Coherence Scale Research Articles

Exploring Sense of Coherence and Death Anxiety among patients with Chronic Illness in Greece

Abstract Introduction Chronic illness often brings about existential concerns, including fear of death, which can significantly impact individuals’ well-being. The concept of sense of coherence provides a framework for understanding how individuals perceive and cope with stressors, including those associated with chronic illness. Purpose This study investigated the correlation between Sense of Coherence, death anxiety, and chronic illness among Greek patients, aiming to understand how these factors interplay. Methods An electronic survey was distributed to chronic illness patients in Greece. Sense of Coherence was measured using the Sense of Coherence scale, while death anxiety was assessed using the Collett-Leste Fear of Death scale. Various chronic conditions were considered, and demographic data were collected. Results The final sample consisted of 118 participants (female 79.7%; death anxiety score=mean109.2, Sd = 19.2; sense of coherence score=mean55.12, Sd = 13.61). Women and the age group of 58-65 years presented higher death anxiety score followed by the group of 34-41 years. No differences were found between genders in terms of sense of coherence. The highest coherence was manifested in the age group of 50-57 years and the lowest in the age group of 42-49 years. A significant negative correlation was observed between sense of coherence and fear of death (rs(118)= -.299, p < .01). Further correlation tests were performed between axes of coherence, which indicated a stronger negative correlation in two of the three axes of the sense of coherence (Manageability and Meaningfulness) and among all the axes of fear of death, beyond the first, which concerns the loss of one’s own life. Conclusions The study suggests that individuals with a stronger sense of coherence experience lower death anxiety. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for tailored patient interventions and support strategies. Key messages • Gender and age-specific variations exist in how people approach and experience disease and mortality. • Understanding patients’ coping mechanisms and perceptions of illness is important in disease management.

Coherence of Multidimensional Pair Production Discharges in Polar Caps of Pulsars

We report on the first self-consistent multidimensional particle-in-cell numerical simulations of nonhomogeneous pair discharges in polar caps of rotation-powered pulsars. By introducing strong inhomogeneities in the initial plasma distribution in our simulations, we analyze the degree of self-consistently emerging coherence of discharges across magnetic field lines. In 2D, we study discharge evolution for a wide range of physical parameters and boundary conditions corresponding to both the absent and free escape of charged particles from the surface of a neutron star. We also present the results of the first 3D simulations of discharges in a polar cap with a distribution of the global magnetospheric current appropriate for a pulsar with 60° inclination angle. For all parameters, we find the coherence scale of pair discharges across magnetic field lines to be of the order of the gap height. We also demonstrate that the popular “spark” model of pair discharges is incompatible with the universally adopted force-free magnetosphere model: intermittent discharges fill the entire zone of the polar cap that allows pair cascades, leaving no space for discharge-free regions. Our findings disprove the key assumption of the spark model about the existence of isolated distinct discharge columns.

Scaling of vertical coherence and logarithmic energy profile for wall-attached eddies during sand and dust storms

High-frequency observation data, including all three components of instantaneous fluctuating velocity, temperature, as well as particulate matter 10 ( $PM_{10}$ ), collected from the unstable atmospheric surface layer at $z/L = -0.11$ and $-$ 0.12, $L$ being the Obukhov length, during sand and dust storms (SDS), were used to explore the scaling of vertical coherence and the logarithmic energy profile for wall-attached eddies. The present results demonstrate good agreement with the self-similar range of the wall-attached features for velocity and temperature components, as well as for $PM_{10}$ at lower heights ( $z<15$ m) during SDS. Following the idea depicted by Davenport (Q. J. R. Meteorol., vol. 372, 1961, pp. 194–211), an empirically derived transfer kernel comprises implicit filtering via a scale-dependent gain and phase, parametrically defined as $|H_L^2(f)|=\exp (c_1-c_2\delta /\lambda _x)$ , where $c_1$ and $c_2$ are parameters, $\delta$ is the boundary layer thickness and $\lambda _x$ is the streamwise wavelength. Linear coherence spectrum analysis is applied as a filter to separate the coherent and incoherent portions. After this separation procedure, the turbulence intensity decay for wall-attached eddies is described in a log–linear manner, which also identifies how the scaling parameter differs between the measured components. These findings present abundant features of wall-attached eddies during SDS which further are used to improve/enrich existing near-wall models.

Work-Related Strain, Sense of Coherence and Intercultural Sensitivity Among Mental Health Nurses in Qatar: ACross-Sectional Study.

Migrant nurses face many challenges as they adapt and assimilate into their new working environments. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the perceptions of work-related strain, sense of coherenceand intercultural sensitivity among nurses who were employed at a public mental health facility in Qatar. We used three self-report questionnaires: the work-related strain inventory, sense of coherence scale and an intercultural sensitivity scale. A cohort of 136 nurses voluntarily engaged in the study. The majority of participants were male, migrated from South Asia and were in their mid-30s. The study found that both sense of coherence and intercultural sensitivity were inversely proportional to work-related strain. Work-related strain was found to be lower than expected; the factors that appear to protect against work-related strain include longer clinical experience, a high sense of coherence, and intercultural sensitivity. Additionally, greater age and extended clinical experience, combined with a history of work in three or more countries, associated with higher scores on the sense of coherence scale. Lastly, being female, having a postgraduate degree and holding a senior-level position were associated with increased intercultural sensitivity. As nurses' migration across national and international borders increases in response to global demand, this study has important implications for nursing administrators, educators and policymakers in relation to the development and implementation of strategies to enhance nurses' sense of coherence and intercultural sensitivity and prevent work-related strain. Trial Registration number: NCT04196751.

Oral health-related quality of life and its association with sense of coherence and social support among Yemeni immigrants in Malaysia

Oral health problems prove to be a significant public health issue due to their high prevalence and their impacts on people’s self-confidence and basic physical functions such as talking, chewing and smiling, all of which affect an individual’s social role. For that, this study aims to determine oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and its association with a sense of coherence (SOC) and perceived social support among Yemeni adults residing in Malaysia. Data was collected from 223 Yemeni adults residing in Malaysia for over a year. The data collection instruments used were: a short version of the sense of coherence Scale (SOC-13), a new short version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-5) questionnaire, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), and a questionnaire containing socio-demographic and oral health behaviours information. Simple and adjusted binary logistic regression analyses with the level of significance p < 0.05 were used to determine the association between the independent factors and OHRQoL. Negative impacts on quality of life due to oral health issues were reported by (57.8%) of the participants, and a statistically significant association between SOC and OHRQoL was found; participants with weak SOC were more likely to have a negative impact on their OHRQol than individuals with strong SOC (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.4–5.5). Additionally, self-assessment of oral health as poor (AOR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.5–14.1) were also associated with a negative impact OHRQoL. On the other hand, this study found that a longer period since the last dentist visit was a protective factor against negative impacts on quality of life (p < 0.05). In terms of perceived social support, no association was found between any categories of perceived social support and OHRQoL. In Conclusion, sense of coherence showed a statistically significant association with OHRQoL, emphasizing psychological factors’ potential role in oral health. The findings support the hypothesis that SOC is a psychosocial determinant that could act as a protective factor against negative impact on OHRQoL.

Self-management Behaviours among Nurses and Midwives during Pregnancy and Associated Factors: A Cross-sectional Study

The high rate of perinatal abnormality among pregnant nurses and midwives attributable to their working environment is a serious international occupational health concern. Self-management behaviours can prevent abnormalities, but nurses and midwives have difficulty carrying out these behaviours during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine self-management behaviours and associated factors during pregnancy among nurses and midwives. The partic­ipants were 232 pregnant or postpartum registered nurses and midwives from four Japanese general hospitals. Participant recruitment and questionnaire distribution were undertaken through hospital management. Data were collected from July to November 2022. Instruments included the Personal Demographic and Obstetric Conditions Questionnaire, the Self-Management Behaviours Questionnaire, the Working Conditions during Pregnancy Questionnaire, the Social and Workplace Support Scale, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and Self-Management Difficulties Scale. Data analysis used univariate and multiple classification analysis. Results indicated that participants demonstrated good compliance with contraindications among self-management behaviours but scored lower in knowledge and self-monitoring, abnormalities prevention, and avoiding burden movements. Multiple classification analyses revealed that parity, profession, overtime, acquisition of maternity protection provisions, managers support, family support, and prioritising the foetus were significantly associated with self-management behaviors. Nursing administrators must provide adequate information and adjust the work of pregnant staff. Policymakers need to propose measures to reinforce maternity protection provisions for pregnant nurses and midwives. Pregnant nurses and midwives need to be proactively educated on occupational health and safety. Learning the importance of acquiring maternity protection provisions, receiving support and prioritising the foetus will contribute to effective self-management practices in them. Further research is needed to promote self-management behaviours among pregnant nurses and midwives.

Gerotranscendence, Hope, and Coherence in the Face of Life Adversity.

Background and Purpose: Older adults are living longer and becoming more diverse. The current study examined the relationship between traumatic life events, hope, coherence, and successful aging in Black and White older adults with at least one chronic health condition, and the influence of life events on gerotranscendence. Methods: Fifty older adults from two senior centers participated. Participants completed the Successful Aging Inventory, Life Events Checklist, Herth Hope Index, and Sense of Coherence Scale. Results: Significant correlations were found between successful aging and gerotranscendence (r = .290; p = .048) and hope (r = .585; p = <.001). Simple linear regression found that Successful Aging Index (SAI) scores significantly predicted gerotranscendence (R2 = .10, F(1, 46) = 5.157, p = .028) and Herth Hope Index scores (R2 = .36, F(1, 46) = 25.850, p <.001). Higher Sense of Coherence (SoC) and Gerotranscendence Scale scores among those with no firsthand trauma experience suggest that experiencing traumatic events firsthand may adversely affect the aging process. Implications: Therefore, exploration of trauma experiences, with mental health referrals as appropriate are clinical implications to consider.

Functional Network Connectivity for Components of Depression-Related Psychological Fragility.

Psychological resilience (PR) is known to be inversely associated with depression. While there is a growing body of research examining how depression alters activity across multiple functional neural networks, how differences in PR affect these networks is largely unexplored. This study examines the relationship between PR and functional connectivity in the alpha and beta bands within (and between) eighteen established cortical nodes in the default mode network, the central executive network, and the salience network. Resting-state EEG data from 99 adult participants (32 depressed, 67 non-depressed) were used to measure the correlation between the five factors of PR sourced from the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and eLORETA-based measures of coherence and phase synchronisation. Distinct functional connectivity patterns were seen across each resilience factor, with a notable absence of overlapping positive results across the depressed and non-depressed samples. These results indicate that depression may modulate how resilience is expressed in terms of fundamental neural activity.

Assessing the dimensionality of the sense of coherence scale (SOC-L9) using Ghanaian university students: Guarding against the method effect

BackgroundThe dimensionality of the sense of coherence (SOC-L9) scale has been in contention due to the varied factor structure revealed in the literature. In this study, we assessed the dimensionality of the SOC-L9 scale using Ghanaian university students while guarding against the method effect. The study also examined the gender measurement invariance of the scale. MethodsThis research conveniently sampled 1062 students who responded to the SOC-L9 scale with negative items reversed to positive items. A larger proportion of the participants were male students (n = 769, 72.4 %), with 293(27.6 %) being female students. The youngest participant was 18 years old, whereas the oldest was 42 years old. Following all validation studies protocols, four distinct confirmatory factor analysis models were fitted and compared (i.e., unidimensional, three-factor first-order, three-factor second-order and bifactor models). ResultsThe initial model comparison revealed that the bifactor CFA model [CFI = 0.958, SRMR = 0.036, AIC = 21231.35, BIC = 21370.45] was superior to the unidimensional [CFI = 0.914, SRMR = 0.046, AIC = 26280.67, BIC = 26414.8] and 3-factor models [CFI = 0.932, SRMR = 0.040, AIC = 26221.67, BIC = 26370.71]. Upon further probing, it was discovered that SOC-L9 functions best as a unidimensional scale for the university student population. Gender measurement invariance was established for configural invariance [CFI = 0.986, SRMR = 0.044], metric invariance [CFI = 0.894, SRMR = 0.051] and scalar invariance [CFI = 0.983, SRMR = 0.047]. ConclusionThe SOC-L9 scale has a nested structure with the various sub-scales interacting to produce a summary total observed score. The structure of the SOC-L9 requires scholars to treat the scale as a unidimensional scale rather than a multidimensional one. This latent structure was found to be consistent with male and female university students.

Validation and Refinement of the Sense of Coherence Scale for a French Population: Observational Study.

Salutogenesis focuses on understanding the factors that contribute to positive health outcomes. At the core of the model lies the sense of coherence (SOC), which plays a crucial role in promoting well-being and resilience. Using the validscale Stata command, we aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the French version of the 3-dimension 13-item SOC questionnaire (SOC-13), encompassing the comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness dimensions. We also aimed to determine if a refined scale, assessed through this method, exhibits superior psychometric properties compared to the SOC-13. A sample of 880 consecutive primary care patients recruited from 35 French practices were asked to complete the SOC-13. We tested for internal consistency and scalability using the Cronbach α and Loevinger H coefficients, respectively, and we tested for construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis and goodness-of-fit indices (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] and comparative fit index [CFI]). Of the 880 eligible patients, 804 (91.4%) agreed to participate (n=527, 65.6% women; median age 51 years). Cronbach α and Loevinger H coefficients for the SOC-13 were all <0.70 and <0.30, respectively, indicating poor internal consistency and poor scalability (0.64 and 0.29 for comprehensibility, 0.56 and 0.26 for manageability, and 0.46 and 0.17 for meaningfulness, respectively). The RMSEA and CFI were >0.06 (0.09) and <0.90 (0.83), respectively, indicating a poor fit. By contrast, the psychometric properties of a unidimensional 8-item version of the SOC questionnaire (SOC-8) were excellent (Cronbach α=0.82, Loevinger H=0.38, RMSEA=0.05, and CFI=0.97). The psychometric properties of the 3-dimension SOC-13 were poor, unlike the unidimensional SOC-8. A questionnaire built only with these 8 items could be a good candidate to measure the SOC. However, further validation studies are needed before recommending its use in research.

Social support and physical literacy in young and middle-aged patients with hypertension: the mediating effects of sense of coherence and self-efficacy

BackgroundDespite the growing recognition of the importance of social support and physical literacy in managing hypertension among young and middle-aged patients, there is a lack of research exploring the mediating effects of sense of coherence and self-efficacy in this relationship. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the interplay between social support, physical literacy, sense of coherence, and self-efficacy, thus contributing to a deeper understanding of effective interventions for hypertension management.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling to survey 280 young and middle-aged patients diagnosed with hypertension from five community settings in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces between January and February 2024. Measurement instruments included the General Information Questionnaire, Physical Literacy Scale for Young and Middle-aged Patients with Hypertension, Sense of Coherence Scale 13, General self-efficacy Scale, and Perception Social Support Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 28.0, with reporting following the STROBE checklist.ResultsA total of 270 valid questionnaires were collected. The total score of physical literacy for young and middle-aged patients with hypertension ranged from 18 to 90, with a mean score of 62.30 ± 13.92, indicating a moderate level. There was a positive correlation between the physical literacy score and the scores of social support (r = 0.557, P<0.01), sense of coherence (r = 0.392, P<0.01), and self-efficacy (r = 0.466, P<0.01) among young and middle-aged patients with hypertension. Furthermore, social support was found to have multiple mediating effects through sense of coherence and self-efficacy on physical literacy.ConclusionThis study sheds light on the interconnectedness of social support, physical literacy, sense of coherence, and self-efficacy among young and middle-aged patients with hypertension. The findings underscore the importance of considering these factors holistically in hypertension management strategies.

Quadrature coherence scale of linear combinations of Gaussian functions in phase space

Quadrature coherence scale of linear combinations of Gaussian functions in phase space

Enhancing Oral Health via the Sense of Coherence Approach Among Adult Patients at University Dental Hospital.

The purpose of the study was to assess the sense of coherence and its relationship with oral health and other study variables among adult patients at university dental hospital. This cross-sectional study included adult patients visiting the Dental Hospital of the College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam. Sense of coherence was determined by Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence scale (SOC-13), which consists of 13 items on a 7-point Likert. DMFT index, plaque index, gingival index, and simplified oral hygiene index were used to evaluate the oral health of study participants. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed, and 0.05 level of significance was used in the study. The study included the data of 558 participants with a mean age of 32.19±10.11 years. The mean score of SOC was 52.77±13.11, which was significantly higher in high-income participants (P <0.001), participants without a medical condition (P=0.021), non-smokers (P <0.001), and those who visited the dentist in less than one year (P=0.028). Bivariate analysis showed statistically significant negative correlations between SOC and DMFT index (P=0.002), SOC and plaque index (P <0.001), SOC and gingival index (P=0.002), and SOC and simplified oral hygiene index (P=0.001). Multivariable analysis also showed that SOC was significantly correlated with DMFT index (P=0.001), plaque index (P <0.001), gingival index (P <0.001), and oral hygiene index (P=0.004) after controlling for age, gender, education, and monthly income. This study found that high-income and healthy participants, non-smokers, and those who visited the dental office during the last one year demonstrated significantly higher SOC. In addition, there was a statistically significant correlation between SOC and oral health. These study findings highlight the importance of raising awareness about SOC to improve oral health outcomes in adult patients.

Moderating Role of Sense of Coherence on the Relationship between Grief and Embitterment among Women's Experiences Fetal Demise/Spontaneous Abortion

A time of anticipation and support, bearing a child is an emotional journey defined by the promise and certainty of new life. However, some individuals and couples have a deep and often tragic experience in the middle of this joy and expectation: fetal demise/ spontaneous abortion. The intention of the current study is to examine the association between grief and embitterment for females who have undergone fetal demise/ spontaneous abortion. The study also aims to explore the buffering impact of a sense of coherence on the association between grief and embitterment. Data from 200 married women who experienced fetal demise/ spontaneous abortion was collected in person and online by using a purposive sampling technique. For data collection, three reliable scales were used, namely the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) for grief, the Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale (PTED) for embitterment, and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale for measuring sense of coherence. Results of the study suggest a positive relationship between grief and embitterment. As grief increases, embitterment also increases. Sense of Coherence helps to decrease the impact of embitterment. Sense of Coherence significantly moderates the association between grief and embitterment. The study implications were examined.

Zasoby psychologiczne w radzeniu sobie ze stresem doświadczanym przez żołnierzy biorących udział w misjach

Introduction and objectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the level of the sense of coherence and stress coping strategies among the homecoming participants of foreign military missions. Due to the nature of peacekeeping and stabilising missions and the tasks performed by their participants, the ability to cope with a stressful situation in the face of danger is crucial, not only for the sake of their health, but most of all due to its significant impact on collective security.Material and methodsConverted values of the scores obtained in the Polish adaptation of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations by Szczepanik, Strelau and Wrześniewski were used as indicators for stress coping styles (a dependent variable). The results received in Antonovsky’s Orientation to Life Questionnaire (Sense of Coherence Scale, SOC-29) were employed as indicators for the sense of coherence (an independent variable).ResultsThe stronger the sense of coherence, the more likely the respondent to choose the task-oriented coping style. Owing to cognitive transformations, a difficult situation is interpreted as a challenge that can be coped with by a given person, who then makes efforts to solve the problem.ConclusionsThe research clearly shows that: (1) a strong sense of coherence significantly reduces the level of perceived stress and has a decisive impact on the choice of the preferred coping style; (2) the sense of coherence determines the choice of the preferred stress coping style; (3) individuals with a strong sense of coherence perceive stressors as challenges rather than threats; (4) individuals with a low sense of coherence tend to focus their energy on negative emotions and engage in activities of a definitely unhealthy nature (smoking, alcohol consumption).

The Childbearing sense of coherence scale (CSOC-scale): development and validation

Backgroundthe salutogenic theory is essential to explain an individual’s ability to maintain health during the perinatal period. While previous studies mainly focused on the perspectives from a family-level orientation and a global orientation, the purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a scale, the childbearing sense of coherence scale (CSOC-scale) from the individual’s perceptions of the stresses, resources, and meaningfulness of childbearing.MethodsA total of 3 separate studies contributed to the development of the CSOC-scale between July 2022 and February 2023. In study 1, the initial item pool based on the conceptual framework of the childbearing sense of coherence and the salutogenic theory was developed. Delphi expert consultation was conducted to revise and improve items. Studies 2 and 3 were cross-sectional studies. In study 2, item analysis and explore factor analysis (EFA) (N = 351 for women, N = 256 for men) were used to screen items. In study 3, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis (N = 366 for women, N = 308 for men) were used to test the fit indices and reliability of the final scale.Resultsfinal analysis suggested the CSOC-scale includes three factors, consisting of 13 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit (χ2 = 157.448, df = 62, χ2/ df = 2.539, RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.968, SRMR = 0.029 for women; χ2 = 181.363, df = 62, χ2/ df = 2.925, RMSEA = 0.079, CFI = 0.968, TLI = 0.960, SRMR = 0.033 for men) and high factor loadings (from 0.751 to 0.929 for women; from 0.746 to 0.947 for men). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α ranging from 0.895 to 0.933 for women and 0.881 to 0.945 for men in three dimensions; Cronbach’s α was 0.919 for women and 0.821 for men in the entire instrument) and split-half reliability (Spearman-Brown coefficients ranging from 0.876 to 0.921 for women and 0.841 to 0.937 for men in three dimensions; Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.744 for women and 0.785 for men in the entire instrument) were excellent.Conclusionsthe CSOC-scale has robust psychometric properties. It is reliable and valid in evaluating the childbearing sense of coherence in women and men during pregnancy. Utilisation of this scale can help healthcare professionals understand the health maintenance competencies of couples during the transition of parenthood and provide health promotion services from a salutogenic perspective.

The mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between the light triad of personality and sense of concordance with treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network analysis and structural equation modeling study

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship among treatment adherence, the light triad of personality, self-coherence, and psychological well-being in individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to elucidate the direct and mediated pathways linking these variables, while network analysis sought to identify and characterize the underlying factors of the light triad of personality within the context of T2DM management. MethodA path analysis-network analysis study using convenience sampling was conducted, recruiting 412 T2DM patients from ten private practices and general hospitals in Gilan province, Iran. Data collection utilized Antonovsky's Self of Coherence scale (SOC), The Light Triad Rating Scale, and The Reef's Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling assessed model fitness and determined direct and indirect links between variables. Analysis was conducted using R-Studio software (Version 4.2.1), SPSS (V.26), and AMOS software (V.24). ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis and network analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the Light Triad of Personality scale. Direct impacts of Light Triad of Personality (β = 0.34, p < .001) and self-coherence (β = 0.32, p < .001) on treatment adherence were observed. Psychological well-being played an indirect role in this relationship, with significant effects from Light Triad of Personality (β = 0.25, p < .001) and self-coherence (β = 0.08, p < .001) on treatment adherence. Bootstrapped exploratory graph analysis revealed an average of 3 dimensions within the network, indicating community structures. ConclusionSEM analysis demonstrated good model fit, suggesting the importance of designing interventional programs incorporating self-coherence and psychological well-being frameworks to enhance treatment adherence in T2DM patients.

Solution of the dark matter riddle within standard model physics: from black holes, galaxies and clusters to cosmology

It is postulated that the energy density of the (quantum) vacuum acts firstly as dark energy and secondly as a part of dark matter. Assisted by electric fields arising from a small charge mismatch in the cosmic plasma, it can condense on mass concentrations. No longer participating in the cosmic expansion, this constitutes “electro-aether-energy” (EAE), “electro-zero-point-energy” or “electro-vacuum-energy”, which solves the dark matter riddle without new physics. A radial electric field of 1 kV/m is predicted in the Galaxy. For proper electric fields, EAE can cover the results deduced with MOND. An instability allows a speedy filling of dark matter cores. Hydrostatic equilibrium in galaxy clusters is obeyed. Flowing in aether energy of explains why black holes become supermassive, do not have mass gaps and overcome the final parsec problem. Rupture of charged clouds reduces, e.g., the primordial baryon cloud to the cosmic web. The large coherence scale of the electric field acts as a scaffold for gentle galaxy formation and their vast polar structures. In galaxy merging and bars, there occurs no dynamical friction. At cosmological scales, EAE acts as pressureless dark matter. Its amount increases in time, which likely solves the Hubble tension by its late time physics. A big crunch can occur. Of the large cosmological constant injected at the Big Bang, a small part kept that form, without fine-tuning.

Scale-resolving simulations of turbulent flows with coherent structures: Toward cut-off dependent data-driven closure modeling

Complex turbulent flows with large-scale instabilities and coherent structures pose challenges to both traditional and data-driven Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes methods. The difficulty arises due to the strong flow-dependence (the non-universality) of the unsteady coherent structures, which translates to poor generalizability of data-driven models. It is well-accepted that the dynamically active coherent structures reside in the larger scales, while the smaller scales of turbulence exhibit more “universal” (generalizable) characteristics. In such flows, it is prudent to separate the treatment of the flow-dependent aspects from the universal features of the turbulence field. Scale resolving simulations (SRS), such as the partially averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) method, seek to resolve the flow-dependent coherent scales of motion and model only the universal stochastic features. Such an approach requires the development of scale-sensitive turbulence closures that not only allow for generalizability but also exhibit appropriate dependence on the cut-off length scale. The objectives of this work are to (i) establish the physical characteristics of cut-off dependent closures in stochastic turbulence; (ii) develop a procedure for subfilter stress neural network development at different cut-offs using high-fidelity data; and (iii) examine the optimal approach for the incorporation of the unsteady features in the network for consistent a posteriori use. The scale-dependent closure physics analysis is performed in the context of the PANS approach, but the technique can be extended to other SRS methods. The benchmark “flow past periodic hills” case is considered for proof of concept. The appropriate self-similarity parameters for incorporating unsteady features are identified. The study demonstrates that when the subfilter data are suitably normalized, the machine learning based SRS model is indeed insensitive to the cut-off scale.

The sense of coherence scale: psychometric properties in a representative sample of the Czech adult population

BackgroundSense of coherence (SOC) is a personal resource that reflects the extent to which one perceives the world as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. Decades of empirical research consistently show that SOC is an important protective resource for health and well-being. Despite the extensive use of the 13-item measure of SOC, there remains uncertainty regarding its factorial structure. Additionally, a valid and reliable Czech version of the scale is lacking. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the SOC-13 scale in a representative sample of Czech adults.MethodsAn online survey was completed by 498 Czech adults (18–86 years old) between November 2021 and December 2021. We used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factorial structure of the scale. Further, we examined the variations in SOC based on age and gender, and we tested the criterion validity of the scale using the short form of the Mental Health Continuum (MHC) scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale as mental health outcomes.ResultsSOC-13 showed an acceptable one- and three-factor fit only with specified residual covariance between items 2 and 3. We tested alternative short versions by systematically removing poorly performing items. The fit significantly improved for all shorter versions with SOC-9 having the best psychometric properties with a clear one-factorialstructure. We found that SOC increases with age and males score higher than females. SOC showed a moderately strong positive correlation with MHC, and a moderately strong negative correlation with GAD. These findings were similar for all tested versions supporting the criterion validity of the SOC scale.ConclusionOur findings suggest that shortened versions of the SOC-13 scale have better psychometric properties than the original 13-item version in the Czech adult population. Particularly, SOC-9 emerges as a viable alternative, showing comparable reliability and validity as the 13-item version and a clear one-factorial structure in our sample.