth affected and any factor that initiated the sensitivity. The clinical examination involved assessment of sensitive teeth per patient, while the amount of buccal gingival recession associated with the sensitive teeth was also recorded. Statistical analysis performed by using methods of descriptive statistics and chi square-test. Results: Two hundred and sixty four patients were diagnose as having dentine hypersensitivity, giving a prevalence rate 18.2% . Prevalence rate for hypersensitivity in females (19.34%) was significantly higher (p=0.0015) than males (16.95%). The mean number of sensitive teeth per patient showed a peak in the 40-49 year age group in males and in 60-69 year age group in females. The commonest teeth affected by dentine hypersensitivity were the first and second premolars, the canines and the first molars of maxilla and mandible. The majority (85.9%) of sensitive teeth had at least 1-3 mm of gingival recession while the most commonest pain-initiating stimuli was the consumption of cold drinks (56.1%). A statistically significant difference recorded between dentine hypersensitivity and educational level (p=0.00094). Conclusions: The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in the adult sample of the present study was 18.5%. There was also a tendency for the patients with sensitive teeth to come from higher social classes

Dentinal sensitivity among a selected group of young adults in Nigeria

Background:There is paucity of data on the prevalence of dentinal sensitivity outside the hospital setting and impact of dentinal sensitivity among young adults in Africa. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and impact of dentinal sensitivity among young adults in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the undergraduates of University of Benin in August, 2010. Self-administered questionnaire elicited information on demography, self-reported dentinal sensitivity, the trigger factor, action taken, functional, and psychological impact.Results:The prevalence of dentinal sensitivity was 211 (52.8%) among the participants and it was significantly higher in females than males (P=0.027). Participants experienced shocking sensation more on the left-side of the mouth. The most common trigger factor for the dentinal sensitivity was due to cold drink [169 (80.1%)]. Among the participants with dentinal sensitivity, majority [139 (65.9%)] have not taken any action and only 24 (11.4%) have visited the dentist because of the problem. Dentinal sensitivity exhibited psychological impact among the participants as 64 (30.3) reported unhappiness due to the shocking sensation. Eating and talking were disturbed, respectively, in 59 (28.0%) and 12 (5.7%) of the participants.Conclusion:The prevalence of dentinal sensitivity was high which was significantly higher in females than males. Despite the negative functional and psychological impact among the participants, only a few sought dental professional care. Screening for dentinal sensitivity at community level is required to proffer early treatment and ameliorate its impact on the populace.

The infrared thermometer in school science: teaching physics with modern technologies

Infrared thermometers measure temperature from a distance, using the infrared radiationemitted by all objects. These so-called non-contact thermometers make a wide variety oftemperature measurement and monitoring activities accessible to school-age students.Portable hand-held sensors also enable new or simplified investigations to be carried outwith quick and easy measurements. Following thermal footprints is a simple but engagingactivity for students: finding out which seat was occupied recently, which cup was filledwith a hot drink and which with a cold drink, which car was being driven a short time agoand so on.Nevertheless, introducing and explaining infrared thermometry in schools is not trivial. Tothis end an introduction with four steps is proposed.

Evaluation of Mutagenic Potential of Food Dye (Apple Green)

Food dyes are the vital constituents of food enhancing the aesthetic appeal of it by providing different colours. But synthetic dyes contained different heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt etc. which on the other hand are known mutagens/carcinogens. Considering the alarming mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of food dyes, the present study was planned to evaluate the mutagenic effect of apple green, the most widely used food dye, by confectioners in pista burfi, candies, cakes, ice creams, pasteries, jellies and cold drinks. The dye was purchased from local market and was of Ajanta make. This dye is a blend of sodium chloride, tartrazine and brilliant blue. Different concentrations of the dye ranging from 25 μg to 2500 μg/0.1 ml culture were prepared by using sterile double distilled water. The mutagenic effects of prepared extract were estimated employing Ames test using two tester strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium . It was observed that the dye was moderately mutagenic at higher concentrations in Salmonella strain TA100 and non mutagenic in TA98.

Evaluation of mutagenic potential of food dye (Apple green)

Food dyes are the vital constituents of food enhancing the aesthetic appeal of it by providing different colours. But synthetic dyes contained different heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt etc. which on the other hand are known mutagens/carcinogens. Considering the alarming mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of food dyes, the present study was planned to evaluate the mutagenic effect of apple green, the most widely used food dye, by confectioners in pista burfi, candies, cakes, ice creams, pasteries, jellies and cold drinks. The dye was purchased from local market and was of Ajanta make. This dye is a blend of sodium chloride, tartrazine and brilliant blue. Different concentrations of the dye ranging from 25 µg to 2500 µg/0.1 ml culture were prepared by using sterile double distilled water. The mutagenic effects of prepared extract were estimated employing Ames test using two tester strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. It was observed that the dye was moderately mutagenic at higher concentrations in Salmonella strain TA100 and non-mutagenic in TA98. Keywords: Salmonella, Ames test, mutagenicity, tatrazine, brilliant blue.

English

The objective of this study was to determine nutrient intake and food consumption patterns among medical students at Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Medical College Aurangabad, Maharashtra state, INDIA. This study was carried out in year 2009, a total of 270 first, second and third-year medical students (166 male, 104 female) aged 20±2 year were the participants. Students completed a questionnaire on dietary intake and anthropometric measurements were performed. The findings were analyzed and statistical relationships were determined by using chi-square test. The recommended caloric intake was recorded only in 39.15% boys and 27.88 % girls. Daily intake of non-veg diet and cold drinks were more in boys compared to girls and difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).The percentage of recommended caloric intake in exercise doer girls was more and which was statistically significant ( p < 0.05).

GMA Annual Conference 2010 in Bochum - A Review.

GMA Annual Conference 2010 in Bochum - A Review.

Contribution of Nutrition Education in Dietary Habits of Overweight and Obese Females in Hathras City (U.P.)

2 Abstract: The present study was carried out (1) to provide nutrition education to the overweight and obese females and (2) to evaluate impact of nutrition education on their food habit and practices of physica l exercise. The data were collected with the help of Questionnair e cum Interview Technique. The questionnaire having all relevant information was pretested and pre designed the data were collected at two phases: one at initial phase of the study before implementation of nutrition education and secondly at post phase of the nutrition education. The base line study was conducted on 300 overweight and obese females purposely selected from four areas of the city. Equal number of subjects (one hundred each) were considered from high, middle and low income groups. Due to various constraints the nutrition education was imparted to 150 subject only. The inferences were drawn with the help of suitable statistical tools. Majority of the females were vegetarian (95.33%) at the initial phase of the study, but there was no change in this habit after imparting the nutrition education (p>0.05NS). So for as consumptions of food items and practices of physical exercise were concerned, there were significant changes (p<0.05). Practicing of good food habits were developed and consumption of sweet dishes, fatty fried items and cold drinks were discouraged.

Charles Rotimi: engaging Africa in human genomic research

Charles Rotimi: engaging Africa in human genomic research

3D finite element analysis on esthetic indirect dental restorations under thermal and mechanical loading

Thermo-mechanical finite element analyses in 3-D models are described for determination of the stress levels due to thermal and mechanical loads in a healthy and restored tooth. Transient thermo-mechanical analysis simulating the ingestion of cold and hot drinks was performed to determine the temperature distribution in the models of the teeth, followed by linear elastic stress analyses. The thermal loads were applied on the occlusal and lingual surfaces. Subsequently, coupled variation of the temperature and mastication loading was considered. The vertical loading was distributed at occlusal points, adding up to 180 N. Maximum stresses were verified in resin restoration under thermal loads. When studying coupled effect of mechanical loading with that arising from thermal effects, higher tensile stress values occurred in porcelain restorations, especially at the restoration-dentin interface. Regions of high tensile stress were detected and their possible clinical significance with respect to restoration damage and microleakage were discussed.

Ethnoveterinary treatments by dromedary camel herders in the Suleiman Mountainous Region in Pakistan: an observation and questionnaire study

BackgroundThe Suleiman mountainous region is an important cradle of animal domestication and the habitat of many indigenous livestock breeds. The dromedary camel is a highly appreciated and valued animal and represents an important genetic resource. Camel herders, living in remote areas, have developed their own ways to treat diseases in camels, based on a long time of experience.MethodsInformation about the diseases and the ethnoveterinary practices performed was collected from a total of 90 herders and healers by interviews and participant observations.ResultsThe respondents classified the diseased in major and minor fractions. Clinical signs were given in detail. Mange followed by trypanosomosis and orf were considered the most prevalent diseases, and also caused the greatest economic losses. Orf was regarded the most complex disease. The season was considered to have great influence on the occurrence of the diseases. A variety of different treatments were described, such as medicinal plants, cauterization, odorant/fly repellents, pesticides, larvicides, cold drink, yogurt and supportive therapy (hot food, hot drink).ConclusionsThere is paramount need to document and validate the indigenous knowledge about animal agriculture in general and ethnoveterinary practices in particular. This knowledge is rapidly disappearing and represents a cultural heritage as well as a valuable resource for attaining food security and sovereignty.

A national survey on dentin hypersensitivity in Chinese urban adults

To investigate the prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity in Chinese urban adults aged between 20 - 69 years old and the factors related to dentin hypersensitivity. The Chinese national survey on dentin hypersensitivity was conducted in 20 - 69 years old adults in six representative cities, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, and Xi'an in 2008. A multi-stage stratified randomizing sampling method was used. Subjects were recruited from 36 urban survey sites in 6 cities. A structured questionnaire and a clinical examination on dentin hypersensitivity were used in the survey. The dentin hypersensitivity was diagnosed by a subject self-perceived short, sharp pain in response to a blast of cold air from a triple syringe administered to a tooth surface in 1 cm. In total, 7939 twenty to sixty-nine years old subjects completed a structured interview and underwent a clinical examination on dentin hypersensitivity. Among them, 40.7% (3230/7939) of the subjects reported being suffered from teeth sensitivity. When confirmed using a blast of air from a triple syringe and by ruling out other causes of sensitivity, such as caries, the prevalence was 29.7% (2354/7939), and the mean number of sensitive teeth was 1.4. The highest prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity [39.1% (622/1592)] was found in 50 - 59 years old group. The commonest teeth affected were the premolar teeth and the commonest initiating factor was cold drinks. Female, low education level, with gingival recession, attachment loss, and with the history of acidic substances derived from the stomach was related to dentin hypersensitivity. Dentin hypersensitivity was common in 20 - 69 years old Chinese urban adults. Dental professionals should give further emphasis to it.

Toward Ending Fatal Heat Stroke in Football Players

Toward Ending Fatal Heat Stroke in Football Players

Measuring brand strategy: can brand equity and brand score be a tool to measure the effectiveness of strategy?

Measuring the effectiveness of brand strategy is a difficult task. This paper examines the approach to measurement of strategy through application of brand score and brand equity as a tool. The study was done in two phases. In the first phase brand score was calculated by 150 postgraduate management students. The second phase of study was to calculate brand equity using the same respondents for the same brands. The top three brands in food, cold drink and telecommunication service provider segments were selected for the study. Higher McDonald's brand score also had higher brand equity index when compared to Domino's and Pizza Hut. It means strategy is working quite well as reflected in two measurable tools. The individual component study for brand score and brand equity index can give insight on impact of strategy on these two measurable approaches of strategy. It can also help in reducing wastage of promotional expenditure. This could give scope for further research because of less work done in this area.

Rural milk preservation with the ISAAC solar icemaker

Rural communities of developing nations need refrigeration to preserve perishable foods like fish or milk, for cold drinks, and for other needs. Because of the increasing cost and scarcity of traditional energy sources and because a large percentage of the rural population does not have electrical service, they cannot depend upon electricity for refrigeration. It is becoming more desirable to utilize alternative energy sources. This article describes the “ISAAC™,” a solar powered icemaker and its application to milk preservation in two rural villages in the coast of Kenya. Three solar icemakers were installed in each of two rural communities and two dairy co-operatives were established. Over 100 farmers have increased their income by increased ability to market their milk. The project was funded by the World Bank's Development Marketplace program. The project partners are Solar Ice Company and Heifer Project International. The project generates rural income, rural jobs, alleviates poverty, and contributes to food and energy security. The project has enormous replication potential.

The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the treatment of hypertension: A systematic review

Hypertension is a common global health problem with significant mortality and morbidity. Hibiscus sabdariffa is a plant known in many countries and is consumed as hot and cold drinks In addition to its use in folk medicine; it has been suggested as treatment for many conditions including hypertension. The objectives of this review were to examine the evidence of effectiveness and safety of hibiscus in the treatment of hypertension. We searched several medical databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the specialized register of the Cochrane Hypertension Group and the general engine Google) to January 2009. We included randomized controlled trials that had examined Hibiscus's effectiveness and safety in the treatment of primary hypertension in adults. Two authors independently selected the trials for the review, extracted the data, and critically appraised the included studies. Four trials, with a total of 390 patients, met our inclusion criteria. Two studies compared Hibiscus sabdariffa to black tea; one study compared it to captopril and one to lisinopril. The studies found that Hibiscus had greater blood pressure reduction than tea but less than the ACE-inhibitors. However, all studies, except one, were short term and of poor quality with a Jadad scoring of <3 and did not meet international standards. The four randomized controlled studies identified in this review do not provide reliable evidence to support recommending Hibiscus sabdariffa for the treatment of primary hypertension in adults.