Cold Body Research Articles

Magneto-convection ?ow of Nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) confined within a trapezoidal porous enclosure

This research attempts to study the thermal activity of suspension consisting of water and NEPCM elements inside a cavity with a trapezoidal cross-section. In addition, the cavity center contains a cold circular object rotating at a constant speed. The cavity is thermally characterized by the following: the upper and lower walls are thermally insulated (adiabatic), while the two lateral walls have a high temperature. The purpose of this study is to find out how the suspension interferes with the transfer of heat from hot walls to the cold body through the intervention of some initial conditions, which are: The effects of rotating cylinder speed (Re = 1 -500), medium permeability (Da = 10-5 – 10-2) and the magnetic field strength (Ha= 0 -100). The study used a digital simulation by solving the differential equations related to fluid mechanics and heat transfer using the Galerkin finite element (GFEM) method.to understand the influences of studied parameters (Re, Da and Ha numbers), the contours of isotherms, heat capacity and pathlines are presented in terms of these parameters. The findings indicated that as the rotation speed of the obstacle increased, the forced convection became dominant, and the thermal transmission rate improved. The improvement of the thermal transfer rate was also observed for higher Da numbers. Increasing the strength of the magnetic field hiders the fluid motion and reduces the thermal activity. At the highest studied Re, increasing Da from 10-5 to 10-2 augmented the Nusselt number by 10 times, while augmenting Ha from 0 to 100 reduced the Nu by 46%.

Depressing Ubiquitin-Dependent Proteolysis in a Hibernator Whose Body Temperature Is Normally Variable: The Common Tenrec

In a canonical mammalian hibernator like a ground squirrel, the cold body temperatures (Tb) of the torpid squirrel depresses protein degradation at the level of the 26S proteasome. Ubiquitylation per se is less temperature sensitive as ubiquitylation rates of colder temperatures continue at 30% to 60% of the maximal rates of warmer temperatures. This leads to an accumulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins of 2-3 fold in torpid squirrels as compared to active squirrels. The common tenrec is a bizarre Afrotherian placental mammal with many plesiomorphic traits such as a cloaca, internal testes, indeterminate growth, and the smallest brain of all extant mammals with very little neocortex. Interestingly, these tenrecs may be fully active with a Tb of 12°C or hibernating at a Tb of 28°C. Moreover, oxygen consumption rates may vary 25 fold in active tenrecs. We found expected decreases of 26S proteolytic activity at low temperatures. Capacitance for proteolysis varied by state and there was no evidence that torpor per se would arrest protein degradation. Indeed, in sharp contrast to the squirrel, ubiquitylation rates were essentially unaffected by temperature and ranged at colder temperatures from 80% to 90% of the maximal ubiquitylation rates. In other words, the only in vitro evidence for the control of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis that we found would only be available to very cold tenrecs independent of if they were active or torpid. However, ubiquitin-conjugate concentrations appear low but unaffected by state. All in all, we hypothesize a ‘Life in the Slow Lane’ model for tenrecs wherein an inability to effectively regulate proteolysis led to a modest rate of degradation that is not as affected by changes incurred by torpor state or changes in Tb. NSF and Department of Education (GAANN). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

PI3K/AKT pathway modulation and cold acclimation alleviation concerning apoptosis and necroptosis in broiler thymus

Moderate cold stimulation regulates the thymus's growth and function and facilitates cold acclimatization in broilers. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. To explore the possible mechanism of the thymus in cold-acclimated broilers against cold stress, 240 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were assigned to two groups randomly. The control group (C) was housed at conventional temperatures. The temperature during the first week was 33-34°C. Between the ages of 8 and 32 days, the temperature was lowered by 1°C every two days, i.e., gradually from 32°C to 20°C, and then maintained at 20°C until 42 days of age. The cold-acclimated group (C-3) was housed at the same temperature as C from 1-7 days after birth. Between 8 and 42 days, the temperature of C-3 was 3°C colder than C. After 24 h exposure to acute cold stress (ACS) at 42 days, C and C-3 were named as S and S-3. The results showed that ACS was able to induce oxidation stress, modulate PI3K/AKT signal, and cause necroptosis and apoptosis in broiler thymus. By contrast, cold acclimation could alleviate apoptosis and necroptosis induced by cold stress via alleviating oxidative stress, efficiently activating the PI3K/AKT signal, as well as decreasing apoptotic and necrotic genes’ levels. This study offers a novel theoretical basis for cold acclimation to improve the body's cold tolerance.

Exploring the benefits of cold exposure in health and athletic performance - review of articles

Introduction and purpose: In recent years there has been an increase in scientific research regarding the body's exposure to low temperatures. The potential health benefits have captured the attention of both researchers and the general public. This article review provides an analysis of the existing literature concerning the impact of cold body exposure on health and athletic achievements. Material and methods: A review of the literature available in the "PubMed" database and books was conducted. The search was performed by using the following keywords: "cold exposure", "cryotherapy", "cold shower", "cold-water immersion" and "winter swimming". State of knowledge: Encountering low temperatures can be perceived as a physiological stressor. The body responds to this situation by activating adaptive mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, such as the activation of brown adipose tissue, improved glucose control and increased immune system activity. An increasing amount of data supports the positive impact of cold exposure on athletic performance. Potential benefits are indicated such as enhancing physical endurance through increased heat production and stimulation of the circulatory system, as well as facilitating faster body recovery. Results and Conclusions: The article review indicates a growing interest in the impact of cold exposure. While there are encouraging findings of positive effects, further research is necessary for better understanding and determining the optimal conditions for achieving maximum benefits. This information could have a significant impact on the development of training strategies and health prevention.

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Discussion of Acute Deficiency Syndrome Theory and its Clinical Application

Brown adipose tissue-derived exosomes delay fertility decline in aging mice.

Ovarian aging has steadily grown to be a significant health issue for women as a result of the increase in average life expectancy and the postponement of reproductive age. One of the important pathological foundations of ovarian aging is formed by mitochondrial dysfunction, which causes decreases in follicle quantity and oocyte quality. In recent years, brown adipose tissue (BAT) transplantation has been proven as an effective treatment for aging-related diseases, such as ovarian aging. However, BAT transplantation is an invasive operation with long-term risks. Therefore, we need to find an alternative strategy. We injected BAT-derived exosomes into eight-month-old C57BL/6 female mice. The fertility was detected by the estrous cycle and mating test. The changes of ovary and oocyte were measured by ovarian volume, organ coefficient, follicle counting, and oocyte maturation rate. ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level were measured to analyze the mitochondrial function of oocytes. The changes in metabolism were explored by cold stimulation test, body weight and blood sugar. The possible molecular mechanism was further investigated by RNA sequencing. In terms of fertility, the estrous cycle of aging mice after BAT-derived exosome intervention was more regular, and the number of progenies and litters was increased. At the tissue level, the ovaries in the BAT-exosome group were larger, and the number of primordial follicles, secondary follicles, antral follicles and total follicles increased. At the cellular level, BAT-derived exosomes improved the maturation of oocytes in vivo and in vitro, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels of oocytes, and decreased ROS levels. Besides, BAT-derived exosomes ameliorated the metabolism and viability of aging mice. Furthermore, mRNA sequencing showed that BAT exosomes altered the expression levels of genes related to metabolism and the quality of oocytes. BAT-derived exosomes enhanced mitochondrial function, promoted follicle survival, improved fertility, and extended ovarian lifespan in aging mice.

Mantle compositional structure and dynamics of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone: Insights from integrated thermochemical modelling

The tectonic evolution of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone is enigmatic due to our poor knowledge of the compositional structure of the Zagros keel and the sub-lithospheric mantle beneath the Iranian plateau. Here, we present a thermochemical model for the upper mantle, starting from the Arabian plate toward the Zagros keel (in SW Iran) and the Iranian plateau to the Kopet Dagh Mountains in NE Iran. The crustal and (sub) lithospheric mantle structure is constrained using receiver functions and high-resolution seismic tomography. The crustal density is obtained by converting local Vp velocity profiles to density. The presumed mantle composition/density of different tectonic units has been inferred from the composition of mantle-derived xenoliths in Pleistocene alkaline basalts of NE Iran, mantle xenoliths from Eastern Arabia, and integrated geophysical-petrological modeling of seismic tomography as well as Bouguer and geoid anomalies. Our results indicate that the lower part of the lithosphere in the Arabian plate is ∼ +25 kg/m3 denser than the sub-lithospheric mantle, which allows underthrusting of the Arabian lithosphere beneath the Iranian plateau. The Zagros core–an ultra-positive seismic velocity anomaly in the tomographic models– is modeled assuming a refractory “craton-like” composition, leading to a ∼-60 kg/m3 density contrast with its underlying fertile lithospheric mantle. We hypothesize that at least the upper ∼100 km of the hydrous Arabian lithosphere was compositionally cratonic before the collision-related shortening processes. In contrast, the anhydrous Iranian lithosphere has been refertilized during asthenosphere upwelling and mantle flows. The Iranian plateau is underlain by a cold sub-lithospheric body characterized by ∼ +25 kg/m3 density contrast with respect to the ambient asthenosphere.

Multiplex quadruple bioluminescent assay system

Bioluminescence (BL) is unique cold body radiation of light, generated by luciferin–luciferase reactions and commonly used in various bioassays and molecular imaging. However, most of the peak emissions of BL populate the blue-yellow region and have broad spectral bandwidths and thus superimpose each other, causing optical cross-leakages in multiplex assays. This study synthesized a new series of coelenterazine (CTZ) analogues, named K-series, that selectively illuminates marine luciferases with unique, blue-shifted spectral properties. The optical property and specificity of the K-series CTZ analogues were characterized by marine luciferases, with K2 and K5 found to specifically luminesce with ALuc- and RLuc-series marine luciferases, respectively. The results confirmed that the luciferase specificity and color variation of the CTZ analogues minimize the cross-leakages of BL signals and enable high-throughput screening of specific ligands in the mixture. The specificity and color variation of the substrates were further tailored to marine luciferases (or single-chain bioluminescent probes) to create a multiplex quadruple assay system with four integrated, single-chain bioluminescent probes, with each probe designed to selectively luminesce only with its specific ligand (first authentication) and a specific CTZ analogue (second authentication). This unique multiplex quadruple bioluminescent assay system is an efficient optical platform for specific and high-throughput imaging of multiple optical markers in bioassays without optical cross-leakages.

Contribution of Spicules to Solar Coronal Emission

Recent high-resolution imaging and spectroscopic observations have generated renewed interest in spicules’ role in explaining the hot corona. Some studies suggest that some spicules, often classified as type II, may provide significant mass and energy to the corona. Here we use numerical simulations to investigate whether such spicules can produce the observed coronal emission without any additional coronal heating agent. Model spicules consisting of a cold body and hot tip are injected into the base of a warm (0.5 MK) equilibrium loop with different tip temperatures and injection velocities. Both piston- and pressure-driven shocks are produced. We find that the hot tip cools rapidly and disappears from coronal emission lines such as Fe xii 195 and Fe xiv 274. Prolonged hot emission is produced by preexisting loop material heated by the shock and by thermal conduction from the shock. However, the shapes and Doppler shifts of synthetic line profiles show significant discrepancies with observations. Furthermore, spatially and temporally averaged intensities are extremely low, suggesting that if the observed intensities from the quiet Sun and active regions were solely due to type II spicules, one to several orders of magnitude more spicules would be required than have been reported in the literature. This conclusion applies strictly to the ejected spicular material. We make no claims about emissions connected with waves or coronal currents that may be generated during the ejection process and heat the surrounding area.

Regional skin wetness perception and its modulation by warm and cold whole body skin temperatures in people with multiple sclerosis.

Skin wetness sensing is important for thermal stress resilience. Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) present greater vulnerability to thermal stress; yet, it is unclear whether they present wetness-sensing abnormalities. We investigated the effects of MS on wetness sensing and their modulation with changes in mean skin temperature (Tsk). Twelve participants with MS [5 males (M)/7 females (F); 48.3 ± 10.8 yr; Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) range: 1-7] and 11 healthy controls (4 M/7 F; 47.5 ± 11.3 yr) undertook three trials, during which they performed a quantitative sensory test with either a thermoneutral (30.9°C), warm (34.8°C), or cold (26.5°C) mean Tsk. Participants reported on visual analog scales local wetness perceptions arising from the static and dynamic application of a cold-, neutral-, and warm-wet probe (1.32 cm2; water content: 0.8 mL), to the index finger pad, forearm, and forehead. Data were analyzed for the group-level effect of MS, as well as for its individual variability. Our results indicated that MS did not alter skin wetness sensitivity at a group level, across the skin sites and temperature tested, neither under normothermia nor under conditions of shifted thermal state. However, when taking an individualized approach to profiling wetness-sensing abnormalities in MS, we found that 3 of the 12 participants with MS (i.e., 25% of the sample) presented a reduced wetness sensitivity on multiple skin sites and to different wet stimuli (i.e., cold, neutral, and warm wet). We conclude that some individuals with MS may possess reduced wetness sensitivity; however, this sensory symptom may vary greatly at an individual level. Larger-scale studies are warranted to characterize the mechanisms underlying such individual variability.

Snow detection in alpine regions with Convolutional Neural Networks: discriminating snow from cold clouds and water body

ABSTRACT Accurately monitoring the variation of snow cover from remote sensing is vital since it assists in various fields including prediction of floods, control of runoff values, and the ice regime of rivers. Spectral indices methods are traditional ways to realize snow segmentation, including the most common one – the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), which utilizes the combination of green and short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands. In addition, spectral indices methods heavily depend on the optimal threshold to determine the accuracy, making it time-consuming to find optimal values for different places. Convolutional neural networks ensemble model with DeepLabV3+ was employed as sub-models for snow segmentation using (Sentinel-2), which aims to distinguish clouds and water body from snow. The imagery dataset generated in this article contains sites in global alpine regions such as Tibetan Plateau in China, the Alps in Switzerland, Alaska in the United States, Southern Patagonian Icefield in Chile, Tsylos Provincial Park, Tatsamenie Peak, and Dalton Peak in Canada. To overcome the limitation of DeepLabV3+, which only accepts three channels as input features, and the need to use six features: green, red, blue, near-infraRed, SWIR, and NDSI, 20 three-channel DeepLabV3+ sub-models, were constructed with different combinations of three features and then ensembled together. The proposed ensemble model showed superior performance than benchmark spectral indices method, with mIoU values ranging from 0.8075 to 0.9538 in different test sites. The results of this project contribute to the development of automated snow segmentation tools to assist earth observation applications.

Moral and Cultural Values in the Story of Putri Pukes from Central Aceh

Princess Pukes is the small kingdom's beloved girl and the only child. Because she denied his mother, who said she should not look back when escorted to the groom's house before passing through the Pukes area. But because she couldn't stand her parents' choice, the princess accidentally looked back, suddenly lightning struck, and the rain was weighty. So Putri Pukes took shelter in the cave. Inside the cave, Putri Pukes stood in a corner because of her cold body temperature. Slowly the princess's body hardened and turned into stone. The prince who entered first heard the news that the princess had turned to stone. Enthusiastically, he prayed to be turned into stone. Ultimately, the love story between Princess Pukes and the prince ends tragically. This study aims to (1) describe the moral values ??in the Putri Pukes folklore, (2) describe the cultural values ??in the Putri Pukes folklore, and the source of the data taken is the Putri Pukes folklore. The results of this study aim to be an example for the younger generation and to have an extensive and positive influence, especially on those who have read this story, so as not to imitate the wrong attitude of the Pukes daughter, who violates the message of her parents. However, to reduce incidents like this, always teach other younger generations to obey and listen to their parents' messages to get good right from Allah SWT.

Altitudinal variation in body size and resistance to stress in Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in southern Turkey

Tolerance of cold and heat and body size are traits that are important in thermal selection. Latitudinal and altitudinal transects include environments that gradually change in temperature. However, while there are studies on the effects on body size and cold tolerance in natural populations sampled mostly along latitudinal transects, there are few such studies along altitudinal transects. Resistance to starvation and desiccation, which are also thought to be affected by temperature, are the focus of studies on clines. In this study, we measured the variation in tolerance of cold (chill coma recovery time), body size, resistance to starvation and desiccation in isofemale lines of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans that originated from four locations (50 m - 1500 m) along an altitudinal transect in the southern part of Turkey. This revealed clines in the tolerance of cold and body size along the altitudinal transect with some degree of difference between these two species, whereas there were no clines in resistance to starvation and desiccation. This study revealed some differences and similarities between the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans.

Long-term effects of temperature during early life on growth and fatty acid metabolism in age-0 Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)

Environmental temperature during early life may have prolonged effects on growth and fatty acid metabolism, which could strongly influence overwintering survival in the first year of life for temperate-zone fish. In the present study, we examined how temperature during early life history might influence growth performance and fatty acid metabolism in age-0 Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) when exposed to cold temperatures at later stages. Fish were initially at 16 °C and subsequently held at 16 °C or 20 °C for 60 days beginning at 34 days post fertilization (dpf). Then, all fish were subsequently raised at the same temperature of 16 °C until the onset of cold conditioning at 158 dpf where temperature was gradually decreased to 3.5 °C and remained there for two weeks. Samples were collected before (151 dpf) and after cold conditioning (199 dpf) to measure total length, body mass, whole body metabolic rate, fatty acid profile in phospholipids and triglycerides and mRNA expression of genes associated with fatty acid desaturation, elongation and β-oxidation. Results revealed that before cold conditioning, total length and body mass did not differ between temperature groups, but fish raised at 20 °C showed a lower condition factor. During the cold conditioning, only fish raised at 16 °C grew significantly longer and heavier. There was no difference in metabolic rates between treatments. Significant increases in total monounsaturated fatty acids with decreases in total saturated fatty acids were identified in phospholipids and triglycerides in both temperature groups after the cold conditioning; however, the 20 °C group did not significantly increase levels of gene expression associated with fatty acid desaturation (SCD and FADS1) whereas the 16 °C group did. Our results suggest that thermal experience during early life may influence overwintering survival of age-0 Lake Sturgeon.

Non-Clausius heat transfer in the classic mean-field systems

For systems with long-range interactions, it is common to observe the negative heat capacities as well as the temperature jumps in the microcanonical ensemble. If we connect two long-range interacting subsystems of different particle numbers by a weak short-range coupling in microcanonical ensemble, the heat could flow from the cold body to the hot one spontaneously in a certain parameter region. This adverse heat flow is recognized as non-Clausius heat transfer which has been reported by using the discrete spin models recently (Hou, 2019). However, the discrete models cannot depict the dynamical process of the heat flow, making the result not perfect enough. In this paper, both classic dynamical model and molecular dynamical simulation are used to identify the non-Clausius heat transfer. Furthermore, it is also proved that obtaining temperature by equipartition theorem in simulation leads to the identical results with the Maxwell relation.

Multi-functions of Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS, Larvae for Food) Reported in South Korea

Nowadays most people in advanced countries endangered under adult diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. In South Korea also very serious situation for the adults and children by the changing from vegetable food to animal food and changed labor pattern from physical labor to mental labor.
 We aim to review Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS)’s beneficial multi-functions on human with research reports and verification of well-known common sense in South Korea, which was commonly known as medicinally very effective in liver related diseases. PBS larvae known as cold body characteristics, so, it more effective to Yang-in(Oriental physical constitution classification method: Warm body which Jinseng, Panax ginseng, not available people) than Um-in(Cool body- Jinseng available people). The functional effects mostly known effective on liver related diseases mainly by oriental clinic and as folk remedies. However, nowadays PBS larvae’s folk remedies and other multi-functions scientifically researched and that results verified by many papers such as whitening of skin therapeutic effects, prevention of breast cancer, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. For the increasing of medicinal effects, advanced fermentation and ethanol extraction methods will be very useful compared to non-fermentation of PBS larvae and water extraction. So, we concluded that PBS could diminish or decreasing the adult diseases and it will be very useful food and medicinal materials simultaneously for the human food and medicine by the advanced extraction methods.

Self-Driven Reverse Thermal Engines Under Monotonous and Oscillatory Optimal Operation

Abstract The complex time-dependent heat and electromagnetic energy transfer in a new type of reverse thermal engine is analyzed. The reverse thermal engine consists of a cold body, a Peltier element and an electric circuit containing an inductor with controllable inductance. This system allows cooling a body below the ambient temperature. The inductor acts as an accumulator of magnetic energy, receiving electrical work from the Peltier element during some time intervals and supplying the Peltier element with electrical work during other time intervals. The system is named self-driven reverse thermal engine since one of its subsystems (the inductor) receives and releases work. The new type of engine has features which make it different from classical reverse thermal engines: it cannot operate in steady state and it operates for a finite time interval. Instead of usual indicators of performance such as the coefficient of performance, other performance indicators should be used, such as the minimum cooled body temperature and the interval of time needed to reach a given cooled body temperature. Significant cooling effects do not necessarily need high inductance values. The operation of the new engine has been optimized by using direct optimal control procedures. The open-source program package BOCOP has been used to transform the optimal control problem into a non-linear dynamic problem. The minimum temperature reached by the cooled body depends on its mass. There exists, however, a global minimum temperature, for a specified optimum mass of the cooled body. The minimum temperature decreases by increasing the value of the Seebeck coefficient and by decreasing the thermal conductance. Thermal damped oscillations may arise under special circumstances. This implies a very small difference between the initial temperatures of the cold and cooled bodies and a specific range of variation for the conductance of the Peltier element.

Radiative cooling for dew condensation

We describe a radiative cooling chamber which reproduces in the laboratory radiative cooling and subsequent dew formation. Based on radiative exchange with a cold source (at a temperature of nearly -80 °C), which acts as a cold black body, cooling power of at least 50 W.m-2 is achieved. Radiative exchange is quantitively estimated. This original device permits to study under controlled air temperature and humidity the formation of dew on any system (material, biological) for which contact cooling is inefficient, and in particular investigate the influence of radiative and wetting surface properties on dew yield. It is applicable to the study of dew itself and its effects on plants and small animals, as well as dew atmospheric chemistry, and more generally of any natural radiative cooling application.

Racism in patient care: a call to translate concerns into actions

BackgroundRacial injustices in health care lead to poor health outcomes in minority groups. Such health inequality has been exacerbated in times of COVID-19 which has seen disproportionately high mortality in minority communities. The objective of the study was to better understand the nature of racial bias in clinical settings to inspire changes in the way healthcare providers interact with their patients to improve health outcomes. MethodsWe did systematic searches of four electronic databases:, Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science using the search terms “Exp Racism/ and (Exp Health Personnel/ or Exp Attitude of Health Personnel/) and Exp Qualitative Research/” in the title and abstract to identify articles published in English between Dec 1, 1978, and June 25, 2020. Titles and abstracts were sieved, followed by a full text review. Data synthesis and inductive thematic analysis were conducted using the Thomas and Harden methodology. FindingsWe included 23 articles that reported data for 1006 participants aged 24 to 89 years. Included studies were from six countries, mostly the USA (n=15, 65%) and UK (3, 13%). Perspectives from both minority patients and health-care providers were included. Three themes were generated: alienation of minority patients, labelling of minority patients and denial of racism. Alienation of patients resulted from supremacism of healthcare providers who were condescending in their attitudes (11, 48%). Health-care providers were less empathetic, as evident from their cold dispositions and body language (14, 61%). Minority patients reported being subjected to labelling and generalisations about their lower socioeconomic class, lifestyle practices and needs, which led to inadequate treatment such as denial of drug therapy (12, 52%). Providers were also fearful of minorities because of negative assumptions and stereotypes (3, 13%). By contrast, some patients and providers denied the presence of racism in health care. Providers felt that they treated all patients equally (6, 26%). They suggested that minority patients were oversensitive and shifted blame onto lack of patient compliance, rather than racism, for poor health outcomes (6, 26%). InterpretationImplicit racial bias in patient-provider interactions is pervasive, thus exacerbating health disparities in minorities. Our findings serve as a call to action for health-care institutions to implement targeted anti-racism interventions such as diversity training, anti-racism forums and increased implicit bias education. We may have underestimated the extent of racism in health care since we included only articles published in English, thus missing relevant studies of minorities published in a language other than English. The strength of this article is that it includes perspectives about racism from not only patients from minority groups but also health-care providers. FundingNone.

The Influence of Boiling on the Streamlined Body Drag Force and Falling Velocity

This article presents the results of numerical investigation of the influence of the streamlined body temperature on drag force and on the falling velocity in a water channel. The experimental data reflecting the cooling dynamics and body temperature influence on the falling velocity are presented as well. k − ε turbulence model and homogenous heat transfer model were chosen for the numerical 3D simulation. Drag force changes induced by the alteration of the body temperature were investigated. Velocity of the streamlined body under different temperatures of water was investigated experimentally, and the results were compared to the data obtained during the numerical simulation. The increase of the falling velocity and decrease of drag force were found to have been affected by the increase of the body temperature, which had influence on the change of the water parameters (density, phase, etc.) near the surface of the body. Simulation showed that the drag force and a velocity also depended on the water temperature. The drag force of the streamlined body decreased by 32% in comparison to the cold body for the body temperature equal to 150 °C and water temperature close to the saturation temperature (98 °C). Experimentally, it was determined that the velocity of the streamlined body covered by vapor film depended on the falling time and increased by 10–30%. Velocity difference was very small for the cold and hot bodies at the initial moment of the drop; however, it reached 20% and more after 0.3 s of the falling process.