Cohort Of Young People Research Articles

Youth and Education: Past, Present and Future Inequalities in Argentina

Abstract Within the framework of the post-pandemic and in the educational context that has been experienced in Argentina in recent years, inequalities appear, with new aspects to debate about youth and education in the current young generations. With this idea, the article presents past, present and future debates on the opportunities and aspects of youth that have been recorded during longitudinal research carried out in the last twenty years with different cohorts of young people. In particular, it presents the results of an ongoing investigation into the young population and secondary education in different areas of Argentina. The main objective is to debate the aspects and contexts that occurred and caused inequalities in youth transitions. The central hypothesis of the article is that the processes and effects of inequality in each of the generations studied are explained and described both within the circumstances and conjunctures in which the youth trajectories occur.

Adverse childhood experiences in a london-based forensic CAMHS population

Youth crime is a serious political and social issue, impacting significantly on the young person’s identity, and their community and societal integration and development (Rutter, 2010). Recently, London has experienced some of the highest recorded rates of crimes committed by youth resulting in many custodial settings being at full capacity. Significant attention has been attributed to formulating why some young people become involved in criminal behaviour and many recognise the role of early adversity, which may act as a vulnerability or precipitating factor for some. The association between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and youth crime has been researched in many countries and helps to formulate why some young people may engage in crime. This paper investigates the ACEs in a sample of 164 London-based youth who were referred to Forensic Child and Mental Health Service (FCAMHS), by local services. Results indicated that all young people referred had experienced at least one ACE. Those presenting with eight or more ACEs were referred for engaging in serious community violence. While this does not predict or show causation, it is helpful in considering the level of vulnerability and adversity in this cohort of young people. These findings have important implications in the assessment and management of these young people, who may be seen as both victims of adversity and perpetrators of possible crime. Further, these findings can help promote a balanced way of thinking about the whole young person, not just the part that may have committed a crime.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on jobs for people with intellectual disabilities and autism in Wales.

The study reports the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns on jobs for people with intellectual disabilities and autism. The study focuses on the impact of the first and the fire-break lockdowns and the actions taken to support young people. Data was collected from the cohort of young people currently working in Wales, and that received job coach support from the Engage to Change Project, on furlough arrangements, job retainment and job losses. Innovative initiatives to support young people are described. Review of the working situation during the pandemic was conducted for 184 jobs, evaluating the proportion of young people being furloughed or working remotely and compared with the general population in Wales. Supported employment agencies adapted their practice during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering new and innovative ways to support young people and facilitate their return to work.

Young people ‘making it work’ in a changing climate

Globally, young people face weak labour market demand and have been particularly susceptible to recent livelihood stresses and shocks linked to climate change. In this article, we consider what happens when young people face intersecting challenges including climate change. While much of the literature focuses on barriers to work and how to break these, we consider young people’s struggles and successes in securing and maintaining work. The focus is on Uganda, demographically one of the world’s youngest countries and home to a largely ‘underemployed’ cohort of young people. Our findings identify some of the many ways in which climate change disrupts young people’s livelihoods. Young people are already proactively responding to climate change. This points to the need for other actors to learn from young people’s existing endeavours, to build in more support and opportunities, manage risk and insecurity, and construct a more climate change-resilient infrastructure.

Cross-cohort change in parent-reported emotional problem trajectories across childhood and adolescence in the UK

Over the past three decades, the prevalence of adolescent emotional problems (ie, anxiety and depression) has risen. Although the onset and developmental course of emotional symptoms shows high variability, no study has directly tested secular differences across development. Our aim was to investigate whether and how developmental trajectories of emotional problems have changed across generations. We used data from two UK prospective cohorts assessed 10 years apart: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) including individuals born in 1991-92, and the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) with individuals born in 2000-02. Our outcome was emotional problems, assessed using the parent-rated emotional subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-E) at approximate ages 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 17 years in ALSPAC and ages 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, and 17 years in MCS. Participants were included if the SDQ-E was completed at least once in childhood and at least once in adolescence. Trajectories were generated using multilevel growth curve models using the repeated assessments of the SDQ-E in children aged 3-17 years. Data were available for 19 418 participants (7012 from ALSPAC and 12 406 from the MCS), of whom 9678 (49·8%) were female and 9740 (50·2%) were male, and 17 572 (90·5%) had White mothers. Individuals born between 2000 and 2002 had higher emotional problem scores from around 9 years (intercept statistic β 1·75, 95% CI 1·71-1·79) than did individuals born in 1991-92 (1·55, 1·51-1·59). The later cohort had an earlier onset of problems than the earlier cohort, and sustained higher average trajectories from around 11 years, with female adolescents showing the steepest trajectories of emotional problems. Differences between cohorts peaked overall at age 14 years. Our comparison of two cohorts of young people provides evidence that compared with a cohort assessed 10 years prior, emotional problems emerge earlier in development in the more recent cohort, and these are especially pronounced for females during mid-adolescence. Such findings have implications for public health planning and service provision. Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Wolfson Foundation.

Primary school students’ experiences of immersive virtual reality use in the classroom

The purpose of the present study was to examine primary school students’ learning experiences with immersive virtual reality (I-VR). Traditional education practices are failing to inspire new cohorts of young people who have grown up with digital culture based on active participation. Given this development, the pedagogic use of I-VR systems represents a promising way of fostering students’ learning engagement. This study involved engaging three groups of 10–12-year-old students with an I-VR system as part of an environmental studies project. Data were collected from the students before, during, and after the project via surveys that included structured and open-ended items. Through qualitative content analysis, we analysed the students’ experiences, comprehension of virtual reality, assessment of learning impact, and desire for educational I-VRs. In general, we aimed to contribute to more learner-driven development for the technology. The students’ experiences were primarily positive and revealed various actualised physical, cognitive, and emotional affordances. Their comprehension of virtual reality was influenced by the devices used, mental immersion, and aspects of the current project. Furthermore, I-VR was experienced as having influenced learning motivation, methods, and content. Finally, the students imagined various I-VRs for learning, most of which included time travel to imaginary spaces.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Spermatogenesis in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Invasion in Different Age Groups.

Based on studies that focused on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on human tissues, not only pulmonary invasion was revealed, but also impaired testicular function. Thus, the study of the mechanisms of influence of SARS-CoV-2 on spermatogenesis is still relevant. Of particular interest is the study of pathomorphological changes in men of different age groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immunohistochemical changes in spermatogenesis during SARS-CoV-2 invasion in different age groups. In our study, for the first time, a cohort of COVID-19-positive patients of different age groups was collected, and the following were conducted--confocal microscopy of the testicles and immunohistochemical evaluation of spermatogenesis disorders in SARS-CoV-2 invasion with antibodies to the spike protein, the nucleocapsid protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and angiotensin convertase type 2. An IHC study and confocal microscopy of testicular autopsies from COVID-19-positive patients revealed an increase in the number of S-protein- and nucleocapsid-positively stained spermatogenic cells, which indicates SARS-CoV-2 invasion into them. A correlation was found between the number of ACE2-positive germ cells and the degree of hypospermatogenesis, and in the group of patients with confirmed coronavirus infection older than 45 years, the decrease in spermatogenic function was more pronounced than in the cohort of young people. Thus, our study found a decrease in both spermatogenic and endocrine (Leydig cells) testicular functions in patients with COVID-19 infection. In the elderly, these changes were significantly higher than in the group of young patients.

The role of personality traits and leisure activities in predicting wellbeing in young people

BackgroundThe relationship between wellbeing and personality has been studied extensively, but few studies have examined these in the period of adolescence and emerging adulthood. Moreover, the influence of contextual factors such as engagement in leisure activities are rarely considered.MethodsThe present study employs a combination of frequentist and Bayesian analyses to evaluate the concurrent impact of personality traits and leisure activities on five conceptions of wellbeing (life satisfaction; positive affect; negative affect; mental health; flourishing) in three cohorts of young people (aged 14–15; 16–17; 18–20 years).ResultsPersonality traits were the only significant predictors of life satisfaction and negative affect, but leisure activities in the form of socialising or physical activity, in addition to personality traits, predicted positive affect, mental health and flourishing. Neuroticism was the largest predictor of wellbeing overall, whereas conscientiousness was the most consistent. Lower levels of wellbeing were also associated with higher levels of creative potential.ConclusionsThe study not only confirms the importance of personality traits as predictors of wellbeing in adolescents and young adults, but also indicates the necessity to consider the impact of leisure activities in different conceptions of wellbeing. The negative relationship between creative potential and wellbeing is in line with the literature which shows a link between mental illness, particularly at subclinical levels, and creativity.

Childhood individual and family modifiable risk factors for criminal conviction: a 7-year cohort study from Brazil

Crime is a major public problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and its preventive measures could have great social impact. The extent to which multiple modifiable risk factors among children and families influence juvenile criminal conviction in an LMIC remains unexplored; however, it is necessary to identify prevention targets. This study examined the association between 22 modifiable individual and family exposures assessed in childhood (5–14 years, n = 2511) and criminal conviction at a 7-year follow-up (13–21 years, n = 1905, 76% retention rate) in a cohort of young people in Brazil. Population attributable risk fraction (PARF) was computed for significant risk factors. Criminal convictions were reported for 81 (4.3%) youths. Although most children living in poverty did not present criminal conviction (89%), poverty at baseline was the only modifiable risk factor significantly associated with crime (OR 4.14, 99.8% CI 1.38–12.46) with a PARF of 22.5% (95% CI 5.9–36.1%). It suggests that preventing children’s exposure to poverty would reduce nearly a quarter of subsequent criminal convictions. These findings highlight the importance of poverty in criminal conviction, as it includes several deprivations and suggest that poverty eradication interventions during childhood may be crucial for reducing crime among Brazilian youth.

Polydrug Use of Tobacco and Cannabis in a Cohort of Young People from Central Catalonia (2012–2020)

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco and cannabis use, and their relationship, in a cohort of adolescents from Central Catalonia in the period 2012–2020. The study had a prospective longitudinal design with 828 students in the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education. In 2012, 828 adolescents answered a health behaviour survey; in 2016, 342; and in 2020, 265. The dependent variables were: exclusive last month tobacco use; exclusive last month cannabis use; polydrug use of tobacco and cannabis; and no use of tobacco and cannabis in the last month. Independent variables were sex and follow-up year. For the analysis, prevalences were used with a significance level of 0.05. Polydrug use went from 11.5% (95% CI: 7.4–17.6) among girls and 8.2% (95% CI: 4.3–15.2) among boys in 2012, to 7.0% (95% CI: 3.9–12.3) among girls and 13.7% (95% CI: 8.4–21.7) among boys in 2020. With regards to those girls who used polydrug in the last month in 2012, 33.3% (14.8–58.9) continued using it in 2016, and 22.2% (7.9–48.6) continued in 2020; among boys, 33.3% (14.8–58.9) of those polydrug users in 2012 continued using it in 2016, and 44.4% (14.5–79.0) continued in 2020. There is association between tobacco and cannabis use, and there is an important percentage of young people who do polydrug consumption at very early ages.

Playing for Keeps: Designing Serious Games for Climate Adaptation Planning Education With Young People

Citizen engagement around climate change remains a wicked problem. It is particularly challenging in relation to climate change adaptation at the local level. In response, this article presents the design steps taken to create a serious game for young people (aged 15–17) as a means to increase engagement in planning for climate change adaptation in Dublin. The iAdapt game acts as the capstone component of the audio and visual teaching and learning resources for adaptation education on the Climate Smart platform and uses open data, interactive in-browser 2.5D mapping and spatial analysis, and exemplar socio-technical adaptation interventions. Its primary aim is to empower young people to understand and engage with the complexities, uncertainties, and processes of climate adaptation planning by using scientifically validated flood data predictions, grounded in a place-based setting and with diverse examples of diverse adaptation interventions. Participants experience the difficulties of decision-making under conditions of democratic governance and uncertainty in order to educate, increase awareness, and stimulate discussions around the multiple possible pathways to planning for climate adaptation. Initial testing results with a cohort of young people in Dublin are presented. We conclude by reflecting upon the challenges of creating a game that has broad appeal yet remains enjoyable to play and the value of integrating real-world flood data with gamified elements. We also discuss the “value question” regarding the impact of games on expanding public engagement. Finally, the article sets out a plan for further development and dissemination of the platform and game.

126 How Weight Stigma Affects Weight-Related Health in Adolescents and Young Adults: Public Health Research with Implications for Translation into Clinical Practice

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Weight stigma, or discrimination and devaluation of people due to high body weight, is associated with higher prevalence of concerning health consequences (e.g., depressive symptoms, body dissatisfaction). This public health research investigated how experiencing weight stigma affects weight-related health outcomes in a cohort of young people. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 1,534 Project EAT 2010-2018 participants were surveyed as adolescents (mean age=14.4 years) and eight years later as young adults (mean age=22.2 years). Participants were asked how often they were teased about their weight. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), nutrition habits (intake of breakfast, fruit, vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages, fast-food), sedentary/activity behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time, sleep duration), and disordered eating behaviors (unhealthy weight control behaviors, extreme weight control behaviors, dieting, chronic dieting, overeating, binge eating). Regression models were adjusted for BMI, sociodemographic characteristics, and, in longitudinal models, the outcome assessed at baseline. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Experiencing weight stigma was cross-sectionally significantly associated with higher BMI, shorter sleep duration, and higher prevalence of all six disordered eating behaviors during both adolescence and young adulthood. It was also significantly associated with longer screen time in adolescence, and with lower breakfast frequency, higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, and higher intake of fast-food during young adulthood. Weight stigma in adolescence significantly predicted higher BMI and higher prevalence of overeating and dieting in young adulthood. For example, adolescents who were teased about their weight had a higher mean BMI (28.2 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval: 27.8-28.7]) in young adulthood compared to those who had not been teased (26.4 kg/m2 [95% confidence interval: 26.1-26.8]). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings add to the growing body of evidence that weight stigma may pose a threat to weight-related health. Because many clinicians are unaware of this evidence and healthcare settings are common sources of weight stigma, next steps include writing a research proposal that aims to decrease weight stigma conveyed to patients in clinical practice.

Long-term urology outcomes of anorectal malformation

Urological problems are a recognised feature of anorectal malformation (ARM). Previous assumptions of favourable long-term urinary outcomes are being challenged. We hypothesised that urinary tract problems are common in ARM and frequently persist into adulthood. We retrospectively reviewed long-term renal and bladder outcomes in ARM patients. Patients with ARM born between 1984-2005 were identified from electronic hospital databases. Their case notes were reviewed. Renal outcomes included serum creatinine and the need for renal replacement therapy. Bladder outcomes included symptom review, bladder medication, need for intermittent catheterisation, videourodynamics and whether the patient had undergone augmentation cystoplasty. RESULT (TABLE 1): The case notes of 50 patients were reviewed. The median age at last follow up was 18 years (range 12-34 years). The level of fistula was noted to be high in 17 patients, intermediate in eight, and low in 10. Four had cloaca. Congenital urological abnormalities were present in 25 (50%). An abnormal spinal cord was present in 22 (44%) patients. VACTERL association occurred in 27 (54%). Chronic kidney disease stage II or above was found in 14 (28%) patients, of whom four required a renal transplant. Abnormal bladder outcomes were found in 39 (78%) patients. Augmentation cystoplasty with Mitrofanoff had been performed in 12. Of those who had not undergone cystoplasty, 17 had urinary symptoms, including urinary incontinence in 12. Of the 39 patients with abnormal bladder outcome, 19 (49%) did not have a spinal cord abnormality. There was no significant statistical association between level of ARM and abnormal renal outcome or presence of bladder abnormality. Adverse renal and bladder outcomes are common in our cohort of young people with ARM with a significantly higher incidence compared with current literature. We did not demonstrate an association between level of ARM or presence of spinal cord anomaly with persistent bladder problems. Congenital urological anomalies are more common in those who later have an abnormal renal outcome. Although this difference is statistically significant, one fifth of patients born with anatomically normal upper tracts develop reduced renal function, implying an important acquired component. Bladder problems and reduced renal function affect a significant proportion of young adults with ARM. Neither adverse outcome is reliably predicted from ARM level, congenital urological anomaly or spinal cord anomaly. We advise continued long-term bladder and kidney follow-up for all patients with ARM.

Influence of stigma, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on mental health-related service use and associated costs among young people in the United Kingdom

This study examined the influence of stigma, psychopathology, and sociodemographic characteristics on mental health-related service use and costs related to service use in a cohort of young people in the UK. Using data from a community sample of young people aged 9–17 years and their caregivers, we assessed 407 young people’s use of services due to mental health problems, young people’s psychopathology, demographic characteristics, maternal education and caregivers’ stigma-related beliefs. Unit costs related to services were gathered from national annual compendia and other widely used sources. We assessed predictors of service use through logistic regression analysis and developed generalised linear models to identify factors associated with costs of mental health-related service utilisation. Persistent psychopathology, socioeconomic disadvantage, and low caregiver intended stigma-related behaviour were associated with increased likelihood of service use among young people. Older age and socioeconomic disadvantage were associated with increased costs. Different factors influenced contact with services and the cost associated with their use — persistent psychopathology and socioeconomic disadvantage increased, and caregivers’ intended stigma-related behaviour decreased the likelihood of using services, whereas socioeconomic disadvantage and older age were associated with increased costs. Social determinants of mental health problems play an important role in the use and costs of different types of mental health-related services for young people. Discordance between drivers of service use and costs implies that young people who are more likely to access services due to mental health problems do not necessarily receive care at the intensity they need.

Une jeunesse en quête de sens? Le rapport au travail des jeunes français à travers le prisme des effets de génération et d’âge

This article examines the evolving relationship to work among French youth, in the context of relatively unstable employment and deteriorating conditions for entry-level employees. It explores the objective dimensions of work (such as job quality), and more subjective considerations related to career paths, work situations, and professional or social priorities. The study draws on two complementary sources. The generational surveys conducted by the Centre d’études et de recherches sur les qualifications (Céreq) have allowed us to examine how representations of work shifted across an 18-year span. Meanwhile, data related to a single cohort of young people over seven years of their working life have allowed us to assess the effect of age. We explore the latter in terms of individual life and work experiences, the stages involved in the transition to adulthood, social background, and gender. Ultimately, the article identifies four categories of youth, each of which corresponds to a distinct and subjective relationship to work. These categories reflect various degrees of satisfaction and resignation in relation to work situations, setbacks, and opportunities for advancement. However, most young people remain optimistic about the future.

Key Identity Features of Urban Youth: The Case of Krasnodar Krai

This article is devoted to the study of urban youth local identity in a large and medium city. This identity is manifested in everyday interaction with the urban community, its socio-political institutions and visitors and affect the level of public and political participation, the presence of constructive civic practices. The aim is to identify and describe the main components and place of local youth identity in the system of social identities in large and medium-sized cities of Krasnodar krai (Krasnodar, Novorossiysk, Sochi and Armavir). The empirical basis of the study was made up of focus group transcripts conducted with various groups of young people (schoolchildren, students, and working youth). To verify the conceptual model a modified version of the Kuhn-McPartland method was used. On the basis of the conducted empirical research, the place of local identity in the system of urban youth social and territorial identities was revealed. The dependence between the size of a city and a cohort of young people and a local identity was shown. Such components of young people local identity as awareness of the city and its socio-political life, attitude towards representatives of other communities, a sense of their involvement in city life, the desire to stay and live in the city, the will to work for the benefit of the city, to participate in its socio-political life. The study made it possible to identify the valence of youth identity (negative, neutral, positive). The trajectories of young people spatial mobility that affect the degree of actualization and valence of local identity were also described. The dependence between the strength of youth local identity and participation in public and political activity for the benefit of the city and the region, participation in the activities of public and political organizations has been revealed.

Alcohol Misuse among English Youth, Are Harms Attributable to Alcohol or to Underlying Disinhibitory Characteristics?

Alcohol use by young people is associated with a range of psychological and physical harms. However, similar harms are also reported with disinhibitory conditions such as conduct problems that are said to precede and predispose to alcohol misuse. We explored whether alcohol use or indicators of underlying disinhibition predict psychological and physical harms in a cohort of young people. We used data from a randomised controlled intervention trial that identified young people who consumed alcohol (n = 756), mean age = 15.6 years, attending emergency departments (EDs) in England. Disinhibition was measured by the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire hyperactivity and conduct problem items, and alcohol-related harms by questions from the ESPAD, a major European school survey. We conducted a mediation analysis with a primary outcome of frequency of engaging in alcohol-related harms 12 months after screening in ED, exploring for the mediating influence of alcohol consumed at six months. We included age, gender, allocated group and baseline consumption as covariates and adjusted for the multi-level nature of the study, where young people were nested within EDs. Conduct problems and to a lesser extent hyperactivity predicted harms at twelve months. This effect was not mediated by alcohol consumed at 6 months. Among young drinkers underlying behavioural attributes predict harm independently of alcohol use. This suggests that the harms associated with alcohol use are attributable more to underlying disinhibitory characteristics than the quantity of alcohol consumed.

Pedagogies of Culture: Schooling and Identity in Post-Soviet Tatarstan, Russia (by Dilyara Suleymanova)

Reviewed by: Pedagogies of Culture: Schooling and Identity in Post-Soviet Tatarstan, Russia by Dilyara Suleymanova Elmira Akhmetova Pedagogies of Culture: Schooling and Identity in Post-Soviet Tatarstan, Russia Dilyara Suleymanova Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, 208 pages School education is one of the critical structures where the state implements its projects of social and political transformation. Governments commonly seek to shape political subjectivities and to inculcate a new set of civic values and commitments through public education. Hence, public education is a strategic arena for the state in its aspirations to shape loyalties and construct categories of identification that go beyond local, ethnic, or religious affiliations toward an institutionalized state-centered national identity. It is crucial for the processes of state formation not only to create bureaucratic institutions, but also to induce in individuals the belief that they are citizens of the state and they belong together. At the same time, the centralized educational system with its state-level aspirations may cause a dilemma for the cultural and ethnic minorities as their own local and regional appeals could be overshadowed under the state-centered national identity formation process. Such a dilemma is explored by Dilyara Suleymanova in the new book entitled Pedagogies of Culture: Schooling and Identity in Post-Soviet Tatarstan, Russia. The discussion is based on an ethnographic fieldwork research conducted in two schools (one Russianmedium and the other Tatar-medium) and a madrasah in a small semi-urban settlement in the northeastern part of Tatarstan, a Muslim-majority autonomous region within Russia. This new volume accordingly offers insights into the life of a peripheral location in post-Soviet Russia, marked by ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity. Education here is envisaged as an institution that seeks to form, transform, and reproduce the sense of identification and belonging among children and youth, thus envisioning to shape political attitudes and cultural attachments within society. The book consists of seven chapters. In chapter 1, the author introduces the reader to Tatarstan and its educational projects. Chapter 2 provides [End Page 113] a comprehensive observation of educational policies, developments, and projects that have been implemented in Tatarstan since the collapse of the Soviet Union to promote regional and ethnic identity formation. The author divided this period into two parts: (a) the era of sovereignization and ethno-cultural revitalization (from the 1990s to the early 2000s), and (b) the era of centralization of public education under the presidency of Vladimir Putin. During the first period, educational policy projected to construct a distinct regional identity and post-Soviet Tatar nationhood that involved the revitalization of the Tatar language, culture, and religion. The regional components such as Tatar language lessons and the course on the history of the Tatars became one of the focus areas of the republic's educational policy and curriculum. School knowledge and textbooks became more localized with local and regional cultural, religious, and historical cases. Students got involved in various classroom and extracurricular activities related to their immediate locality (city, town, village) and their region. Thus, Suleymanova observes that, in the case of post-Soviet Tatarstan, the regional component created an institutional framework and a discursive space within which regional, local, and ethnic notions of belonging could be promoted and forged. In this way, as the author suggests, the regional component presented one of the most important instruments in forging and constructing not only a regional identity, but also an ethno-national identity among school students. A person with a consolidated ethnonational consciousness will naturally strive to learn his/her ethnic language, culture, and traditions and thus contribute to the Tatar ethnonational revival. As a result, this era produced a new cohort of young people with a strong sense of ethnic and regional identity and high levels of activism. The same chapter also observes the failure of all these achievements in constructing ethno-national identity in Tatarstan due to the new policies of centralization and homogenization under the presidency of Putin, which resulted in the elimination of the regional component and the introduction of the new federal education standards. Chapter 3 discusses the role of schools in the practices of "reinventing ethnic cultures" of local communities. Based on the experience of two particular...

Trends of out-mobility from large housing estates in Stockholm: influences of the housing policy and neighbourhood context

Since 1990s Stockholm housing market has seen deregulations in accordance with liberalization trends in other European welfare states. The new governance principles together with increasing immigration and public rental housing conversions into cooperative housing in attractive inner city areas have put pressure on still rental-dominated estates because fewer rental dwellings must now cater to expanding numbers of people who have little choice on the housing market. In recent decades, many estates have displayed increasing signs of stigmatization, social exclusion, and outflow of relatively affluent people. This paper improves our knowledge of how the housing policy and economic changes have affected out-mobility from the housing estates in case of three cohorts of young people and how the childhood neighbourhood conditions affect this. Individual annual Swedish registry data (1990–2014) are employed to longitudinally study the out-mobility patterns of three cohorts that grew up in the estates against the backdrop of marketization, growing inequality and deteriorating conditions. This study supplements the existing literature on housing estates by clarifying how income has become more and ethnicity less important over time in explaining sorting patterns from these estates. However, the combination of the two has determined sorting throughout the study period. Growing up in a higher socioeconomic status neighbourhood had modest impact on reducing socioeconomic differences in out-mobility from the estates, while leading to more sorting based on ethnic background.

Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental disorders in adolescence and early adulthood: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations in a general population cohort

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be pertinent to the development of mental disorders, for example via modulation of inflammation and synaptogenesis. We wished to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between PUFAs and mental disorders in a large cohort of young people. Participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were interviewed and provided blood samples at two sampling periods when approximately 17 and 24 years old. Plasma PUFA measures (total omega-6 [n-6], total omega-3 [n-3], n-6:n-3 ratio and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] percentage of total fatty acids) were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between standardised PUFA measures and three mental disorders (psychotic disorder, moderate/severe depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder [GAD]) were measured by logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and cigarette smoking. There was little evidence of cross-sectional associations between PUFA measures and mental disorders at age 17. At age 24, the n-6:n-3 ratio was positively associated with psychotic disorder, depressive disorder and GAD, while DHA was inversely associated with psychotic disorder. In longitudinal analyses, there was evidence of an inverse association between DHA at age 17 and incident psychotic disorder at age 24 (adjusted odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.22–0.87) with little such evidence for depressive disorder or GAD. There was little evidence for associations between change in PUFA measures from 17 to 24 years and incident mental disorders at 24 years. These findings provide support for associations between PUFAs and mental disorders in early adulthood, and in particular, for DHA in adolescence in relation to prevention of psychosis.