Cognitive Style Research Articles

Students' Critical Thinking in Solving Numeracy Problems: A Case Study of Students with High Self-Efficacy

Critical thinking is a 21st century skill that allows students to think reflectively and reason in making decisions. Students' critical thinking influences success in solving numeracy problems. This study aims to explain the ability to think critically in solving numeracy problems with high self-efficacy. The study employed a qualitative approach and phenomenological method. Data collection involved the use of the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), self-efficacy questionnaires, and numeracy assessments in mathematics, specifically on topics related to cubes and rectangular prisms. Data analysis comprised data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Based on GEFT and self-efficacy questionnaire results, one class V-B student with a field-dependent cognitive style and high self-efficacy was selected for further critical thinking skills assessment. Based on the results the student with a field-dependent cognitive style and high self-efficacy demonstrated notable strengths. In the process of basic clarification, the student met the indicators for analyzing arguments and formulating statements, effectively presenting their arguments. When providing reasons for decisions, the student showed the ability to consider the credibility of sources by selecting appropriate problem-solving strategies. However, she occasionally made calculation errors due to inaccuracy. In the process of concluding, the student met the indicators for making and evaluating decisions, successfully composing conclusion sentences that aligned with the problems and final answers. Students with field dependent cognitive style and high self efficacy are able to fulfill all indicators of critical thinking by using their ability to solve critical thinking problems. He excelled in verbal ability at the time of the interview by explaining the argument of the problem and the answer, but his weakness is less thorough in working so that the results obtained are less precise.

Factors influencing high-tech startup business model innovation in China: A systematic literature review

Business model innovation (BMI) has garnered substantial academic and corporate attention in recent decades. Researchers have not yet agreed on the most complicated BMI practices in the high-tech startups (HTS). Despite being the second-biggest economy in the world today, China has done little research on the practice of business model innovation in China’s high-tech startups. This study addresses the factors that impact the business model innovation of high-tech startups in China. Our study aims to fill the research gap by visualising and analysing, using systematic literature review (SLR) analyses and reviewing 36 in-depth articles, from 688 academic literature sources. Relevant publications from Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and the JDM e-library expose the current research status from 2013 to December 2023 without bias. We conducted a literature-based investigation to identify essential insights on the BMI factors in the literature and derived a high-tech startup’s BMI critical factor. Our study shows that three main factors affect the innovation of business models in high-tech startups in China. The findings raise managers’, entrepreneurs’, and executives’ knowledge of corporate resource bricolage and cognitive style constraints in business model innovation and their pros and cons. The findings will help Chinese academics understand enterprises’ institutional environment and resource bricolage as final suggestions and proposals for corporates, regulators, and policymakers are presented.

ANALISIS PENALARAN ADAPTIF SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL LITERASI MATEMATIKA TERINTEGRASI ISLAM DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF

This research was conducted to determine students' adaptive reasoning in solving Islamic integrated mathematical literacy questions based on cognitive style. This research uses an exploratory qualitative approach with a phenomenological nature. The subjects of this research consisted of 6 students from class VIII Islamic Junior High School Al-Faqih Nganjuk which consists of 3 field dependent type students and 3 field independent type students. Data collection was carried out by administering adaptive reasoning tests and interviews. The data obtained was transcribed and then analyzed based on the adaptive reasoning indicators of Killpatrick et al.'s theory. which consists of making conjectures, giving reasons for a statement, drawing conclusions from a statement, checking the validity of an argument, and finding patterns in mathematical phenomena. Based on data analysis from 6 subjects with different cognitive styles, differences were found in their adaptive reasoning. Students with a field dependent cognitive style do not meet the adaptive reasoning indicators in solving Islamic integrated mathematical literacy questions. They are only able to fulfill 3-4 indicators out of 5 indicators of adaptive reasoning. Meanwhile, students with a field independent cognitive style fulfill the adaptive reasoning indicators in solving Islamic integrated mathematics literacy problems.

ANALISIS LITERASI MATEMATIS SISWA SMP DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL ALJABAR BERORIENTASI AKM NUMERASI DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF

The aims in this research is to identify the mathematical literacy skill of student based on cognitive style, specifically field independent (FI) and field dependent (FD), in solving AKM numeracy oriented problems in algebra content on SPLDV material. Descriptive qualitative are applied as the method with data collected through written test, interview, and documentation, validated using triangulation technique. The study use three main stages in data analysis: reducing data, presenting data, and make conclusion. The findings show that field independent student excel in various mathematical literacy indicator compared to field dependent students, including communications skill, devising strategies for solving problems, reasoning and argument, using symbolic, operations, technical language and formal language. However, field independent student still face challenges in mathematization and representation, especially in non-routine problems. Meanwhile, field dependent student have advantages in mathematical literacy indicators such as communications skill, reasoning and argument, using symbolic, operations technical language and formal language, thus requiring more assistance and explanations to achieve the same result as field independent students.

A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of 30 years of stress generation research: Clinical, psychological, and sociodemographic risk and protective factors for prospective negative life events.

Stress generation posits that (a) individuals at-risk for psychopathology may inadvertently experience higher rates of prospective dependent stress (i.e., stressors that are in part influenced by their thoughts and behaviors) but not independent stress (i.e., stressors occurring outside their influence), and (b) this elevated dependent stress, in some measure, is what places these individuals at-risk for future psychopathology. In recognition of 30 years of stress generation research, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (102 articles with 104 eligible studies, N = 31,541). Generally strong support was found for psychopathology predicting dependent stress (e.g., dsOverall psychopathology = 0.36-0.52, BF₁₀ = 946.00 to 4.65 × 10¹⁸). Moderator analyses for dependent stress revealed larger effects for briefer assessments periods, shorter follow-ups, and self-report measures than for interviews. Among risk factors, depressogenic cognitive styles (ds = .26-.50, BF₁₀ = 47.50 to 1.00 × 10⁵) and general interpersonal vulnerability (ds = .26-.44, BF₁₀ = 2.72 to 2708.00) received the strongest support as stress generation mechanisms, and current evidence is modest for protective factors predicting dependent stress. Overall, larger effects were generally found for prospective prediction of dependent stress than independent stress. Evaluations of mediation in the research literature were relatively few, limiting the current review to qualitative analysis of the mediation component of stress generation. General support was found, however, for dependent stress as a mediator for psychopathology and associated risk factors in relation to subsequent psychopathology. The current review ends with recommendations for future research and integration of stress generation within minority stress frameworks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Brain energy metabolism as an underlying basis of slow and fast cognitive phenotypes in honeybees.

In the context of slow-fast behavioral variation, fast individuals are hypothesized to be those who prioritize speed over accuracy while slow individuals are those which do the opposite. Since energy metabolism is a critical component of neural and cognitive functioning, this predicts such differences in cognitive style to be reflected at the level of the brain. We tested this idea in honeybees by first classifying individuals into slow and fast cognitive phenotypes based on a learning assay and then measuring their brain respiration with high-resolution respirometry. Our results broadly show that inter-individual differences in cognition are reflected in differences in brain mass and accompanying energy use at the level of the brain and the whole animal. Larger brains had lower mass-specific energy usage and bees with larger brains had a higher metabolic rate. These differences in brain respiration and brain mass were, in turn, associated with cognitive differences, such that bees with larger brains were fast cognitive phenotypes whereas those with smaller brains were slow cognitive phenotypes. We discuss these results in the context of the role of energy in brain functioning and slow-fast decision making and speed accuracy trade-off.

Chemistry Students’ Cognitive Styles and Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools in Nigeria

Chemistry Students’ Cognitive Styles and Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools in Nigeria

Analysis of Open-Ended Problem-Solving Ability in Mathematics in Terms of Cognitive Style

Problem-solving ability is a fundamental skill. Problem-solving is an effort to find a way out of a difficulty to achieve a goal to be achieved. There are 4 stages in solving problems as follows: understanding the problem, planning a solution, implementing the plan, and checking back. This research method uses a qualitative approach. The goal is to explain the ability of open-ended problem-solving mathematics students in terms of cognitive style type Field Independent and Field Dependent. Selection of the subject of this study using cognitive style test instrument Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT). The results of this study showed that the FI subject was able to answer correctly without any doubt and was able to answer the question independently while the FD subject was able to answer the question there was doubt but answered correctly and when answering the question asked the researcher.

Influence of Cognitive Style on Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Physics Material

This research aims to determine the influence of cognitive style on students' critical thinking abilities. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a factorial design research design. The research subjects consisted of class XI MAN 1 Central Lombok students who were divided into experimental classes and control classes. The experimental class uses the PBL model, while the control class uses a conventional learning model. Research instruments include critical thinking ability tests and the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) cognitive style test. Before the critical thinking ability test instrument is given, a test of the instrument is first carried out, namely a validity and reliability test. level of difficulty, and distinguishing power. The research results show that the significant level value is 0.001 which is smaller than α which is equal to 0.05 (0.000<0.05). These findings indicate that there is an influence of cognitive style on students' critical thinking abilities.

Enhancing pilot vigilance assessment: The role of flight data and continuous performance test in detecting random attention loss in short IFR flights

Situational awareness (SA) and fatigue management are crucial aspects of aviation safety, particularly during demanding flight phases. This study introduces an innovative approach employing flight data, machine learning, and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) metrics to predict pilot performance and SA during instrument approaches under Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Data were collected from over 10 pilots across more than 40 flights in a high-fidelity Cessna 172 analog flight simulator.Significant correlations were observed between dynamic cognitive performance parameters and the exceedance shape factor, a novel measure of pilot sustained attention introduced in this research. Key variables identified through correlation analysis included variability, interstimulus change, and reaction time standard deviation.Importantly, commission scores and reaction time standard deviation emerged as key predictors in the machine learning model, specifically the Optimizable Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model with a radial basis function kernel. The model achieved a validation R-squared of 0.90 and a test R-squared of 0.70. These systems could incorporate additional data sources, such as eye-tracking and scan pattern analysis, for a better assessment of pilot SA and fatigue levels. While post-flight measurements are inherently reactive, they are effective for monitoring the degradation of pilot CPT scores after each leg of high-frequency, short-duration flights.Notable limitations include the need to understand individual cognitive differences among pilots, such as age, experience, and cognitive style. The predictive model also requires validation in actual flight conditions to determine its ecological validity. Future research should aim to address these limitations, generalize the findings, and integrate CPT data with other sensor inputs to provide a more comprehensive understanding of pilot performance.

The Implementation of Differentiated Instruction in Mathematics Learning to Overcome Differences in Students’ Cognitive Styles

Differentiated instruction has emerged as a crucial issue in education to address the varying needs of students in the classroom, specifically in mathematics subjects at the junior high school level. This approach highlights the importance of tailoring learning strategies to meet the distinctive needs of each student, taking into account their cognitive style, interests, and level of learning readiness. This study aimed to describe the implementation of the differentiated instruction model. This study employed a descriptive-qualitative approach, with an observation sheet as an instrument for data collection. Data analysis involved data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions, along with validity testing using triangulation techniques. The results showed that the teacher’s implementation of differentiated instruction increased significantly between the first and second meetings, with the percentage of implementations increasing from 85.71% to 92.86%. Students demonstrated various responses based on their cognitive styles: reflective students showed a high level of organization and self-confidence; impulsive students were prompt in providing answers but less accurate; and slow-inaccurate students required more time to process information and frequently made mistakes. The implementation of the differentiated instruction strategy at State Junior High School (SMPN) 2 Sumbergempol has been proven to improve the quality of mathematics learning. This approach can serve as a valuable model for other schools seeking to improve their teaching methods. It was suggested that further research could be carried out over an extended period with long-term impact evaluations, as well as additional training for teachers to implement differentiated instruction strategies effectively.

Cognitive Emotion Regulation Styles and the Impulsive Behavior of Patients with Substance Use Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cognitive Emotion Regulation Styles and the Impulsive Behavior of Patients with Substance Use Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Seeing is believing: Implications of the dreamlike cognitive style for waking spontaneous thought and psychopathology

The intuitive experience of dreaming is that we “see” something with our mind’s eye and react to it. Indeed, dream formation conceptualizations have often focused on the visual image-to-verbal thought direction of causality, inspired by bottom-up models of perception. However, despite being experienced as external to us, the dream environment is internally generated, meaning that dreams are more like imagination than perception. Dream thoughts (experienced with a sense of agency or selfhood) also affect subsequent dream images (experienced as non-agentive or external to one’s self). Thus, oneiric experiences are made up of reciprocal, continuous, moment-to-moment influences between the dream and the dreamer: visual images and verbal, abstract, or otherwise imageless thoughts. During wakefulness, a dreamlike cognitive processing dynamic of ever-changing meaningful image-thought-image momentary associations coupled with reduced agentive control of images may be present to a greater or lesser extent. Non-agentive visual images as a significant driving force in one’s spontaneous mental activity may relate to individual differences in fantasy proneness, suggestibility, dissociative absorption, or imagination tendencies. This feature carries implications for the field of spontaneous thought. Off-task thinking, or mind-wandering, are non-specific labels that may be used to denote internally generated mentation. Considering the tendency for dreamlike associations may represent a specific distinction, which may be relevant for understanding psychopathology. Whereas some individuals may find themselves distracted by abstract or semantic associations (e.g., verbal self-derogatory inner speech), others may find themselves drawn to intrusive—or alluring—visual images, which may interact significantly with their verbal thoughts and associations and even be experienced with decreased sense of agency. This may occur in obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorders, or maladaptive daydreaming, suggesting that clinicians need to pay attention to their clients’ spontaneous visual imagery. If a picture is worth a thousand words and seeing is believing, psychologists should be curious of how a visual thinking style may impact mental health.

The Effects of Different Text Design and Learner Cognitive Style on Learning Effectiveness and Appeal

The Effects of Different Text Design and Learner Cognitive Style on Learning Effectiveness and Appeal

Foreign Language Learners' Uncertainty Experiences and Uncertainty Management.

Uncertainty is unavoidable in life; it is also an indispensable characteristic of educational settings. The process of learning a foreign language naturally involves interaction and coconstruction of knowledge. During this process, students may encounter uncertainty from a variety of sources, including the course, context, friends, or the teacher. Besides, to communicate meaningfully, the mutual effort of both the listener and the speaker is needed to deal with uncertainty. Considering this, the present study makes an effort to comprehend how learners appreciate and manage uncertainty in language learning environments. Although uncertainty is considered a multidisciplinary research topic, a limited number of studies are found in the literature which examine how students experience uncertainty and how they react to it. Regarding foreign language learning, related research focused on a specific form of uncertainty, Tolerance of Ambiguity, which is conceptualized as a cognitive style. In-class pen-and-paper surveys, reflective journals, video recordings, and stimulated recall interviews were the instruments used to gather data. The findings demonstrate that language learners frequently encounter uncertainty during the language learning process due to course-related, cognitive, and social factors, and learners may appreciate uncertainty in both positive and negative ways. Additionally, learners' emotional reactions to uncertainty depend on their positive or negative appraisals of uncertain situations. By recognizing and embracing uncertainty, language learners will adapt to it and be able to handle it through a variety of techniques. The results suggest that learners employ a variety of strategies, such as reducing, maintaining, and resolving uncertainty as well as ignoring uncertainty.

Students' Mathematical Literacy in Solving PISA Model Questions: A Case Study of Systematic and Intuitive Cognitive Style

This research is a qualitative descriptive study that aims to describe the mathematical literacy of high school students with a systematic and intuitive cognitive style in solving PISA model questions. The cognitive style test, cognitive style inventory, and mathematics ability test were used to select research subjects. One student with a systematic cognitive style and one with an intuitive cognitive style were selected with equivalent mathematical abilities and the same gender. The results of the mathematical literacy test and test-based interviews were used to collect data on students' mathematical literacy. Time triangulation was used to test the credibility of the findings obtained. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that in formulating problems, systematic students identify the information obtained from the two questions in more detail and are more careful in understanding the questions, while intuitive students identify the necessary information to solve the problem in general. In applying problems, systematic students design and use strategies to find solutions, identifying known information from the problem first, while intuitive students create and use strategies to find solutions and solve problems using the concept of comparison. For the interpreting aspect, the two students reinterpreted the mathematical results they obtained into contextual problems, stated the truth of the answers they obtained, and provided arguments to support their answers.

Exploration correlates with dietary choosiness and avoidance learning style in a generalist predator

Abstract The hypothesis of slow-fast syndromes predicts a correlation between personality type and learning style; fast explorers would have a more proactive (fast but inflexible) learning style whereas slow explorers would be more reactive (slow but flexible) learners. Empirical evidence for this personality-cognition coupling remains inconclusive and heavily biased towards birds. Moreover, most studies did not examine the personality-cognition correlation when the cognitive task is discerning food quality, a scenario directly related to energy acquisition that underpins the evolution of slow-fast syndromes. In this study, we examined the exploration-cognition correlation in the context of avoidance learning in an opportunistic predator - the common sun skink Eutropis multifasciata. We quantified exploration tendencies of individuals in an unfamiliar environment and compared foraging behaviors when lizards associated prey color and taste during the initial learning trials and subsequent reverse learning trials, where the color-taste associations were switched. We found that fast explorers were less choosy and modified their foraging behaviors less with experience, conforming to a more proactive cognitive style. In contrast, slow explorers were reactive learners and were able to change foraging behaviors in both learning and reverse learning phases, even though the ability to do so depended on the color-taste treatment. Contrary to conventional predictions, the proactive-reactive learning styles in our focal species was not differentiated by a learning speed-flexibility trade-off. Our findings offer nuanced support to the slow-fast syndromes and suggest that the two types of exploration-cognition correlations could be different responses to fast-changing environmental predictability.

Entrepreneurial thinking: rational vs intuitive

PurposeIntentions are central to entrepreneurial thinking and thus entrepreneurial action yet we have not explored the different pathways of how intent evolves. How does an easily assessed measure of cognitive style influence how entrepreneurs develop their intentions?Design/methodology/approachWe examine how cognitive style interacts with entrepreneurial intentions testing the model separately with subjects scoring as Intuitives or Analytics on cognitive style, plus nationality and gender as covariates with entrepreneurial intensity as a prospective moderator, using 528 university students from Norway, Russia and Finland.FindingsCognitive style does moderate the intentions model. For intuitives, country influenced social norms and entrepreneurial intensity proved a moderator. For analytics, neither perceived desirability, country, nor entrepreneurial intensity were significant.Research limitations/implicationsWe will replicate these findings in different samples, especially non-WEIRD settings. It will also be useful to test alternate measures of cognitive style and other likely moderators.Practical implicationsWe offer diagnostics for educators and ecosystem actors given that our findings suggest intriguing differences in the entrepreneurial mindset.Social implicationsUnderstanding multiple pathways exist to entrepreneurial intent and thus action helps policymakers and entrepreneurial champions better able to help nurture entrepreneurs and thus entrepreneurship in their communities.Originality/valueCognitive style has dramatic effects on the specification of the formal intentions model arguing for multiple pathways to entrepreneurial intent. For example, two entrepreneurs might arrive at the same intention but through very different processes because they differ in cognitive style.

Mathematical Literacy In Solving Hots-Based Problems On Spldv Material In Terms of Cognitive Style

The concept of mathematical aptitude pertains to an individual's capacity to articulate, elucidate, and employ mathematical principles in everyday scenarios. This investigation stemmed from concerns surrounding substandard levels of mathematical literacy, potentially stemming from students' inability to meet established benchmarks. The primary objective of this inquiry was to evaluate students' mathematical acumen in tackling HOTS-based challenges linked to SPLDV materials, while considering their cognitive inclinations. Employing a qualitative framework with a descriptive approach, the study centered on four eighth-grade students from SMP Negeri 3 Colomadu, comprising two individuals exhibiting a field-dependent cognitive style and two with a field-independent cognitive orientation. Data on the participants' mathematical proficiencies were gathered through a combination of assessment tools and interviews, complemented by a cognitive style questionnaire. The validity of the data was fortified through triangulation methodologies. Analysis ensued through three distinct phases: data reduction, presentation, and synthesis. The results showed that students with Field Dependent cognitive style type only fulfill one indicator of mathematical literacy, namely communication. While students with cognitive style type Field Independent able to meet all indicators of mathematical literacy well include communication, mathematization, representation, reasoning and argumentation, designing strategies to solve problems, as well as the use of operations, symbols, formal, and technical.

Evidence-based scientific thinking and decision-making in everyday life.

In today's knowledge economy, it is critical to make decisions based on high-quality evidence. Science-related decision-making is thought to rely on a complex interplay of reasoning skills, cognitive styles, attitudes, and motivations toward information. By investigating the relationship between individual differences and behaviors related to evidence-based decision-making, our aim was to better understand how adults engage with scientific information in everyday life. First, we used a data-driven exploratory approach to identify four latent factors in a large set of measures related to cognitive skills and epistemic attitudes. The resulting structure suggests that key factors include curiosity and positive attitudes toward science, prosociality, cognitive skills, and openmindedness to new information. Second, we investigated whether these factors predicted behavior in a naturalistic decision-making task. In the task, participants were introduced to a real science-related petition and were asked to read six online articles related to the petition, which varied in scientific quality, while deciding how to vote. We demonstrate that curiosity and positive science attitudes, cognitive flexibility, prosociality and emotional states, were related to engaging with information and discernment of evidence reliability. We further found that that social authority is a powerful cue for source credibility, even above the actual quality and relevance of the sources. Our results highlight that individual motivating factors toward information engagement, like curiosity, and social factors such as social authority are important drivers of how adults judge the credibility of everyday sources of scientific information.