Family Cohesion Research Articles

The Influence of Family Adaptability and Cohesion on Child Sexual Abuse Among Middle School Students in Rural Areas, Central China

Aim: To investigate associations between family cohesion and adaptability level of secondary school students and the prevalence of CSA. Method: A retrospective study conducted in the rural middle school in Hubei province, central China. The correlation between the prevalence and family cohesion and adaptability, risk factors of CSA were tested by an anonymous self-completed questionnaire and FACES II-CV 3082 middle school students. Result: The total ratio of CSA is 20.8%. Boys (25.7% vs 14.9%, P<0.05), senior school students (25.4% vs 17.4%, P<0.05) and left-behind children (22.0% vs 18.0%, P<0.05) got higher rate of CSA. After adjustment for potential confounders, logistic regression analysis showed separated (AOR = 0.72, 95%CI:0.53-0.98), connected (AOR = 0.50, 95% CI:0.37-0.69) and enmeshed (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI:0.34-0.67), chaotic (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI:0.34-0.76) were associated with reduced odds of child sexual abuse. Conclusion: The prevalence of CSA was relatively high in rural area, central China. Family adaptability and cohesion level of middle school students were associated with prevalence of CSA.

The Affecting Mechanism of High School Students’ Family Cohesion on Positive Episodic Foresight in Jiangxi Province, China

Positive episodic foresight is the main factor influencing students’ future achievement. Therefore, how to effectively develop students’ psychological ability to experience future positive events in advance has become the focus, and cordial emotional relationships among family members are related to positive episodic foresight. Therefore, this study adopts ecological systems theory with a sample of 219 high school students from 3 schools in Jiangxi Province, China (validity rate 95.217%) to investigate the relationship between family cohesion and positive episodic foresight; the relationship between emphatic concern, water personality, and positive episodic foresight, as well as the facilitating role of emphatic concern and water personality. The results confirm that family cohesion is positively related to positive episodic foresight; emphatic concern and water personality are positively associated with positive episodic foresight; and emphatic concern and water personality have a facilitating effect among high school students in Jiangxi Province, China. This suggests that cordial emotional relationships among family members, concern for others, helpfulness, and the concept of natural humanity are determinants of enhancing the psychological ability of high school students in international classes in Jiangxi Province, China, to anticipate positive future events. In addition, high school students need cordial emotional relationships among family members, as well as caring and helpful behaviors towards others and the notion of natural humanity to adequately promote their psychological ability to pre-experience future positive events. Finally, the findings provide important insights for enhancing positive episodic foresight.

The Impact of Family of Origin on Romantic Relationships: A Psychological Perspective

This review examines the influence of diverse family of origin factors on adult romantic relationships, concentrating on critical elements such as attachment styles, communication patterns, conflict resolution, family cohesion, family structure, and self-differentiation and self-regulation formed by early family experiences. Existing research reveals that early family dynamics significantly affect individuals' behaviours, beliefs, and satisfaction in romantic relationships during adulthood. The paper consolidates empirical findings from multiple studies, accentuating the role of secure and insecure attachment styles in determining romantic relationship satisfaction. It also investigates how family functions, specifically communication patterns, conflict management, and family cohesion, influence relationship outcomes. Additionally, the review highlights the degrees of self-differentiation and self-regulation influence the quality of intimate relationships. Psychological frameworks including attachment theory, family systems theory, and social learning theory offer the primary perspectives for comprehending these influences. The review also recognises critical deficiencies in the literature, including the requirement for more longitudinal studies and cross-cultural social class and gender comparisons. Overall, Individuals who grow up in nurturing, positive family environments with good parent-child interactions tend to have higher quality and more satisfying romantic relationships in adulthood. Studying on the impact of family of origin on romantic relationships can assist society in resolving family emotional conflicts and fostering harmony, it can likewise enrich the theoretical framework of family and emotional-related research in the academic field.

Psychological abuse and its influencing factors among home-dwelling older people in Northern China: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundAs the population ages, the subject of elder abuse has become more prominent, with psychological abuse of older people being particularly prevalent. This leads to a higher incidence of anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems among older people, reducing their quality of life, and even jeopardizing their safety.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate psychological abuse among home-dwelling older people in Northern China and its influencing factors. Participants were surveyed using a demographic questionnaire, activities of daily living (ADL), family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scale (FACES), and elder psychological abuse scale. The factors impacting psychological abuse were examined using binary logistic regression.ResultsA total of 465 home-dwelling older people participated in the study, with an effective response rate of 97.89%. The median item score of psychological abuse was 20 (IQR: 18–22), activities of daily living was 15 (IQR: 14–17), and family adaptability and cohesion was 96 (IQR: 86–105). Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the factors affecting psychological abuse among home-dwelling older people were residence in rural areas (OR = 3.487, 95% CI = 2.121–5.732), monthly income ≥ 3,501 (OR = 0.342, 95% CI = 0.119–0.987), had chronic diseases (OR = 2.202, 95% CI = 1.356–3.576), and FACES (OR = 0.955, 95% CI = 0.936–0.974) were the factors that influenced the prevalence of psychological abuse.ConclusionIn Northern China, the level of psychological abuse among older people is low. It is associated with residence, monthly income, chronic diseases, and family adaptability and cohesion. Further studies are required to understand the underlying causes and develop effective interventions to reduce psychological abuse and ensure a comfortable old life for older Chinese people.

Conceptualisation and Measurement of Resilience of Adults With Cancer: An Umbrella Review.

To (1) clarify the key components of resilience of adults with cancer; (2) summarise and analyse the resilience measures used in this population; and (3) discuss future evaluation directions. An umbrella review. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane library and Epistemonikos were searched in December 2023. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines were followed for undertaking this umbrella review. Systematic and narrative reviews that defined resilience of adults with cancer and reported resilience measures, published in English, were included. The methodological quality was assessed using the JBI appraisal tool. Fourteen eligible reviews were included. Four key resilience components from various resilience conceptualisations were identified. Twenty resilience measures were used among cancer patients, with the 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale providing a relatively comprehensive assessment of individual resilience. Recommended future research with cancer patients includes assessing these resilience components: (1) available individual resources-key psychological factors that enhance individual resilience; (2) access to social resources-close interpersonal relationships, family cohesion and social support; (3) adaptive coping ability-problem-solving skills, emotional management strategies and experiences in managing adversity; (4) ability to regain mental health and well-being-the capacity to recover a relatively stable psychological state and promote positive psychological functioning. The findings provide evidence for refining future resilience measurement in the adult cancer population. Examining the four key components of resilience with this population across cultures is warranted. Understanding the key components of resilience of cancer patients can help healthcare professionals identify individuals who may need further support and facilitate early intervention or referral to psychosocial support services. The 25-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale is recommended over other tools for use in the cancer population. Patient or public involvement is not applicable in this study.

From many to one – the impact of the establishment of a family constitution on the strategic planning of the company

PurposeThis article examines how establishing a family constitution influences strategic planning in family businesses, applying the strategy-as-practice theoretical framework.Design/methodology/approachWe analyzed qualitative interviews with family members and non-family managers involved in both constitution-making and strategic planning.FindingsThe study reveals that family constitutions drive formalization of governance mechanisms, aligning family values with business goals. Key findings highlight that constitutions professionalize decision-making, enhance family cohesion and introduce structured strategic planning.Originality/valueOur proposed model illustrates how constitutions act as a bridge, integrating family governance with corporate strategy, thereby supporting business continuity and succession. These results suggest a structured, governance-focused approach to strategic planning, where family constitutions play a central role in aligning family and business interests.

Exploring the relationship between child temperament, maternal psychiatric symptoms, family environment and infant feeding.

Infant temperament is assumed to be primarily innate. However, newer research suggests that maternal affection impacts ratings of temperament and environmental factors, including feeding method, can also influence infant temperament. This study investigates child temperament and its relationships with maternal psychiatric symptoms, environmental variables and feeding method longitudinally in a cohort of children followed from 6 to 72 months. Differences in temperament by feeding group are also investigated. We hypothesized that maternal psychiatric symptoms, environmental stressors, and impaired family dynamics would have negative impact on child temperament, whereas breastfeeding would have a positive impact on child temperament. Mothers' ratings of child's temperament, own psychiatric symptomatology, environmental stresses and family cohesion were obtained in 504 mother-infant dyads via rating scales completed by mothers. Infants were breastfeed (BF), fed soy-based infant formula (SF) or dairy-based infant formula (MF). Linear mixed effect models investigated the relationship of variables on child's temperament while controlling for significant covariates and repeated measurements. Mothers in this study did not endorse clinical-level psychiatric symptomatology; however, when adjusted for significant covariates, higher psychiatric symptomatology significantly correlated with environmental stressors, impaired family dynamics and elevations in temperament ratings of infants' adaptability and mood. There were no lasting differences for temperament between feeding groups. However, some significant transient increases in rhythmicity and adaptability were found between SF and BF children. Positive relationships between family environment stressors and maternal psychiatric ratings were found. Transient differences were found in child temperament based upon feeding method.

The Role of Waqf in Promoting Family-Owned Businesses among Married Women in Northeastern Nigeria

This study investigates how waqf helps married women in northeastern Nigeria start family-owned enterprises. In the past, waqf, an Islamic charitable endowment, has supported underprivileged communities financially and with resources, acting as a mechanism for socioeconomic development. In this regard, waqf institutions can enable married women to start and maintain family-owned enterprises, tackling issues like restricted financial resources, socio-cultural constraints, and unstable economic conditions. By offering interest-free loans, training courses, and infrastructure assistance, waqf can encourage married women to start their own businesses, increasing their financial independence and boosting household income. The study uses qualitative research methodology, reviewing relevant literature on the subject matter and stakeholder interviews. Findings revealed that integrating waqf with family-owned business initiatives improves economic stability, reduces poverty levels, and strengthens family cohesion. Additionally, the study highlighted the need for strategic collaboration between waqf institutions, government bodies, and community organizations to optimize resource allocation and expand the impact of waqf on women's entrepreneurship. This research underscores the transformative potential of waqf in advancing gender-inclusive economic development in Northeastern Nigeria and provides recommendations for policymakers and waqf administrators to enhance the effectiveness of their programs.

Survey of psychological resilience among university students majoring in long-term-care–related disciplines in Taiwan

BackgroundThe psychological resilience of university students majoring in long-term-care (LTC)–related disciplines is crucial for workforce retention and effective care provision in this field. This study aims to investigate the differences in levels of psychological resilience among these students in Taiwan.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 258 participants selected via stratified random sampling from 23 universities across Taiwan from November 2021 to November 2022, representing a diverse educational context. The research instrument used was the Resilience Scale for Adults, a validated psychological resilience questionnaire. The independent variables included participants’ demographic data, while the dependent variables encompassed five dimensions of resilience: personal strength, family cohesion, social resources, social skills, future organizational style, and total resilience score. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis.ResultsParticipants with LTC work experience and leadership roles in campus clubs demonstrated significantly higher scores in personal strength (LTC: t = 2.04, p = 0.04, d = 0.29; leadership: t = 2.89, p = 0.01, d = 0.45), social resources (leadership: t = 2.47, p = 0.01, d = 0.34), social skills (leadership: t = 4.51, p = 0.01, d = 0.62), and future organizational style (LTC: t = 2.72, p = 0.01, d = 0.39). Higher academic performance was linked to greater personal strength, social resources, future organizational style, and total resilience (F = 4.69–3.12, p < 0.05). Regression analysis confirmed the predictive value of leadership experience and LTC work on various resilience dimensions. These results underscore the importance of practical exposure and extracurricular engagement in fostering resilience.ConclusionStudents engaged in club activities, leadership roles, and LTC work displayed higher psychological resilience. Educational institutions should foster club participation, leadership experiences, and partnerships with workplaces to enhance student resilience and professional readiness.

Transforming family dynamics: unexpected positive effects of treatment for adolescent gaming problems on family relationships

IntroductionWhile parenting is important for the development of adolescent problem gaming, it is unknown whether treatment of such problems in adolescents has a bearing on parenting. This study aims to explore the effects of individual relapse prevention (RP) treatment for adolescent problematic gaming on parenting practices and family dynamics.MethodsA total of 72 adolescents (74% male; Mage = 14.5 SD = 1.4), participated in the study, with n = 39 in the intervention group and n = 33 in the control group. Pre- and post-treatment data were collected on parenting practices (e.g., monitoring and communication) and family dynamics. Changes in parenting measures were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Svensson's method of change analysis.ResultsAdolescents in the intervention group reported reduced family conflict and changes in specific parenting practices, including less inquiry, fewer rules and intrusion regarding gaming post-treatment. In contrast, the control group reported a decline in family cohesion at post-treatment assessment.DiscussionThe results highlight adolescents' active role in shaping family dynamics and underscore the positive spillover effects of treating adolescent problematic gaming on parenting practices and family relationships. These findings are relevant to clinical practice and deepen our understanding of the relationship between adolescent gaming, parent-child interactions, and treatment spillover effects.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05506384, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05506384.

High parental self-efficacy and young adults' reduced emotion dysregulation: A moderated mediating analysis from China.

Emotion dysregulation in young adults has become an important issue in the literature. By building a moderated mediating model, this study tested the underlying mechanism of young adults' emotion dysregulation by examining the indirect effect of parental self-efficacy (PSE) on family cohesion and the moderating effect of parents' affective involvement. Two complementary approaches were adopted to validate our hypotheses using three-stage longitudinal data from 537 Chinese families. PSE significantly affected young adults' emotion dysregulation and that family cohesion mediated the relationship between PSE and young adults' emotion dysregulation. Moreover, parents' affective involvement moderated this indirect relationship. Parental and family factors play important roles in addressing young adults' emotion dysregulation. Our findings provide empirical evidence of the effects of family atmosphere and affective support by elucidating the mediating and moderating roles of family cohesion and affective involvement.

Positive well-being and dampened emotional reactivity to daily family conflict and family cohesion.

Conflict and a lack of cohesive daily family relationships can negatively affect adolescent adjustment, although adolescents differ in how they respond (i.e., their emotional reactivity) to these daily experiences. The present study assessed whether adolescents' well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, purpose) was associated with dampened emotional reactivity to daily variability in family conflict and cohesion. Adolescents (N = 150; MAge = 14.60, SD = 0.83; 61.3% female; 83.4% white) completed a questionnaire regarding well-being and reported family conflict, cohesion, and negative emotion for 21 days between August 2015 and November 2016. Greater life satisfaction was related to dampened negative emotional reactivity to daily conflict, whereas greater purpose was related to dampened negative emotional reactivity to changes in daily family cohesion. Well-being may foster resilience in adolescents' day-to-day emotional processes.

The longitudinal effect of perceived social support on school engagement: A multiple mediation model examining the role of emotion regulation and left-behind status.

School engagement generally declines during adolescence and was reported to be worse in Chinese adolescents in rural areas compared to those in urban cities. Extensive studies have investigated the roles of perceived social support (i.e., students' perceived teacher support, family cohesion, and peer support) in shaping students' school engagement. However, inconsistent findings were documented. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism between perceived social support and school engagement lacks investigation. Therefore, informed by the bioecological model and the process model of interpersonal strategies, this longitudinal study examined (a) whether three sources of perceived social support (i.e., teacher support, family cohesion, and peer support) at Time 1 were associated with school engagement at Time 2 both directly and indirectly through emotion regulation (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) at Time 2 and (b) whether such pathways differentiated between non-left-behind adolescents and left-behind adolescents (LBA), with left behind being a unique cultural phenomenon in rural China. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the multiple mediation models among 3,043 Chinese rural adolescents (46.86% boys; Mage = 15.82 years, SD = 1.56) in two rural boarding schools in Guizhou and Gansu province. In the overall sample, (a) cognitive reappraisal fully mediated the association between teacher support and school engagement. (b) Family cohesion was positively associated with school engagement, while the indirect effects were not significant. Different pathways were revealed in non-left-behind adolescents and left-behind adolescents. (c) Peer support had no direct or indirect effect on school engagement. This study contributes to the understanding of how social-emotional processes influence school engagement and informs culturally responsive strategies and practices that enhance school engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Experiences of Acculturation Stress in First-Generation Immigrant Children: Examining the Relationship Among Acculturation Stress, Depression, and Family Dynamics

AbstractThroughout the years, immigration has been a significant movement in the USA and leads to the examination of acculturative stress. By employing the acculturation stress and vulnerability models, the present study aimed to examine the association among acculturation stress, self-esteem, depression, family cohesion, and familism in first-generation immigrant children. Longitudinal data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) were used. The analytical sample (n = 5262) was predominantly female (51.1%) and between the ages of 12 and 18 (M = 14.23) years old. SPSS 27 and AMOS 27 were utilized to conduct a path analysis to examine the relationships among acculturation stress, self-esteem, depression, family cohesion, and familism. Our results showed good fit (χ2/df ratio = 11.49; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.05, CI [.04, .05]) for the full path model. Acculturation stress had a significant, negative association with depression (β = − 0.12, p &lt; .001); a significant, negative association with self-esteem (β = − 0.12, p &lt; .001); and a significant, positive association with family cohesion (β = 0.60, p &lt; .01) and the familism index (β = 0.05, p &lt; .05). Acculturation stress was found to be predictive of self-esteem, depression, and family cohesion for first-generation immigrant children between the ages of 12 and 18 years old. This study provides general implications for how mental health providers can understand the struggles and provide culturally competent therapeutic services for children and their families.

Leisure Geographies and Domestication in Middle-Class Households

This paper presents the findings of a study that delved into the role of artifactual agents in shaping leisure experiences within middle-class households in Cali, Colombia. In-depth interviews were conducted with members of 26 households, supplemented by mapping and ethnographic visits to 10. The collected data identified home typologies based on family cohesion and attachment to tradition. These typologies are crucial in defining the interplay between artifacts and leisure. In homes with less traditional tendencies, leisure expands spontaneously, albeit at the cost of impoverished free time. In individualistic households, the bedroom emerges as the central hub for leisure, often overshadowing the communal dining room. Leisure is portrayed as a creative mechanism influencing the personalization of domestic spaces through artistic endeavors. In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of artifacts as influential agents in shaping leisure and advocates for a non-anthropocentric approach to understanding domestic leisure.

Enhancing the Resilience of Bereaved Parents: Practical Experiences and Needs Perceived by Healthcare Professionals.

To explore the practical experiences and perceived needs of healthcare professionals in fostering resilience among bereaved parents. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Twenty-seven healthcare professionals were recruited from the Paediatric Palliative Care Special Group of the Paediatrics Society of the Chinese Medical Association. The participants included 9 physicians, 7 nurses and 11 social workers from 22 hospitals and 5 community-based services. In-depth interviews were conducted between July and December 2022. Data were analysed using content analysis. Guided by the Society-to-Cells Resilience Theory, this study identified 10 categories of practical experiences and seven of perceived needs, encompassing multiple levels: society (integrating multidisciplinary resource; preserving relevant cultural tradition; advocating for system enhancements; raising public awareness), community (establishing an accessible support network; fostering an inclusive community; offering proactive community support), family (providing anticipatory guidance; enhancing family cohesion; navigating bereavement resources; providing ongoing follow-up and support), individual (evaluating grief-related experiences; offering tailored personal support; sustaining connections; addressing spiritual needs) and physiological (managing body reactions; maintaining physical well-being). This study provides insights from healthcare professionals, highlighting practices and identifying significant gaps in current approaches to building resilience in bereaved parents. The findings suggest that resilience is a socially constructed, multidimensional process that can be nurtured through a holistic approach to better support this vulnerable group. The study's findings lay the foundation for developing targeted interventions to foster resilience among bereaved parents. A holistic, empowering approach is essential to strengthen their coping mechanisms and facilitate healing at multiple levels, ultimately contributing to the creation of a robust, effective support system for this resilient yet vulnerable population. This study was about the experiences and perceptions of healthcare providers. It was designed and conducted by researchers who were both researchers and healthcare providers.

Hubungan Kohesivitas Keluarga dan Kematangan Karir Siswa Remaja

Adolescent students are in a phase of a critical period in individual development, where students are beginning to be required to be able to make important decisions regarding the future, including decisions regarding careers. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between family cohesiveness and career maturity of adolescent school students. The research method used is library research or literature research. This study uses data obtained from primary sources, namely journals and scientific articles related to family cohesiveness and adolescent career maturity. Data were obtained using 5 scientific articles. Data analysis was carried out using content analysis techniques. The research results show that family cohesiveness has an important role in supporting students' career maturity. Families that have close emotional relationships and open communication can provide a sense of security and confidence to teenagers, which influences their ability to recognize their own potential and make career-related decisions. Emotional, social and practical support from the family helps students to explore career options more openly and maturely. The implications of this research can be used by parents in supporting teenagers to make decisions regarding life

Individual and Familial Risk and Promotive Factors for Substance Use Among Multiracial American Young Adults

Background: Multiracial American adults have the highest rates of binge drinking and illicit drug use of all racial groups, yet little is known about the risk and promotive factors that contribute to their substance use. Objectives: This study examines how individual factors (i.e., shifting racial expressions, perceived racial ambiguity, creating third space, self-esteem, depression) and family cohesion relate to substance use among 574 Multiracial young adults in the United States (Mage = 19.87). Results: Findings suggested that Multiracial young adults who reported higher scores on perceived racial ambiguity, self-esteem, and depression had a higher likelihood of drinking to feel drunk and binge drinking, while more family cohesion with their first primary caregiver was associated with a lower likelihood of drinking to feel drunk. Perceived racial ambiguity was also associated with a higher likelihood of illicit drug use, while family cohesion with their second primary caregiver was associated with a lower likelihood of illicit drug use. Multiracial young adults with White ancestry were more likely to drink to feel drunk than Multiple Minority Multiracials, but there were no differences between groups in binge drinking or illicit drug use. Conclusions: In sum, the unique racialized experiences, mental health, and family relationships of Multiracial Americans may play a role in substance use.

The longitudinal impact of an evidence-based multiple family group intervention (Amaka Amasanyufu) on family cohesion among children in Uganda: Analysis of the cluster randomized SMART Africa-Uganda scale-up study (2016-2022).

Family functioning plays a critical role in childhood disruptive behavior disorders (The Family Journal, 2003, 11(1), 33-41; Research in Nursing and Health, 2016, 39(4), 229-243). Yet, there is limited research on the impact of evidence-based family strengthening interventions on improving family cohesion as a protective factor among children experiencing behavioral challenges. To address this gap, we analyzed data (N = 636) from the SMART Africa-Uganda study (2016-2022), a cluster randomized clinical trial testing an evidence-based family-strengthening intervention called Amaka Amasanyufu (translated as "Happy Families" in the local language). Children aged 8-13 and their caregivers were recruited from 26 public primary schools that were randomized to: (1) control condition receiving generalized psychosocial literature (10 schools), (2) intervention delivered via parent peers (eight schools), and (3) intervention delivered via community healthcare workers (eight schools). Children completed the family cohesion questionnaire at baseline, 8 weeks, 16 weeks, and 6 months post-intervention completion. The intervention effectiveness was evaluated via a three-level logistic mixed effects model with pairwise comparisons across study conditions within each time point. Participants in the parent-peer intervention group had greater odds of being in the higher family cohesion group than participants in the control group at 8 weeks (OR = 3.24), 16 weeks (OR = 1.88) and 6 months (OR = 2.07). At 8 weeks, 16 weeks, and 6 months, participants in the community health worker group had 3.98, 2.08, and 1.79 times greater odds of being in the higher family cohesion group than participants in the control group, respectively. Our findings strengthen the evidence base for Amaka Amansayufu as an effective intervention that can be utilized in SSA to improve family cohesion in families with children experiencing behavioral challenges.

The Relationship between Spiritual Health with Family Satisfaction and Family Cohesion Among Elder Adults in Gonabad

The Relationship between Spiritual Health with Family Satisfaction and Family Cohesion Among Elder Adults in Gonabad