Coke Industry Research Articles

Coke industry and steel metallurgy as the source of soil contamination by technogenic magnetic particles, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Application of integrated magnetic, geochemical and mineralogical methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment of forest topsoils exposed to the industrial emissions was the objective of this manuscript. Volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) in three areas of southern Poland close to the coke and metallurgical plants was measured directly in the field. Representative topsoil samples were collected for further chemical and mineralogical analyses. Topsoil magnetic susceptibility in the studied areas depended mainly on the content of technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) and decreased downwind at increasing distance from the emitters. In the vicinity of coking plants a high amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was observed, especially the most carcinogenic ones with four- and five-member rings. No significant concentration of TMPs (estimated on the base of κ values) and heavy metals (HM) was observed in area where the coke plant was the only pollution source. In areas with both coke and metallurgical industry, higher amounts of TMPs, PAHs and HM were detected. Morphological and mineralogical analyses of TMPs separated from contaminated soil samples revealed their high heterogeneity in respect of morphology, grain size, mineral and chemical constitution. Pollution load index and toxicity equivalent concentration of PAHs used for soil quality assessment indicated its high level of pollution.

Measuring and Statistical Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Iran Industries by DEA Method in Return Period of 2005 to 2013

In today world, improving efficiency and productivity is the way to compensate the limitation of production factors. Separated accurately measure of these indicators for each of the sectors and rankings can be used as utility for future policies of inefficient sectors, for this purpose, the technical efficiency of all Iran industries based on two numbers codes of ISIC is measured for more than ten working workshops and based on latest available information in Iran Statistic Center during 2005 to 2013. The technical efficiency calculation is done by Data envelopment analysis and BCC output-driven approach, in addition to labor and investment, energy variable is also considered. The obtained results of research show that the average of efficiency in sector in studied period has been 68% and industries of “Coal and coke industry, Motor vehicle and trailer manufacturing industry and industrial materials and chemical products” with one efficiency have been first rank and on the other side, the results of statistical analysis and Levin equality of variance test also show that despite the high variance in efficiency over the years, there have been consistency variance in efficiency over the years of the study and this issue can show uniformity of policies during the years 2003 to 2015 in relation with sector.

China's Coke Industrial and Trade Policy Over 2000–2013: Its Evolution and Effects

This paper systematically discusses the evolution of China's industrial and trade policy regarding coke and the effects of this policy over the past decade, particularly from 2004 to 2013. We found that: (1) due to the impact of China's strict industrial policies, the country's coal and coke industry is still competitive. These policies have also helped the Chinese government achieve its goal of maintaining security and energy conservation. (2) China's coke trade policies did not reduce the volume of coke export. There is also no reliable evidence that strong coke industrial and trade policies have led to the expansion of the spread between the Chinese price and the international price. (3) There is a co-integration relationship between the domestic Chinese coke price and the international coke price, while changes in China's domestic coke price and macroeconomic climate index are both one-way Granger causes of the change in the international coke price.

Research on the Energy Management and Development of Semi Coke Industry

More and more attentions have been paid to the world energy saving and environment protection. semi coke industry developed from the 1970s to the present, technology is relatively mature, has begun to take shape. But semi coke industry has issues of its own, mainly dealing with high energy consumption and management issues[1]. Therefore, the semi coke industry energy management related research, improving industrial energy efficiency, that is the semi coke industry carrying out the scientific view of development, and an important way to improve the efficiency and sustainable development.

Research on the Energy Saving Technical Reconstruction and Development of Semi Coke Industry

Influenced by both coal prices and energy-saving emission reduction situation, the development of semi coke industry has encountered a bottleneck in our country. Therefore, the semi coke industry energy saving technology related research, improving industrial energy efficiency, that is semi coke industry to improve the utilization rate of resources, the sustainable development of the important way.

Modeling performance of commercial membranes in the low-pressure filtration coking wastewater treatment based on mathematical filtration models

Based on the results achieved in the coking industry wastewater ultrafiltration treatment and the presumptions of relaxation mathematical model carried out in non-stationary system, and based on the assumptions of the model of hydraulic resistance to filtration, the changes in the volumetric permeate flux in the process of membrane filtration has been described. The research was conducted on the effectiveness of the treatment of wastewater from coke plant industry. Coking industry wastewater treatment was carried out with the use of American GE-Water ultrafiltration membranes. The process of ultrafiltration was performed at 23°C, using transmembrane pressure of around 0.4 MPa and linear wastewater flow rate of 2 m/s. For all the examined membranes, the transport characteristics corresponded to the relation between the volume flux of de-ionized water and transmembrane pressure of 0.2–0.8 MPa. The level of wastewater purification was defined for raw and cleaned wastewater indicators. None of the ultrafiltration membranes allowed the high level of pollutants to be removed. Thus, they were treated by reverse osmosis method (RO). The calculations based on the assumptions of the mathematical filtration models made it possible to predict the efficiency of commercial ultrafiltration membranes used in the process.

Methods for the Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Aqueous Effluents

Phenolic derivatives are compounds that do not occur naturally in water. The presence of phenols in environment is due to human activity. These compounds have been detected in effluents from different industries, such as: petrochemical, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, textile, coal mining, coke industry, etc. The Brazilian Law establishes the value of 0.5 mg/L as maximum concentration of these derivatives in water, however in some industries the concentration can reach 2000 mg/L. This manuscript reports the main techniques used for the removal of phenolic derivatives from industrial wastewater, such as: wet air oxidation, biological degradation, use of organic or inorganic adsorbents. Additionally, some aspects about the toxicity are presented.

Multimedia fate and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coking industry city in Northern China

A steady state Level III fate model was established and applied to quantify source–receptor relationship in a coking industry city in Northern China. The local emission inventory of PAHs, as the model input, was acquired based on energy consumption and emission factors. The model estimations were validated by measured data and indicated remarkable variations in the paired isomeric ratios. When a rectification factor, based on the receptor-to-source ratio, was calculated by the fate model, the quantitatively verified molecular diagnostic ratios provided reasonable results of local PAH emission sources. Due to the local ban and measures on small scale coking activities implemented from the beginning of 2004, the model calculations indicated that the local emission amount of PAHs in 2009 decreased considerably compared to that in 2003.

Organic clinkering additives in coking batch: A review

The use of organic waste from the coke and petrochemical industry as binder in coal batch is reviewed. A classification of these additives in terms of the source is proposed.

Post‐Treatment of Coking Industry Wastewater by the Electro‐Fenton Process

Effluents of the coking industry cannot be effectively treated in biological treatment units because of non-biodegradable organic matters and phenolic compounds present in the wastewater. In this study, post-treatment of biologically treated coking wastewater via the electro-Fenton process was investigated to minimize the effects of discharge of this kind of wastewater on the environment. The electro-Fenton experiments were performed using cast iron electrodes. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol were selected as the target parameters. The optimum operating conditions were as follows: reaction time = 10 minutes, pH = 3.0, electrical current = 1.0 A, and [H2O2] = 2000 mg/L. Under these conditions, COD and phenol removal efficiencies were 67.8% and 98.0%, respectively. In addition, it was determined that COD removal followed first-order reaction kinetics. Consequently, the electro-Fenton process was determined as an effective alternative post-treatment method for coking industry effluents.

Calculating the higher heat of coal combustion in the wet ash-free state

Analysis of the coal concentrates used in the Ukrainian coke industry yields a mathematical formula for predicting the higher heat of coal combustion in the wet ash-free state on the basis of the coal’s characteristics.

Patent documents as a technology mapping tool in the Brazilian energy sector focused on the oil, gas and coke industries

The present paper aims at mapping the Brazilian technologies in the oil, gas and coke industries. The research was done on the basis of the patent applications filed by residents at the National Institute of Industrial Property of Brazil (INPI) in the period from 1970 to 2007. The research has shown the technologies involved in the filings of patent applications that had had the greatest interest, over the period studied, were those related to IPC subclasses C10L, C10B and C10G. The subclass C10L was the subclass with the highest number of patents applications filed, highlighting groups C10L 1, liquid carbonaceous fuels (gasoline, diesel, biodiesel and ethanol), and C10L 5, solid fuels (source mineral, non-mineral-vegetable and animal). In the subclass C10B, the group C10B 49, destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous material, showed the highest number of patent applications filed. In the Subclass C10G, the group C10G 11, processes of catalytic cracking, showed the largest number of deposits of patent applications. It is noteworthy that 40% of deposits of patent applications occurred between 2000 and 2007.

Emission of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (UP-PCBs) in China: Has this become the major source of PCBs in Chinese air?

There are two kinds of primary emissions of PCBs to the atmosphere; one is primary emissions due to intentionally produced PCBs (IP-PCBs), and the other is due to unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs). This paper presents UP-PCB emissions in China from 1950 to 2010. The total UP-PCB emissions in the 61 years were estimated to be 146.1 t, approximately 98.1% of which were from cement (132.5 t) and steel industries (6.3 t). The emissions from Chinese coking industry were 115 kg from 1950 to 2010, less than 0.1% of the total UP-PCB emissions in China. Both the temporal and spatial trends of these UP-PCB emissions were investigated. The UP-PCB emissions started to increase quickly at the middle of 1980s due to the fast and continuously developing cement and steel industries in China, and exceeded IP-PCB emissions possibly during the beginning of 2000s. The spatial pattern of UP-PCB emissions was in general consistent with the population distribution pattern, indicating the anthropogenic nature of the UP-PCB emissions. The gridded Chinese emission inventories for UP-PCBs from cement and steel industries on a 1/6° latitude and 1/4° longitude resolution were also compiled. The gridded UP-PCB emissions in 2005 were compared with PCB air concentrations measured by our group (IJRC-PTS) in 2005, and a significant correlation between these 2 datasets was found for the rural sites, but not for the urban sites. It is most likely that these UP-PCB emissions were a major source for PCB in Chinese rural air, and possibly responsible for the increase of PCBs in Chinese air as a whole from 2004 to 2008, reported in recent publications. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset of the Chinese UP-PCB emissions spanning 61 years from 1950 to 2010, and also the first gridded emission inventories for UP-PCBs on a national scale.

China's coke industry: Recent policies, technology shift, and implication for energy and the environment

China is the largest coke producer in the world, accounting for over 60% of the world coke production, which makes the coke industry in China a significant coal consumer and air pollutant emitter. Recently, China has taken a series of measures to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions from the coke industry, including eliminating old and low energy-efficiency coking technologies, promoting advanced technologies, and strengthening energy and environmental requirements on coking processes. As a consequence, China's coke industry is experiencing an unprecedented technology shift, which was characterized by the elimination of old, inefficient, and polluting indigenous ovens and small machinery ones within 10 years. This study examines the policies and the prompt technology shift in China's coke industry, as well as the associated energy and environmental effects, and discusses the implications with respect to the development of the coke industry in China towards a more efficient and clean future. As China sets stricter requirements on energy efficiency and the ambient environment, a more significant change focusing on technologies of energy saving and emission reduction is urgently needed at present. Those mature technologies, including coke dry quenching, coke oven gas recycle, fine particle removal, etc., should be enforced in the near future.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in continental shelf sediment of China: Implications for anthropogenic influences on coastal marine environment

Sediments collected from the continental shelf of China, embracing Yellow Sea, inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS), and the South China Sea (SCS), were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentrations of anthropogenic PAHs (Σ18PAH) were 27–224 ng/g dry weight, with an average of 82 ng/g. Sedimentary PAHs in the continental shelf off China were mainly derived from mixed residues of biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion. Fluvial transport and atmospheric deposition mainly accounted for sediment PAHs in the ECS inner shelf and Yellow Sea (and the SCS), respectively. Furthermore, statistically higher levels of Σ18PAH (28–224 ng/g; mean 110 ng/g) in the Yellow Sea sediment than in the SCS sediment (28–109 ng/g; mean 58 ng/g) were probably resulted from higher PAH emissions from coke industry and domestic coal combustion in North China than in South China.

Morphological and mineralogical forms of technogenic magnetic particles in industrial dusts

The morphology, mineralogy, and magnetic properties of technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) were analysed in four kinds of industrial dust produced during high temperature technological processes of different branches of industry (lignite and hard coal burning, cement production, coke production). The study was carried out by means of magnetic susceptibility measurement, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and thermomagnetic analysis. To assess the total content of the magnetic fraction in bulk dust samples, mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) was measured and then a physical separation of magnetic particles (mostly of technogenic origin) was conducted. The dusts revealed high diversity of the χ value, which was dependent on the magnetic particles’ concentration and mineralogical composition. Significant differences in the magnetic mineralogy of dusts coming from different branches of industry were observed. In fly ashes from coal combustion, spherical forms (typical ferromagnetic spherules) of magnetite, magnesioferrite, and maghemite were mostly observed. In dusts after lignite combustion a higher content of antiferromagnetic hematite and maghemite was observed due to the lower temperature of lignite combustion. In cement dusts a large variety of iron minerals were observed including magnetite, maghemite, hematite, ferrites, and goethite. The characteristic mineral forms for cement dusts were Ca-ferrites and co-occurrence of calcite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bassanite with a magnetic mineral fraction. The magnetic fraction produced by the coke industry was mostly in the form of tightly compacted aggregates with well-formed crystal structures where ferromagnetic pyrrhotite was characteristic feature. The TMPs could be distinctive for pollution source identification and serve as a tracer of dust origin and (if found in topsoil) identification of soil pollution sources.

Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005

Abstract. An inventory of anthropogenic primary aerosol emissions in China was developed for 1990–2005 using a technology-based approach. Taking into account changes in the technology penetration within industry sectors and improvements in emission controls driven by stricter emission standards, a dynamic methodology was derived and implemented to estimate inter-annual emission factors. Emission factors of PM2.5 decreased by 7%–69% from 1990 to 2005 in different industry sectors of China, and emission factors of TSP decreased by 18%–80% as well, with the measures of controlling PM emissions implemented. As a result, emissions of PM2.5 and TSP in 2005 were 11.0 Tg and 29.7 Tg, respectively, less than what they would have been without the adoption of these measures. Emissions of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP presented similar trends: they increased in the first six years of 1990s and decreased until 2000, then increased again in the following years. Emissions of TSP peaked (35.5 Tg) in 1996, while the peak of PM10 (18.8 Tg) and PM2.5 (12.7 Tg) emissions occurred in 2005. Although various emission trends were identified across sectors, the cement industry and biofuel combustion in the residential sector were consistently the largest sources of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for 53%–62% of emissions over the study period. The non-metallic mineral product industry, including the cement, lime and brick industries, accounted for 54%–63% of national TSP emissions. There were no significant trends of BC and OC emissions until 2000, but the increase after 2000 brought the peaks of BC (1.51 Tg) and OC (3.19 Tg) emissions in 2005. Although significant improvements in the estimation of primary aerosols are presented here, there still exist large uncertainties. More accurate and detailed activity information and emission factors based on local tests are essential to further improve emission estimates, this especially being so for the brick and coke industries, as well as for coal-burning stoves and biofuel usage in the residential sector.

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM 10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The ΣTEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m 3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m 3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to (TEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of Σ(PCDF/Σ(PCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM 10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from different industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.

Estimation and Characterization of Polychlorinated Naphthalene Emission from Coking Industries

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the coking process has been widely recognized. The formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) from PAHs during some thermal related processes has been confirmed in many studies. Thus, the coking process is assumed to be a potential source of PCNs. However, intensive investigations on PCN emissions during the coking process are lacking. In order to evaluate PCN emissions from the coking process, an intensive study comprising 11 typical coke plants was undertaken. PCNs were qualified and quantified by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS techniques. The concentrations of PCNs in stack gas samples collected from the investigated coke plants were in the range of 1.6-91.8 ng Nm(-3) (0.08-4.23 pg TEQ Nm(-3)). The emission factors of PCNs were found to be in the range of 0.77-1.24 ng TEQ per ton of coke production. The estimated annual toxic emissions of PCNs from the global coking industry vary from 430 to 692 mg TEQs. Characteristics of the PCN profiles were dominated by the lower chlorinated homologues, with mono-CN being the most abundant homologue. According to the PCN distribution and correlations of PCN homologues, it was speculated that chlorination is possibly the dominant pathway of PCN formation during the coking process.

Creating integrated systems on the basis of coke batteries: A promising option for the coke industry

The ecological and energy problems of coke plants are considered. Within that framework, a promising approach is to create an integrated system that includes the coke battery and a unit for utilizing the heat of its smokestack gases and removing their harmful ingredients.