Coherent Argument Research Articles

A review and classification of analytical methods for climate change adaptation

The exchange of coherent arguments about methods applied in the field of climate change adaptation is challenging due to the growing diversity of analytical methods applied from natural science and social science. This is further complicated by the abstract and ambiguous terms, such as vulnerability and adaptive capacity, employed in the literature and the inadequate consideration given to the wider array of social science methods that are being applied now that adaptation has become a practical necessity. To address these limitations, a review and novel classification of vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation methods is presented. Methods are classified based on goals addressed, thematic clusters of variables involved, and underlying theoretical assumptions. On the top‐level, methods are distinguished into impact analysis, behavior analysis, institutional analysis, and decision analysis methods. The first three branches are further classified according to descriptive, explanatory, and predictive goals, as well as theoretical assumptions. For each type, empirical conditions of applicability and examples from the literature are presented. While this classification can only be partial due to the ever growing methodological diversity in the field of climate change adaptation, we provide a more rigorous basis for the coherent exchange of methodological arguments and thereby hope to foster the interdisciplinary dialog needed to advance the field. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:171–188. doi: 10.1002/wcc.322This article is categorized under: Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation

Entanglement Properties of Entangled Coherent State in Symmetrical Phase Space Interacting with Entangled Atoms

In this paper, we investigated the entanglement properties of entangled coherentstate in symmetrical phase space interacting with entangled atoms. Using the numerical calculations we discussed the entanglement between entangled atoms and entangled coherent field by the means of the von Neumann entropy, and the entanglement of the two atoms by the means of the negative eigenvalues of the partial transposition of reduced density matrix. The result shows that the strength of the light field, the relative phase factor have visibly influence on the degree of the entanglement. The impact on the entanglement by the coherent argument is tiny obvious.

Building a European Identity: France, the United States, and the Oil Shock, 1973–1974

<i>Building a European Identity: France, the United States, and the Oil Shock, 1973–1974</i>

A literature review on central bank communication

Purpose – This paper aims to review the economic literature on central bank communication to address the questions of how economists account for the effects of speech acts and whether and to what extent discourse analysis is applied in their studies. Moreover, whether there may be room for more linguistic approaches to analyse central bank communication is investigated. Design/methodology/approach – A range of recently published (2004-2013) works in the area of central bank communication are critically scrutinized to highlight the current thinking in this area. The sources are organised into different sections, namely, communication in monetary policy theory; impacts of speech acts; optimizing central bank communication; and linguistic analysis of central bank communication. Findings – The current literature is developing a coherent argument that central bank communication is an important part of monetary policy and that speech acts by the central bank do have impacts at the macroeconomic level. Linguistic analysis does have the potential to contribute to this literature, as little attention has been paid to the content of the speech acts. Originality/value – This paper fulfils the need for an up-to-date review of the developing literature on central bank communication. This paper also provides support for linguistic analysis in this area.

The logic of conformity: Japan’s entry into international society, by Tomoko T Okagaki; Völkerrechtsdenken und Außenpolitik in Japan, 1919−1960 (The discourse on international law and foreign policy in Japan, 1919−1960), by Urs Matthias Zachmann

Tomoko T Okagaki The logic of conformity: entry into international society Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. 208pp., $43.73 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4426-4188-4Urs Matthias Zachmann Volkerrechtsdenken und Ausenpolitik in Japan, 1919-1960 (The discourse on international law and foreign policy in Japan, 1919-1960) Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2013. 436pp., euro102.00 (paperback) ISBN 978-3-8329-6981-3Meiji rapid response to the West often viewed in terms of cultural borrowing, but a key theme addressed here how this process also had a broader transformative effect on the Westphalian system. According to Tomoko Okagaki (National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan), ramification of entry into international society in the late nineteenth century was the expansion of this regional European concept of sovereignty into a more global structure. Writing in German, the Urs Matthias Zachmann (University of Edinburgh, UK) focuses on the works of Japanese scholars in the twentieth century who contributed to exporting interpretations of international law beyond the West. These two studies thus provide useful counterpoints to our still predominantly Eurocentric outlook on the evolution of international law. As Zachmann points out in his English synopsis, existing work on the subject is deficient in that it neglects the perspective of a major participant in its (1). Okagaki even suggests that the enduring relevance of Westphalian sovereignty itself may be attributed to its endorsement by latecomer states such as Japan.The Logie of Conformity makes a concise and largely coherent argument to explain the dynamics that impelled Meiji Japan to aspire to and attain the standard of civilisation prevalent in nineteenth-century diplomatic relations following the positivist turn in international law. In a slim volume that aims to summarize rather than explore in depth, Okagaki creatively deploys a number of models from political science and international relations theory to incorporate both internal dimensions and the global context. She also neatly distills trends in historical research on Japan to present a society not so much predisposed to modernization as already equipped with functional equivalents of European domestic institutions and thus primed for state socialisation. Tokugawa Japan, for example, had long since boasted a sophisticated urban infrastructure, consumer society, high literacy rate, printing culture, and a nascent public sphere. Historians ranging from American proponents of modernization theory in the 1960s to more recent revisionist Japanese scholars thus trace the onset of modern development to long before the encounter with the West and increasingly emphasize continuity through the nineteenth century. As Okagaki puts it, Japan's 'modernisation' was a slow process, which had started centuries before the West arrived, while its 'Westernisation' was a rapid one (98).Three chapters then describe in turn the adoption, absorption, and adaptation of international law in Meiji Japan. Although engagingly succinct, at times the exposition tends toward a general narrative, and it proves to be the least convincing component of this study, barely scratching the surface of the tortuous negotiations on treaty revision. As Okagaki subsequently admits, some comparison with Turkey or China might have been useful, a dimension explored by Cassel, Kayaoglu, and others in recent works on extraterritoriality.1 One theme identified by Kayaoglu that does not feature here, for example, the importance of regime change in allowing the Meiji leaders to wipe the slate clean with a program of legal institutionalization unfettered by the cultural constraints experienced by their Ottoman and Qing counterparts.Some omissions and factual errors also undermine the otherwise generally solid scholarship. Even in such a concise summary there should be space for the Maria Luz-the case of some Chinese coolies who escaped from a Peruvian ship that docked at Yokohama in 1872-which constitutes a landmark event in terms of winning international recognition for Japanese jurisdiction. …

The birth of Neolithic Britain: an interpretive account

First book-length study of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain An extended example of an analysis of prehistoric change from an anthropological perspective Synthesizes material from a range of different fields of archaeology Illustrated throughout The beginning of the Neolithic in Britain is a topic of perennial interest in archaeology, marking the end of a hunter-gatherer way of life with the introduction of domesticated plants and animals, pottery, polished stone tools, and a range of new kinds of monuments, including earthen long barrows and megalithic tombs. Every year, numerous new articles are published on different aspects of the topic, ranging from diet and subsistence economy to population movement, architecture, and seafaring. Thomas offers a treatment that synthesizes all of this material, presenting a coherent argument to explain the process of transition between the Mesolithic-Neolithic periods. Necessarily, the developments in Britain are put into the context of broader debates about the origins of agriculture in Europe, and the diversity of processes of change in different parts of the continent are explored. These are followed by a historiographic treatment of debates on the transition in Britain. Chapters cover the Mesolithic background, processes of contact and interaction, monumental architecture and timber halls, portable artefacts, and plants and animals. The concluding argument is that developments in the economy and material culture must be understood as being related to fundamental social transformations.

Crisis?: What (Type) of Crisis? The overlapping problems of the European Union

It is common today, even in the European media, to treat the current crisis of the European Union almost exclusively as an economic crisis. The present article pretends to show that such a focus is not only wrong but is indeed dangerous for the future development of the European Union as a whole. The article will argue that the present economic crisis simply aggravated – and a lot – a crisis of legitimacy through which the European Union has been passing for some time. Showing that the anti-European tendencies which are spreading throughout the countries of the continent threaten the very future of the European project, the article will make suggestion on reforms for the future development of the EU, alerting to the necessity to finally elaborate once again a coherent argument for the continuation of the European integration process which puts the European population at the heart of the political process instead of just austerity.

LA FILOSOFÍA DE LA CIENCIA CONTABLE

La contabilidad como cualquier otra disciplina moldea y delimita la realidad al construir su objeto de estudio, a través de un proceso lento pero creciente en el que coexisten diversas posturas ideológicas, las cuales le atribuyen objetos de estudio diferentes, pero lo que ellas tienen en común es que han estado alrededor de la cuestión patrimonial o la riqueza del ente económico, que representa su realidad económica. El conocimiento contable es racional al formular juicios y razonamientos coherentes entre sus enunciados. Sin embargo, atendiendo a los principios y no al desarrollo formal de las ciencias, los cuales pueden racionales o experimentales, sostengo que es una ciencia experimental. La disciplina contable es una ciencia aplicada y en proceso de maduración, debido a que no existe un paradigma predominante, sino es una ciencia multi-paradigmática. Esta propuesta está fundamentada en evidenciar dentro de la disciplina contable la presencia de tres elementos: El objeto de estudio: El patrimonio del ente económico y su dinámica; el método: inductivo-deductivo y, la capacidad de predicción, expresada en los modelos contables existentes los cuales se evidencian. Por tanto, bajo esta modesta perspectiva, la disciplina contable posee un objeto de estudio, un método y capacidad de predicción, lo que le confiere un estatus de ciencia.

Hatretorikk: &lt;br&gt;Den intolerante språkbruken

The manifesto of the Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik is based on the “Eurabia” conspiracy theory. This theory is a key starting point for hate speech amongst many right-wing extremists in Europe, but also has ramifications beyond these environments. In brief, proponents of the Eurabia theory claim that Muslims are occupying Europe and destroying Western culture, with the assistance of the EU and European governments. By contrast, members of Al-Qaeda and other extreme Islamists promote the conspiracy theory “the Crusade” in their hate speech directed against the West. Proponents of the latter theory argue that the West is leading a crusade to eradicate Islam and Muslims, a crusade that is similarly facilitated by their governments. This article presents analyses of texts written by right-wing extremists and Muslim extremists in an effort to shed light on how hate speech promulgates conspiracy theories in order to spread hatred and intolerance.The aim of the article is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of hate speech’s nature by applying rhetorical analysis. Rhetorical analysis is chosen because it offers a means of understanding the persuasive power of speech. It is thus a suitable tool to describe how hate speech works to convince and persuade. The concepts from rhetorical theory used in this article are ethos, logos and pathos. The concept of ethos is used to pinpoint factors that contributed to Osama bin Laden's impact, namely factors that lent credibility to his promotion of the conspiracy theory of the Crusade. In particular, Bin Laden projected common sense, good morals and good will towards his audience. He seemed to have coherent and relevant arguments; he appeared to possess moral credibility; and his use of language demonstrated that he wanted the best for his audience.The concept of pathos is used to define hate speech, since hate speech targets its audience's emotions. In hate speech it is the emotions that prevail, rather than reason. Sensational and dramatic claims are used to exploit existing feelings of anger, irritation and fear. The speech is aimed at those who may be persuaded of its negative content, and who may spread the message further. A distinct feature is its absence of logos: argumentation aimed at listeners' reason. To the extent logos is used in hate speech it is for the most part only apparent logos. The speech is often based on falsehoods, exaggerations, stereotypes, over-generalisations, and startling formulations. Hate speech therefore requires an uncritical audience – an audience that is either unable to see through the fallacies, or unwilling to do so because the arguments and conclusions fit well with their worldview. The overall aim of the article is to contribute to a more thorough understanding of hate speech’s nature and its role in disseminating conspiracy theories. However, through analyses of text examples from al-Qaeda’s leader, Osama bin Laden, and right-wing European extremists the article also contributes to explaining the terror attack in Oslo in July 2011 and the terror attack on September 11, 2001, in New York and other similar acts of terror.

Balanced Allocation and Coherence: Some Thoughts in Light of Argenta and K

The Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter the 'Court') generally refuses justifications put forward by the Member States for restrictions of the four freedoms which are based on the need to prevent the loss of tax revenue. In its case law, the Court made limited exceptions to this general principle by allowing Member States to safeguard the coherence of its tax system and to preserve the balanced allocation between the Member States of the power to tax. The scope of the coherence argument is limited by the (traditionally) strictly interpreted requirement to have a 'direct link' between a tax advantage and a subsequent tax levy. The justification ground balanced allocation is generally only accepted if the restriction is a necessary measure taken by the Member State to avoid the (risk of) shifting of profit or losses by taxpayers. In its recent judgments in the cases Argenta (C-350/11, rendered on 4 July 2013), and K (C- 322/11, rendered on 7 November 2013), the Court applied both justifications grounds. Although the facts of both seem (at first sight) to be similar, the Court reached a completely different outcome. The article critically discusses and compares both recent cases in light of the Court's previous case law.

Combining autosomal and Y chromosome match probabilities using coalescent theory

Walsh et al. outlined a method for adjusting autosomal coancestry values, θA, to take account of the existence of a Y chromosome match, θA|Y. The framework established by Walsh et al. is flexible and allows an investigation of some real world effects such as family structure. It also allows the effect of a Y chromosome match to be placed within the construct of existing casework practice. Most notable is the ability to deal with an assigned value for the autosomal coancestry coefficient and the fact that most casework statistics report a value for unrelated individuals unless case circumstances suggest differently. The values of θA|Y are not much larger than θA and a coherent argument could be made that any adjustment is unnecessary.

Review of Humans and the Environment: New Archaeological Perspectives for the 21st Century

themes prevalent in recent archaeological discourse concerning, as is evident in the title, interactions between human beings and the natural environment. The chapters within, drawn predominantly from a session held at the 2008 World Archaeological Congress in Dublin, promote multidisciplinary approaches to environmental questions, and frame much of the discussion within topical debates on how humanity might respond to future climatic change. Though both editors are focused in their own work on eastern Africa, this volume presents, if not a truly global perspective – the majority of the chapters are concerned with either Africa or the Americas – a discussion that draws together philosophically and geographically disparate examples to make a largely coherent central argument; that archaeology can offer a positive contribution within the wider environmental and development research communities. Section one reviews how ideas of what constitutes an environment have developed in European and North American (Davies, Chapter 1) and Soviet (Smyntyna, Chapter 2) archaeology. While I felt Davies’ chapter provides a useful background to recurring concepts and themes, there is no obvious Soviet influence evident in any of the later chapters. Though perhaps of interest as a stand-alone piece in its explanation of how considerations of environment during and following the Soviet Union reflected changing emphases in society and government, in the context of this volume the paper seemed slightly redundant. Section two examines distinctions between nature and culture, questioning notions of what constitutes a “pristine” environment. Balee (Chapter 3) argues eloquently that the Amazon forest is a manifestation of longterm human manipulation recognisable via observable signatures, equating the rainforest environment with an archaeological record, “environment as artefact”. A key tenet of Balee’s chapter, and, indeed, throughout the volume (e.g. Kost, Chapter 7; Anderson et al, Chapter 15), is that human-instigated environmental change should not be considered a priori as negative, an argument persuasively and steadfastly expounded by proponents of historical ecology (among whom Balee Boles, O 2014 Review of Humans and the Environment: New Archaeological Perspectives for the 21st Century. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 24(1): 3, pp. 1-3, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.452

Metropolis and Experience: Defoe, Dickens, Joyce by Hye-Joon Yoon

Reviewed by: Metropolis and Experience: Defoe, Dickens, Joyce by Hye-Joon Yoon Malinda Snow Hye-Joon Yoon. Metropolis and Experience: Defoe, Dickens, Joyce. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2012. Pp. vi + 345. $67.99. Exploring portrayals of urban experience, Mr. Yoon uses terms associated with the sociologist Wilhelm Dilthey: Erlebnis and Erfahrung. Erlebnis denotes experience of the individual, an acute, sensory moment, while Erfahrung refers to experience from which one infers values of the community. Mr. Yoon notes “how appropriate this view of Erfahrung, as experience constructed by the judging subject, is to a description of fiction writing and plot making” and contrasts Defoe, whom he describes as “insistently anti-social,” with the more “gregarious” Dickens and Joyce. Despite his recurring use of Erlebnis and Erfahrung, however, Mr. Yoon’s book lacks a sustained, overtly developed argument, a lack evident in his treatment of Defoe. Mr. Yoon dedicates four chapters to Defoe and thoughtfully comments on Robinson Crusoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, Moll Flanders, and Roxana. Discussing bills of exchange, for instance, he says, “Rotterdam, Genoa, Paris, Amsterdam, and London . . . indicate not so much places of habitation with distinctive histories and heritages of experience, as mere locations of impersonal financial agencies, severed from both the communal contextualizing of Erfahrung and the sensory shocks of Erlebnis.” He judges Defoe “the supreme novelist of Erlebnis,” and he connects the portrayal of Erlebnis to what he calls Defoe’s paratactic style. Examining the first-person narrative, he notes that “ ‘What’s the point of writing it?’ is a question that constantly haunts Defoe’s fictional autobiographies of aberrant lives.” But the discussion of Defoe remains a collection of intriguing, specific remarks rather than a coherent argument leading to stated conclusions. Metadiscourse guiding the reader through the specific analyses is often absent. Particularly distracting are discussions of Pepys, Bunyan, and Baudelaire, whose relevance to metropolitan life a reader sees, but whose place in this treatment of Defoe is not fully enough established. Novels by Dickens and Joyce lie outside the Scriblerian’s scope, but we would have welcomed a fuller examination than we get of Defoe’s contrasts with Dickens or of Joyce’s lectures about Defoe. Reading the Defoe chapters offers insight into his novels, but one hopes, in vain, for significant application of the remarks about Defoe and his portrayal of urban experience to the later novelists. The chapters on Dickens and Joyce rarely mention Defoe. Writing clearly and unpretentiously, Mr. Yoon, nonetheless, frustrates the reader. Few previous studies address Defoe and Dickens, or Defoe and Joyce. David Trotter’s Circulation: Defoe, Dickens, and the Economies of the Novel (1988) is one of the few, but Mr. Yoon does not refer to it. This was an opportunity to examine urban experience as portrayed by three masters of fiction. Students of Defoe will be disappointed [End Page 66] not to have a more focused dialogue with Dickens and Joyce. Malinda Snow Georgia State University Copyright © 2014 Roy S. Wolper, W. B. Gerard, E. Derek Taylor, and David F. Venturo

Has this large number of performance measurement publications contributed to its better understanding? A systematic review for research and applications

This paper uses a systematic review to answer two research questions: (1) has this large number of performance measurement systems (PMS) publications contributed to a better understanding of performance measurement? and (2) what would a better understanding of PMS lead us to? This paper found that the field has not evolved substantially for the past 30 years. While various PMS are discussed and proposed, there are many instances of a common ground on what were discussed but in a few instances, there is little to no agreement concerning the activities and characteristics used to describe them, and there is also a great deal of overlap in the meaning of definitions and terms. Nevertheless, the synthesis review revealed that many of the discussions of the fundamental characteristics useful and in certain cases, interesting and insightful. Research gaps were identified and narrowed by synthesising instances of a common ground, and if a common ground is not forthcoming, references to non-PMS articles were made in order to ascertain the ‘true’ meaning of terms, purposes and applications of PMS. This improves our understanding of PMS, and thus we can use the result of the review to conceptualise and present coherent arguments in the pursuance of a good PMS. This research has important implications for both practitioners and academics in the area of performance measurement within an organisation, and shall provide a basis on which ongoing and future research efforts on this field can be built upon.

Among Disparate Views, Scales Tipped by the Ethics of System Integrity

Drs. Kolodny and Gudin & Lee have certainly presented passionate and coherent arguments in support of their positions on the issue of the potential upscheduling of hydrocodone. Drs. Gudin and Lee note that since New York State upscheduled hydrocodone in February of this year, sales of the opioid are rumored to have decreased. This statement begs two questions. First, do supporting data exist? Second, if indeed a consequence is that hydrocodone sales have actually decreased, is this consequence necessarily negative? As of the writing of this article, a thorough search yielded no evidence that sales of hydrocodone in NY State have been impacted as a result of the state's legislation. When relevant data become available, the positive and negative impact on sales and availability may be assessed. Currently, opinions remain speculative. In a recent article, …

Martin Halliwell, Therapeutic Revolutions: Medicine, Psychiatry, and American Culture, 1945-1970

Martin Halliwell intriguingly characterises Therapeutic Revolutions as a ‘cultural history of US medical humanities after World War II’ (p. 6). One might, based on this description, expect a narrative about the development of the medical humanities as an interdisciplinary social and medical movement. However, Halliwell uses ‘medical humanities’ more generally, in order to stake out an object of study that ‘bridges science, medicine, and the arts’ (p. 6), and to gather up the three elements of the book's subtitle, ‘medicine, psychiatry, and American culture’. The promise and challenge of Therapeutic Revolutions rests on this attempt to locate history across these domains, and to develop a coherent argument about them. Halliwell pans a camera over the mid-century: we see films, magazines and poems; we meet prominent psychologists, US presidents and cultural critics; we learn of federal health initiatives, evolving institutional structures and social issues. Therapeutic Revolutions is at its best as a wide-ranging, readable survey, one well-suited to undergraduate and graduate courses in which students may benefit from an introduction to the seminal figures, movements and issues of the period. Each of the book's three parts—‘Fragmentation: 1945–1954’, ‘Organization: 1953–1961’ and ‘Reorganization: 1961–1970’—represents its respective historical period with a wide range of vividly drawn people, themes and artifacts. For example, a chapter in Part Three, ‘The Human Face of Therapy: Humanistic and Existential Trends’, discusses President Johnson's ‘new fellowship’; changes in the status and image of medical professionals; Carl Rogers and the rise of humanistic psychology; the influence of ‘émigré thinkers steeped in German existential ideas’ (p. 242); the rising prominence of schizophrenia, depression and anxiety; and close readings of ‘two key examples of 1960s healthening narratives’ (p. 259), Joanne Greenberg's I Never Promised You a Rose Garden and Walker Percy's The Last Gentleman. Halliwell is a companionable guide through bustling terrain, and the reader comes away feeling that one was shown both the landmarks as well as a few hidden treasures on this sweeping tour.

Taking the Time and Trouble With Mixed Methods Research

My personal experience and indeed my academic authorial view of editorials is that they are somewhat akin to the productions by such troupes as the Reduced Shakespeare Company. During which the small cast, normally 3, take long and rather serious subjects, containing significant motifs, and reduces them to short, sharp (and usually funny) abridged performances of the same. However, the reduced performance in all its laborious and skilful distillation should not be read, or interpreted here, as taking a short cut. Rather, I would argue, any such distillation and skilful reduction, is not only demanding but also requires rigorous attention, time, and trouble; to ensure not only that the essence of the message is not lost but also that it remains accessible, if not transparent. So it is with writing. We all know how difficult it is to condense and distill one’s theses and theories; let alone the mountains of data analyzed during a research study, into a rational and coherent argument that really captures the significance of the findings, the application and understanding of the methodology, and indeed presents more than a cursory nod to the favored paradigm and epistemological frame. In reality, there are no short cuts. And in reality reduction is not necessarily a negative task, but can actually be seen as one of taking the time to trouble. I am cognizant of the fact that taking the time to trouble, is rather different to taking the time and trouble. In preparing each issue of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research (JMMR) and in reviewing and managing the increasing numbers of papers submitted to our journal, the editors, naturally, hold in their minds the issues currently being addressed along with contemporary developments in mixed methods research (MMR). Indicators such as the impact factor, citation indices, reach, and international significance of the JMMR highlight the esteem and credibility with which the journal is held in the world of academe. Researchers, authors, reviewers, academics, and practitioners in the field have done much to raise the standing, the contribution, and indeed productivity of the long and rather serious subject of MMT. The philosophical and theoretical underpinnings in the field of MMR have developed and progressed with rapid and increasing acceleration and velocity! We have moved way beyond the debate of methodological dichotomization that restricted access to data and data analyses (Mesel, 2013). Providing us, I believe, with a moment to further refine, distill, contend, and contest both the territory that has been created for and by MMR and to determine and influence the emergent path.

Gellner redux?

AbstractThe work of Ernest Gellner continues to be an influential part of nationalism studies. A recent appraisal has raised questions about the argument that Gellner offered in his central text on nationalism, Nations and Nationalism. This article takes up other issues in Gellner's work on nationalism. The article examines Gellner's influential definition of nationalism and the interpretation that he placed on that definition, as well as his treatment of ‘political cohabitation’. It also pays more attention to Gellner's later work, namely, Gellner's discussion of ‘the time zones of nationalism’. The paper draws on secondary literature but its primary purpose is to assess the coherence of Gellner's arguments.

Ciencia, Arte e Ilusión en la España Ilustrada by Jesusa Vega (review)

Reviewed by: Ciencia, Arte e Ilusión en la España Ilustrada by Jesusa Vega Alisa Luxenberg Jesusa Vega, Ciencia, Arte e Ilusión en la España Ilustrada (Madrid: Ediciones Polifemo, 2010). Pp. 528, illus. 296. €75.00. Jesusa Vega’s latest book explores how artistic and scientific invention interfaced in Enlightenment Spain. It is a valuable contribution to the scholarly discourse on the art–science dialogue, especially concerning the pivotal role attributed to the eighteenth century in bringing these two disciplines into the public arena and the modern era. Landmark studies include those by art historians, such as Barbara Maria Stafford’s Voyage into Substance: art, science, nature, and the illustrated travel account 1760–1840 (1984), Martin Kemp’s The Science of Art (1990), and Susan Dackerman’s Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (2011), as well as those by historians of science, including Pamela H. Smith’s The Body of the Artisan: Art and Experience in the Scientific Revolution (2004) and Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison’s Objectivity (2007). What distinguishes Vega’s book, however, is its focus on a single culture and century, thereby redressing the peripheral place often assigned to Spain in investigations of Enlightenment culture and the isolation of such achievements to the reign of Charles III (1759–1788) or to specialized practices like botanical expeditions and illustration. While contextualizing [End Page 81] Spanish participation in Enlightenment ideas and practices, Vega also indicates when its cultural circumstances or attitudes differed. For example, she notes that optical views did not have a popular audience in Spain as they did in England or France, probably because their production was dominated by the royal art academy, making them more of a luxury item. Furthermore, she acknowledges that wealthy and learned Spaniards were less likely to undertake a Grand Tour than were their European counterparts. A widely published historian of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Spanish art, Vega has considerable expertise in printmaking, national dress, and travel that informs this ambitious study in sometimes unexpected but utterly convincing ways. She has organized a potentially overwhelming array of conceptual, textual, and visual evidence into a clear and coherent argument. Deeply committed to material culture, she presents a judicious but copious selection of objects and visual images, and critically analyzes and integrates each one into her argument. The same is true of the substantial excerpts she cites from eighteenth-century texts on scientific devices and demonstrations. Since many of these sources are little known, Vega provides an important service, and allows her readers to evaluate the original rhetoric for themselves. Vega begins by explaining that she originally set out to write a history of Spanish photography. However, questions about the medium’s illusionistic power, as well as its combination of chemistry, optical devices, and visual aesthetics, soon led her to reorient her project toward earlier, broader cultural developments in these three areas. Her book sets the historical and conceptual stage for the new medium in Spain, not unlike Geoffrey Batchen’s Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography (1997) does for it in Europe, but with more grounding in material culture. Demonstrating that the visual arts and sciences in this crucial period often shared the same audiences, means of expression, and aesthetic tastes—sometimes even the same instruments—she finds it even more curious that art historians and historians of science have worked so separately for so long. Her overarching argument posits that the visual arts and sciences collaborated to birth “a new visual culture [that] redefined what it meant to see and what there was to see” (219). The first part, “Science,” presents the men, institutions, commercial applications, and new urban social practices through which scientific and technological knowledge was created and disseminated. Vega’s discussions of the eighteenth-century concept of “taste” and the modern one of “sociability” are paragons of informed and measured interpretation, linking the arts and sciences through these vehicles of public discourse. One salient point is how the image of the scientist, or “natural philosopher” as he was then called, changed during the 1700s, from a man dependent on mechanical instruments to one who controlled and even invented them. By comparing...

Practice Makes Perfect: Teaching Policy Analysis through Integrated Client-Based Projects

The role of the client in policy analysis has been shifting in the professional field and in academia. In this paper, I reflect on the client orientation of graduate studies in policy analysis. I propose a framework for teaching policy analysis that relies on theoretical foundations but also uses integrated practical application and client-oriented learning throughout the master’s curriculum. I then illustrate the framework’s application through a sample of highly client-integrated graduate programs in public affairs, focusing particularly on the policy analysis curriculum at The New School’s Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy. Evidence suggests that an integrated and continuous client-based approach is the exception; most schools with a client component relegate it to a single capstone at the end of the degree, and few publicize the client work as central to the program. Through a continuous client-based approach, students get repeated practice at real-time policy analysis, learn how to adeptly construct an evidence-based and coherent argument for a variety of issues, and explore ways to confidently communicate their analysis and recommendations succinctly and persuasively in written and verbal form. The integrated client-based curriculum creates value not only for the students, but for the outside clients and the school overall.