Coins Research Articles

Convergence of inflation with a common cycle: estimating and modelling Spanish historical inflation from the 16th to the 18th centuries

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to obtain inflation rates for the four regions of Spain analysed for the period 1501–1800 by modelling Hamilton’s (American treasure and the price revolution in Spain, 1934; War and prices in Spain, 1947) price index series by means of an unobserved component model with a common cyclical factor. And second, to prove their long-term convergence process. Therefore, convergence concerns both the cyclical variation of inflation rates common to the four regions, and trend inflation. A complete convergence of the trend inflation occurred once the monetary reforms of Charles II of Spain were introduced in order to redress the previous monetary instability known as inflation of the vellón. The predominance of the vellón in small change and the concentration of the influx of silver when inflation was comparatively lower (second half of the sixteenth century and the seventeenth century) complicate to reach simple conclusions on the monetary origin of inflation exclusively based on precious metals, but, on the contrary, suggest a monetary origin based on copper coin and fiscal distortions. So, monetary stability proved to be a necessary condition for inflation convergence and the fulfilment of the purchasing power parity condition along the eighteen century.

Enmeshed inscriptions: Reading the graffiti of Australia’s convict past

Prison graffiti has been traditionally defined as markings created by inmates on the architectural fabric of the institutional site. However, if we instead define the phenomena as an inscription created by a convict upon an element of their material world, a new range of meaningful ‘hidden transcripts’ may be explored through objects ranging from cotton fabric and copper coins to the more familiar limewash, paint, stone, wood and brick. This paper considers themes that commonly appear in graffiti left by those transported from the British Isles to the Australian penal colonies during the nineteenth century. It further argues that the act of inscription (itself both a mental and physical process) intimately links humans to objects, creating an enmeshed relationship that ultimately reshapes both.

Inhibitor of NADPH oxidase slow photoreceptor cell death in the retinal degeneration of rd mice

Background Our previous study demonstrated that microglial activation is closely associated with photoreceptor apoptosis in rd mice.Recent studies on central nervous system (CNS) showed that activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase plays a key role in the microglia activation and neural cell death.However,the mechanism of NADPH oxidase during the retinal degeneration and the effect of NADPH oxidase inhibitor on photoreceptor apoptosis are concerned.Objective The aim of this study was to further explore the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase in the retinal degenerative process of rd mice and protection of NADPH oxidase inhibitor on photoreceptors.Methods Sixty rd mice at postnatal day 9 (P9) were randomized into the experimental group and the control group by throwing coins method.Apocynin,a NADPH oxidase inhibitor,was intraperitoneally injected in the dose of 10 mg/kg (0.01 ml/kg) once daily for 5 days (P13) in the experimental group,and the equal amount of PBS was used in the same way in the control group,and 10 C57BL/6N mice without injection of any drugs served as the wild type mice group.All the mice were sacrificed in P14 for the preparation of retinal sections.The expression of ROS in the retina was detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence staining.Expression level of rhodopsin mRNA in the photoreceptor of the mice was determined by real-time PCR,and the thickness of retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the mice of the experimental group and the control group was measured using hematoxylin & eosin staining.The use and care of the animals complied with the Statement of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.Results DHE staining showed that the ROS presented with the red fluorescence in the mouse retinas.In the rd mice of the experimental group,the ROS fluorescence intensity was dramatically enhanced in comparison with C57BL/6N mice,but weakened in comparison with the rd mice of the control group.Real-time PCR revealed that the relative expressing level of rhodopsin mRNA in the photoreceptor was (4.21±0.33) in the experimental group and (0.93±0.24) in the control group,showing a significant difference between them (t =2.360,P =0.000).The thickness value of retinal ONL was (35.95±1.63)μm in the mice of the experimental group,which was significantly higher than that in the mice of the control group ([23.17±1.38] μm) (t=3.850,P=0.016).Conclusions In the retinal degeneration of rd mice,activation of NADPH oxidase increases the ROS production.Apocynin can slow the apoptosis procedure of photoreceptor cells of rd mice. Key words: Retinal degeneration/genetics; rd Mice; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase/inhibitor; Reactive oxygen species; Microglia

Morphology Controlling of CaCO<sub>3</sub> in 3D Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibres

Hierarchical structure of biomaterials comprised of three dimensional organic matrix and inorganic minerals exhibit unique morphologies and outstanding properties. Herein, modified bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibres/CaCO3 composites are prepared using the ammonium carbonate diffusion method at room temperature. The copper coinage shaped aragonite has been synthesized in the 3D matrix and investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. It can be concluded that the carboxyl modified BC nanofibres can control the mineralization in vivo by physical confinement within the organic structure to allow the growth of non-equilibrium morphology and chemical interaction to influence polymorph selection and oriented nucleation. The system which was to mimic the biomineralization in vivo can help to produce bio-mimetic materials similarly in living creatures.

Iudaea recepta – eine neue Legende auf Goldmünzen Vespasians

Until now, Roman representations of the first Jewish-Roman War of 66-73 AD on Flavian coins were thought to be quite coherent, describing Iudaea as having been captured or conquered: coin types circulated with the legends Iudaea capta, Iudaea devicta or [Victoria] de Iudaeis. In contrast herewith, Iudaea was not a foreign enemy or a newly annexed province, but a province already established. But now, for the first time in the Flavian coinage, the exceptional legend Iudaea recepta appears. Compared with the other types, the new recepta issue presents a historically and politically more accurate view of Rome’s triumph over the Jewish rebels. It indicates the pacification of a province. Similar proclamations are attested on Augustan coinage.

Monument of the Serbian freedom and progress

The copper coins of Mihailo M. Obrenovic, Prince of Serbia, were the first Serbian coins minted after the medieval coins, which were put into circulation in 1898, one year after Mihailo's unfortunate demise. The decision about minting these copper coins was passed during the second reign of Prince Mihailo. They were minted in the Main Imperial and Royal Minting House in Vienna. The following denominations were minted: 1 para, 5 paras and 10 paras. They were withdrawn from circulation in 1898 based on the Law on Replacing Copper Coins by Newly-Minted Silver Coins, as of 15 March 1890.

Elevation Night

Elevation Night Maurice Carlos Ruffin (bio) I was mistaken for waitstaff twice that night—odd given my costume—but managed to avoid additional embarrassments by wallflowering in the shadow of the grand staircase. Their cheeks pink from Southern Comfort, the partners, or shareholders as the firm called them, stood chatting in clusters around the dining room. Octavia Whitword’s mansion on the avenue of streetcars seemed as likely a place as any for Elevation Night. If you’re going to haze desperate associates, you do it in a part of town patrolled by heavily-armed military contractors. I couldn’t chicken out as some sentry might shoot me from a moving Humvee. This was the dream. Playful notes of sandalwood and jasmine lingered in the foyer. Beyond that entryway, Franklin, who got white-girl drunk at every firm function, karaoked “I Feel Pretty” into a microphone that some comedian had covered with an almond-brown stocking, the kind you tried on cheap shoes with. I wasn’t sure what must have been more mortifying for Franklin: singing so poorly into what looked like a dildo made of his own skin or the fact that no one paid him any mind. It couldn’t have helped that he wasn’t pretty. I’d always thought he looked like Yaphet Kotto, the bad guy from that ancient James Bond movie where Bond jets around the world killing every blackie he sees. Kotto himself always reminded me of the villainous gorilla from the comics I read as a boy. I supposed it was racist to compare a black man to a savage primate, but since I was black myself I figured I got a pass. In any event, neither Yaphet Kotto nor a Machiavellian ape was a good look for any brother trying to climb the social step stool in modern America. Rollo, on the other hand, was bent over a table and really putting his back into it. Under a twelve-branched candelabra, he gave shoulder rubs to all takers, which didn’t seem so bad. But now, the Managing Shareholder, Jack Armbruster, who was enough of a relic to tell you what color robe Jesus had on when Pontius Pilate gave him the finger, was on deck, his loafers and socks pulled off. Rollo was working the old fart’s feet, feet so gnarly they seemed like roots ripped from the field behind the mansion. Was a promotion and bonus worth that kind of humiliation? You betcha. My son Nigel’s procedure would be expensive. After feeding the three-headed beast of mortgage, utilities, and private school tuition, I only managed to pocket a few copper coins each month, but if I beat the others for promotion, I would earn a fat bonus and Nigel would finally get a normal face, over his mother’s objections. Yet, while Franklin and Rollo tap danced for their shot at shareholder, I idled on the sideline, nursing a rum and Coke. Seasons, Ustis & Malveaux hired us years earlier, a trio of black law school graduates hired and retained for diversity purposes. Of course, Seasons hired non-blacks from our class too, but most of them had already earned their [End Page 1064] wings or fallen to earth. Our arms were tied together by like-minded ambition, but in our free hands we clutched knives. This was a war of attrition and only one of us three would survive. The losing pair would be left to lesser fates in the wilds of the City. Up or out, son, as Franklin sometimes said. I only drank when at the end of my choke chain. Unfortunately, I was at the end of that chain, and had lost count of how many rum and Cokes I’d had over the last few hours, which meant by now my blood was probably 75% alcohol by volume. And that was on top of the dissipating effects of the Plum my boy Jo Jo Baker gave me that morning. I told myself on each awakening that I didn’t need Plums anymore and that I could quit any time I chose, but in truth those little purple pills, which turned my...

The return of the dinar: Metal coins of Prince and King Milan Obrenovic (1854-1901)

In Serbia liberated from the Turkish rule, the copper coins of Mihailo M. Obrenovic were 'the first Serbian coins minted after the medieval coins', which were, however, 'put into circulation after Mihailo's unfortunate demise', at the beginning of Prince Milan's reign. The coins of Prince Milan are specific because they were the first coins to bear the inscription dinar, named after the medieval coins used in the Serbian states. The silver 1- and 2-dinar and 50-para coins were minted in 1875 in the first years of the adult Prince Milan Obrenovic's reign, whereas the silver 50-para, 1-, 2- and 5-dinar coins, the copper 5- and 10-para coins, and the gold 20-dinar coins, were minted in 1879, as the crown to the final independence of the Princedom of Serbia from the Turkish rule.

Economic and Financial Crises in Fifteenth - Century Egypt : Lessons from the History

The present paper attempts to study the economic and financial crises of 15th century Egypt, which was ruled by Mamluk dynasty. Two social thinkers of the time – al-Maqrizi at the beginning of the century and al-Asadi at the middle – addressed the situation. To the former, deterioration of Egypt’s monetary system was the single most important cause of its economic and financial difficulties. As a panacea, he prescribed a return to gold and silver standard and restricting copper coinage to petty transactions. The latter divided the factors responsible for economic and financial crises into socio-economic factor and monetary factor. He advocated for an overall reform and strict management of the whole economy. The main financial problem, in his opinion, was debasement of currency leading to unrestricted supply of money, not the issue of copper coins. The paper concludes with an appraisal of their diagnosis of the problem, the solution suggested by them and the lessons learned from them.

Stuart Munro-Hay: Catalogue of the Aksumite Coins in the British Museum

Review

Riigitaalrite kasutusest Rootsi Läänemereprovintsides 17. sajandil

The use of riksdaler in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm in the seventeenth century This article gives an overview of the use of riksdaler in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm from the end of the fi rst third of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The article relies mainly on the customs books of port towns in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm, and to a lesser extent on account books from Estland, Livland, and Osel (Saaremaa), individual contracts for purchase or sale, lease agreements, and other archival materials containing monetary transfers. According to these documents, coins with different values circulated the Baltic provinces in the seventeenth century, resulting in different financial systems in Livland and Estland. Tallinn was clearly part of the Swedish financial system, since Estland had established close economic relations with the mother country. But the lack of direct economic relations between Sweden and Riga, as well as Livland in general, meant that the use of Swedish currency in those territories was not widespread. Commercial contacts with Poland-Lithuania and Russia were preferred to those with Sweden. As a result, Polish coinage was used in Riga. However, it was benefi cial for central authorities to have financial proceedings between the province and the state (customs, taxes, rent, etc.) conducted with common coin currency: riksdaler (for everyday use) and silver daler (which served as a unit of account). The number of ore silvermynt (rundstuck) as well as other silver and copper coins in riksdaler changed with time, offi cially remaining between 36 to 64 ore in the seventeenth century. The exchange rate of silver daler used as a unit of account was fi xed at 32 ore and did not vary over time. Since riksdaler had to be used for day-to-day dealings, it resulted in a permanent shortage of those coins. Consequently, the need to mint more coins changed their value, in other words, there were more ore in riksdaler according to the market exchange rate than according to the official exchange rate. Th e rate diff erence fluctuated between two to almost ten ore. Th ese phenomena were characteristic to both the Swedish mother country as well as its overseas provinces, although there were significant variations between different towns and provinces (see also the table). In practice, it meant that the official exchange rates of coins deviated from reality. As demand grew, central authorities had to consider the actual exchange rate and increase the content of ore in riksdaler over time. KEYWORDS: Estonian history, Swedish history, monetary history, early modern period, 17th century. ENN KUNG (b. 1963) is Associate Professor at the Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu.53 Correspondence: Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Ulikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: enn.kung@ut.ee

Этапы медного монетного обращения в Булгарском вилайате (вторая половина XIII — первая треть XIV вв.)

Этапы медного монетного обращения в Булгарском вилайате (вторая половина XIII — первая треть XIV вв.)

2p or not 2p: tuppence-based SERS for the detection of illicit materials

Deposition of silver onto British 2p coins has been demonstrated as an efficient and cost effective approach to producing substrates capable of promoting surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Silver application to the copper coins is undemanding taking just 20 s, and results in the formation of multiple hierarchial dendritic structures. To demonstrate that the silver deposition sites were capable of SERS the highly fluorescent Rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe was used. Analyses indicated that Raman enhancement only occurs at the silver deposition sites and not from the roughened copper surface. The robustness of the substrate in the identification and discrimination of illegal and legal drugs of abuse was then explored. Application of the drugs to the substrates was carried out using spotting and soaking methodologies. Whilst little or no SERS spectra of the drugs were generated upon spotting, soaking of the substrate in a methanolic solution of the drugs yielded a vast amount of spectral information. Excellent reproducibility of the SERS method and classification of three of the drugs, 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) were demonstrated using principal components analysis and partial least squares.

Is there a flip‐side to nickel use in coins?

Contact DermatitisVolume 68, Issue 1 p. 1-2 Is there a flip-side to nickel use in coins? Carola Lidén, Carola LidénSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. ThyssenSearch for more papers by this authorIan R. White, Ian R. WhiteSearch for more papers by this author Carola Lidén, Carola LidénSearch for more papers by this authorJacob P. Thyssen, Jacob P. ThyssenSearch for more papers by this authorIan R. White, Ian R. WhiteSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 December 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.12012Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume68, Issue1January 2013Pages 1-2 RelatedInformation

Early modern copper money: multiple currencies and trimetallism in Sweden 1624–1776

In 16241776, Sweden implemented a complicated trimetallic monetary system. Five different copper, silver, and gold currencies circulated. The heaviest copper coins weighed 20 kg. Greshams law worked differently for various coins. Swedish trimetallism was asymmetric. Copper money could not replace silver and gold coins. When the latter became undervalued they circulated at a premium. Due to high transaction costs in using copper coins at a premium, they were sometimes driven out when becoming dear money. However, complaints about money shortage and Swedens monopoly position at the European copper markets implied that the copper standard was not abandoned until 1777.

The international political economy of early modern copper mercantilism: Rent seeking and copper money in Sweden 1624–1776

In 1624–1776 Sweden minted intrinsic value copper coins, alongside silver coins. One purpose behind introducing the copper standard was to use its monopoly position at the European markets to manipulate the international copper prices, implementing a kind of copper mercantilism. This paper presents a model of an early modern copper monopolist that could price discriminate between two different uses for copper: copper for export and copper for minting. The paper concludes that authorities did not completely conform to this rent-seeking model, since there were also other considerations behind minting policy, such as providing a stable monetary system. The model shows that under profit-maximisation minting should have been even higher and the price of copper money lower, but at periods minting and prices approached the optimal state. In the 17th century, the market for copper money was probably too small relative the huge copper production, but by the 1720s and 1730s, when copper production had declined, the copper standard functioned more smoothly.

La Contextualización de la Enseñanza en la asignatura de química en la educación secundaria

The contextualization of chemistry is of great importance to our society as it allows to bring this science to students of secondary education thus facilitating the learning process, so that students can identify and explain the phenomena that occur around. As a way to improve student learning, driven redox processes are contextualized through the process of corrosion of metals, which can place them in real contexts, for which there were two experiences, one on corrosion reactions that occur over an extended time due to constant contact of the coins one hundred Chilean pesos, the old and current human sweat by verifying which of the two alloys are most affected. The other experience is to determine qualitatively the degree of corrosion experienced by coins of the same value mentioned above, through two media, a dry and moist soil, respectively. Both activities were used with chemical reagents readily available.

Síntesis microquímica y microelectroquímica de acetato de cobre(II) a partir de vinagre: Un ejemplo de química verde

The synthesis of single crystals of copper(II) acetate, suitable for physical characterizations such as Electron Spin Resonance and X-ray diffraction, were obtained by four ways that involve chemical and electrochemical reactions, starting from in-house reagents and equipment (drinking water, vinegar, copper or bronze coins, a pencil lead, a piece of copper wire and a battery eliminator). Chemical synthesis was carried out by dropping vinegar on a bronze coin, whereas the electrochemical route involved the generation of Cu(OH)2 and/or CuO as intermediate products. Because both type of experiments can be carried out in microscale quantities and under mild conditions, they are recommended for green chemistry, electrochemistry, coordination chemistry or general chemistry laboratory courses, since the secondary to undergraduate educational levels. Thus, vinegar and a simple copper coin give us the opportunity to have the “citation classic” dimer Cu2(CH3CH2COO)4·2H2O handy.

Psidium guajavaandPiper betleLeaf Extracts Prolong Vase Life of Cut Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) Flowers

The effect of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava and Piper betle on prolonging vase life of cut carnation flowers was studied. “Carola” and “Pallas Orange” carnation flowers, at bud stage, were pulsed 24 hours with a floral preservative. Then, flowers were placed in a vase solution containing sprite and a “germicide” (leaf extracts of P. guajava and P. betle, 8-HQC, or a copper coin). Flowers treated with 8-HQC, copper coin, and leaf extracts had longer vase life, larger flower diameter, and higher rate of water uptake compared to control (tap water). The leaf extracts of P. guajava and P. betle showed highest antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to the other treatments. Both showed similar effects on flower quality as the synthetic germicide, 8-HQC. Therefore, these extracts are likely natural germicides to prolong vase life of cut flowers.

Clinical study of superselective renal arterial embolization in the treatment of iatrogenic renal hemorrhage

Objective To prospectively investigate superselective renal arterial embolization (SRAE) in the treatment of iatrogenic renal hemorrhage MethodsFrom November 2005 to November 2010,19 patients with iatrogenic renal hemorrhage in the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University underwent diagnostic renoarteriography to reveal the site and degree of renal artery rupture,then superselective embolization by coins,or coins combined with spongia gelatinosa were performed for these patients.Results Renal arteriography showed hemorrhage was located at the renal segmental arteries and/ or their branches ( 9 cases at segmental renal artery,6 cases at interlobar artery and 4 cases at arciform artery),two cases were found with simple hemorrhage of segmental renal artery ( SRA ),9 cases with pseudoaneurysm,5 cases with arterio- venous fistula (AVF),3 cases with pseudoaneurysm combined with AVF.Seventeen cases received embolization with coins,while 2 cases with pseudoaneurysmes received embolization with coins and spongia gelatinosa at the same time.Bleeding was successfully ceased immediately and did not recur in all cases.Conclusions Superselective renal arterial embolization could be considered as a safe and effective method to treat hemorrhage of iatrogenic renal vascular injuries.. Key words: Iatrogenic renal hemorrhage ; Renal artery; Angiography; Superselective catheterization; Embolization