Cognitive Limitations Research Articles

Unveiling a Novel THOC2 Mutation's Role in X-linked Intellectual Disability

Background: Intellectual disabilities encompass a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders profoundly impacting an individual's cognitive abilities, adaptive behaviors, and communication skills. This article delves into the complex challenges encountered by an individual with intellectual disability, particularly examining the interplay between cognitive limitations and speech difficulties, while presenting a case report detailing the experience of a son within a non-consanguineous family diagnosed with intellectual disability due to a new genetic defect in THOC2, thereby contributing significantly to our comprehension of THOC2-related pathogenic variants. Case presentation: A 14-year-old boy from a non-consanguineous Iranian family presented with significant challenges in academics, communication, and adaptive skills, accompanied by speech problems and exhibiting distinctive physical characteristics. The exome-sequencing analysis revealed a novel hemizygous c.1559+5A>T mutation located in intron 14 (NM_001081550.2) within the THOC2 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing further confirmed the mother as a carrier of the mutation, although she remains in good health, while the father exhibits a normal genotype. This delineates an X-linked inheritance pattern, shedding light on the familial transmission of the identified genetic anomaly. Conclusion: The precise identification of the c.1559+5A>T splicing mutation in the THOC2 gene, achieved through exome-sequencing, conclusively diagnoses X-linked intellectual disability in our patient. This breakthrough not only unravels the molecular intricacies contributing to intellectual disability but also underscores the urgency for accurate and swift disease diagnosis.

The Public Sphere Is “Too Darn Hot”: Social Identity Complexity as a Basis for Authentic Communication

A growing body of research suggests that the contemporary media environment enables motivated reasoning, which intensifies affective polarization. This is especially the case in the U.S., where elections are capital-intensive and media are largely commercially owned. From a normative perspective, these commercial forces may interfere with authentic communication by hijacking the “lifeworld” and thus undermining the sincerity of our speech. From a psychological and empirical perspective, this means we are an affective public steeping in “hot cognitions” that unconsciously motivate us toward processing (mis)information in biased and distorted ways. This kind of cognitive limitation intensifies as current affairs heat up, but starts well before, as a function of media market boundaries aligning with human psychology. Through a synthetic literature review of theory and empirical research, this essay argues that “social identity complexity” may help to overcome some of the worst outcomes of motivated reasoning, pointing toward a developmental basis for more authentic communication in the public sphere.

The limit of human intelligence

In 1998, Fields medallist Stephen Smale [Smale (1998) [1]] proposed his famous eighteen problems to the mathematicians of this century. The statement of his eighteenth problem is simple but very important. The statement of his problem is, “What are the limits of intelligence, both artificial and human?”. To answer the limit of human intelligence, in this paper, we introduce cognitive-consequence space and cognitive-consequence topology, and mainly prove that deductive and non-deductive parts of a human mind will never be empty. It proves a human being will continue to think and solve problems using both deductive and non-deductive inferences as long as they are alive. Hence, we conclude that human intelligence is limitless. We also introduce cognitive closure, cognitive similarity distance, cognitive limit point, cognitive-continuous function, consequence ideal, consequence filter, Gödel's incompleteness black hole, and study related properties. We also provide suitable justifications to show that cognitive consequence topological space is not similar to that of any existing topological space because it connects cognitive space and consequence operator in one frame to find the limit of human intelligence. Moreover, we also provide justifications to state that artificial intelligence has limitations. Thus, we conclude that human intelligence will always remain superior to artificial intelligence.

Therapeutic Recreation Support Practice: Children Saving Dormitory Camps

Therapeutic recreation is a process that supports individuals with physical, cognitive, emotional, and social limitations to increase their skills, knowledge, and behaviors through participation in recreational activities. This process provides opportunities to engage in recreational activities and is seen as a field that makes the lives of children facing difficulties and limitations meaningful. This research aims to examine the institutional structure of the Children's Saving Dormitory Camps (CSDC), which operated in Istanbul between 1933 and 1938, and to reveal the content of therapeutic recreation practices in organized nature camps. The document analysis technique, a qualitative research data collection method, was used in this study. The data in this study were obtained through text-based documents such as state archives, newspapers, and a comprehensive literature review. According to the research findings, the CSDC, established in 1933, aimed to help street children adapt to social life and become beneficial individuals for society. In this context, vocational and academic education, physical activities, and nature camps were organized for the children. The camps organized within the framework of CSDC included therapeutic recreation practices consisting of various physical activities such as swimming, hiking, and camping to support the rehabilitation process of street children. As a result, the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of street children is supported through camps, physical activities, and therapeutic recreation practices consisting of various games.

Associations of cognitive impairment and functional limitation with all-cause mortality risk in older adults: A population-based study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Cognitive impairment and functional limitation are commonly observed in older adults. They have a complex correlation, and both are risk factors for mortality. This prospective cohort study aimed to explore the independent and joint impact of cognitive impairment and functional limitations on all-cause mortality in older adults. A total of 3,759 participants aged ≥ 60 years who had available information on mortality data, cognitive function, physical function, and covariates were enrolled. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to assess the independent and joint impacts of cognitive impairment and functional limitation on all-cause mortality. Smoothing curve fitting was used to show the nonlinear relationship between the Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) score and all-cause mortality. An interaction between cognitive impairment and functional limitation was identified when examining their associations with all-cause mortality. Cognitive impairment and functional limitation independently correlated with all-cause mortality risk even after adjusting for covariates and performing mutual adjustments (HR for cognitive impairment: 1.34, 95% CI 1.15–1.56; HR for functional limitation: 1.50, 95% CI 1.32–1.70). When the DSC score was > 18, as the score increased, the risk of death significantly decreased (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–0.99). Participants with both cognitive impairment and functional limitation had the highest hazard ratio for all-cause mortality (HR 1.98, 95%CI 1.63–2.40). In summary, cognitive impairment and functional limitation independently correlated with increased all-cause mortality risk. A higher DSC score was a protective factor reducing the premature mortality risk. Older adults with cognitive impairment and functional limitation demonstrated the highest all-cause mortality risk.

Newsvendor Competition with Endogenous Biases

Extensive studies have revealed that newsvendor decisions by human decision-makers are often biased by cognitive limitations, and, therefore, fail to achieve optimal profits prescribed by normative models. These biases are typically considered as liabilities in individual inventory decision-making, and much research has focused on developing methods to debias the decision-maker—for example, by providing decision support tools. However, in competitive settings biases can provide a competitive advantage, such that a biased newsvendor may earn a higher profit than an unbiased one. This raises the question of whether and when firms should debias their decision-makers. In this paper, we analyze decision biases that are endogenous rather than exogenous in competing newsvendor games. Specifically, we develop a two-stage game-theoretic model in which competing firms first select their decision-makers typefied by their bias levels, and then engage in a classic inventory competition game. Our analysis confirms the positive effect of the decision-maker’s bias on a firm’s economic outcome. However, this effect only appears in competitions in which decision biases are exogenously given. When biases are endogenously selected, firms are always (weakly) worse off than if they all had rational decision-makers. Our results suggest that debiasing at the industry level (e.g., adopting advanced inventory planning software) could benefit all players; however, individual firms do not have the incentive to do so in the absence of coordination mechanisms.

The Influence of Belief Systems and the Use of Financial and Human Resources of Scgs on the Orientation And Online Evaluation of Wine Tourism

Objective: The study aims to analyze the influence of the belief system and the use of financial and human resources from SCGs on the guidance and online evaluation of wine tourism. Theoretical Framework: Research grounded in Attention-Based Theory suggests that, due to cognitive limitations, only the most salient beliefs influence action (Ocasio, 1997; Kerr & Franco-Santos, 2023). Method: Data were collected from 123 Brazilian wineries registered on TripAdvisor. A questionnaire was administered to the winery management teams (TMT), and the responses were augmented with online review information. The data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (PLS/SEM). Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that the formal structure of the belief system in the context of wine tourism positively impacts the use of financial and human resources. It was also discovered that human resource management is directly linked to the ability to meet the expectations of wine tourists, positively influencing online reviews. Research Implications: The results highlight the need for winery managers to adopt an approach oriented towards wine tourism, integrating a belief system and effective management strategies to enhance the experience and satisfaction of wine tourists. This shift in focus beyond wine production requires the development of new skills. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the debate by showing that, despite the challenges identified by Attention-Based Theory, adapting winery management systems to wine tourism can be crucial for improving online evaluations, reinforcing the orientation towards wine tourism.

Associations between Physical Activity Frequency in Leisure Time and Subjective Cognitive Limitations in Middle-Aged Spanish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

There is a global ageing of the world's population. Ageing is associated with multiple pathologies, reductions in physical activity, and losses in cognitive function. This study aimed to analyse the associations between the frequency of leisure-time physical activity (PAF) in middle-aged Spaniards and subjective cognitive limitations (SCLs): self-reported problems for remembering or concentrating (data extracted from the 2017 National Health Survey and the 2020 European Health Survey in Spain). Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate risk factors that could be related to a higher probability of developing SCLs. This was a cross-sectional study with 15,866 middle-aged Spaniards. The associations between FAP and SCLs were analysed using chi-square. Also, the risk factors for SCLs were evaluated using binary multiple logistic regression. The median age of participants was 55 years, with 49% men and 51% women. Associations were found between PAF and SCLs (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of SCLs was found in physically inactive people and the lowest in very active people (13.7% vs. 5.8%, p < 0.05), and people with SCLs had a higher prevalence of inactivity than those without SCLs (47.2% vs. 33.8%, p < 0.05). Physical inactivity, low educational level, low social class, and being female were the main risk factors for SCLs. Among the actions to prevent cognitive limitations, as well as interventions in people with cognitive limitations, it would be advisable to include physical activity programmes, both as a preventive measure to delay cognitive limitations and to reduce the risk of other pathologies in people who already have them.

Cultural cures for the disconnected mind.

The current article advances the hypothesis that creative culture evolved, in part, to allay the costs of the overgrown human brain and the cognitive integration limit that it imposes. Specific features can be expected among cultural elements best suited to allaying the integration limit and also among the neurocognitive mechanisms that might undergird these cultural effects. Music, visual art, and meditation are used as examples to illustrate how culture helps to bridge or sidestep the integration limit. Tiered religious, philosophical, and psychological concepts are considered in light of their reflection of the tiered process of cognitive integration. The link between creativity and mental illness is offered as additional support for the role of cognitive disconnection as a wellspring of cultural creativity, and I propose that this link can be harnessed in defense of neurodiversity. Developmental and evolutionary implications of the integration limit are discussed.

Exploring the Role of Cognitive and Physical Limitations in Explaining Identity Theft Victimization

ABSTRACT We use data from the 2018 Identity Theft Supplement of the U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey to examine the relationship between cognitive or physical limitations and identity theft victimization from a Routine Activities theory perspective. Using the binary logistic regression and multiple imputation technique for handling the missing data, we regressed several outcomes of identity theft victimization on cognitive or physical limitations while controlling for online and offline routines including protective strategies, individual characteristics, and previous victimization. We also tested whether age moderates the relationship between cognitive or physical limitations and victimization outcomes. The results suggest that the relationship between cognitive or physical limitations and victimization is generally significant and positive except for credit card victimization Our findings also revealed that some of these relationships are moderated by age.

A Study on Behavioural Finance

This research paper delves into the intriguing field of behavioral finance, exploring how psychological factors influence financial decision-making processes. Behavioral finance seeks to understand why people make irrational financial decisions despite being aware of the consequences. It bridges the gap between economics and psychology, offering insights into human behavior that traditional finance models often overlook. The study examines various aspects of behavioral finance, including cognitive biases, market anomalies, and investor behavior under different market conditions. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and empirical studies, this paper aims to shed light on the complex interplay between human emotions, cognitive limitations, and financial markets. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of investor behavior, potentially informing strategies for financial advisors and investors alike. This research underscores the importance of incorporating psychological principles into financial analysis, highlighting the potential for improved investment outcomes through a more nuanced understanding of human behavior.

Approaches to improving valuation decision-making: a review of the literature

PurposeThe complexity of property valuation, coupled with valuers’ cognitive limitations, makes some degree of error inevitable in valuations. However, given the crucial role that valuations play in the efficient functioning of the economy, there is a need for continuous improvement in the reliability of reported values by enhancing the quality of the decision-making process. The purpose of this paper is to review previous research on valuation decision-making, with particular interest in examining the approaches to improving the quality of valuation decisions and identifying potential areas for further research.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a narrative approach to review 42 research articles that were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science databases and through author citation searches.FindingsOur findings show that existing literature is skewed towards examining the use of technology in the form of decision support systems (DSS), with limited research attention on non-technological (i.e. behavioural) approaches to improving the quality of valuation decisions. We summarise the non-technological approaches and note that much of the discussions on these approaches often appear as recommendations arising from other studies rather than original investigations in their own rights.Practical implicationsWe conclude that studies investigating the effectiveness of the non-technological approaches to improving valuation decision-making are lacking, providing various avenues for further research.Originality/valueThis paper presents the first attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of non-technological approaches to improving the quality of valuation decisions.

Analisis Perkembangan Kognitif Pada Anak Autis Di Flexi School Banda Aceh

There are many challenges and problems faced by autistic children regarding cognitive development. Occupational therapy is a treatment that aims to help someone who has physical, mental and cognitive limitations. This therapy is carried out so that sufferers can become less dependent on other people to live their daily lives. So they can maximize their cognitive potential. The aim of this research is to obtain information about cognitive development in autistic children in flexi schools and how to handle it. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this research is a student at a flexi school and the object of this research is occupational therapy to improve cognitive development in autistic children. Data analysis techniques are carried out by reducing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The data collection techniques used were field observation, interviews and documentation. The conclusion from the results of this research is that children experience an increase in cognitive development, namely they are able to understand the meaning of simple commands, the order and grouping of objects, and the sequence of actions. However, they still need repetition to strengthen their understanding

When should one be open-minded?

AbstractIt is widely believed among philosophers and educated people that it is virtuous to be open-minded. Instead of thinking of open-mindedness as universally or unconditionally epistemically valuable, I argue that it is vital to explicate the conditions that must obtain if open-mindedness is to be epistemically valuable. This paper critically evaluates open-mindedness given certain realistic cognitive limitations. I present and analyse a simple mathematical model of open-minded decision-making that incorporates these limitations. The results are mixed. The bad news is that the circumstances where open-mindedness is epistemically valuable may be more restricted than previously thought especially if individuals are incapable of properly evaluating the trustworthiness of sources or the content of received information. The good news is that, if individuals are mildly competent in evaluating the trustworthiness of sources and the content of received information, then there are many circumstances where open-mindedness is epistemically valuable.

Nutritional risk and adverse health outcomes in Chinese community-dwelling older adults: A study based on the Elderly Nutritional Indicators for Geriatric Malnutrition Assessment (ENIGMA)

ObjectivesMalnutrition and nutritional risk are risk factors for many adverse health outcomes in older adults, but they have rarely been assessed in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability of Elderly Nutritional Indicators for Geriatric Malnutrition Assessment (ENIGMA), a nutritional scale originally developed to predict mortality, in assessing nutritional risks and predicting adverse health outcomes in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. MethodsThis was a population-based longitudinal cohort study (Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey), with a 4-y follow-up of 2063 community-dwelling adults aged 65 y or older. Nutritional risks were assessed via the use of ENIGMA and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) at baseline (the 2014 wave). Cognitive impairment, functional limitation, and frailty were evaluated using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living/Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, and Frailty Index, respectively, at baseline and 4-y follow-up (the 2018 wave). Mortality was measured by survival status and duration of exposure to death from baseline to follow-up. The associations of nutritional risks with prevalent/incident cognitive impairment, functional limitation and frailty, and 4-y mortality were estimated using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusting for confounders. The discriminatory accuracy of ENIGMA and GNRI for these adverse health outcomes were compared by receiver operating characteristic analyses. ResultsAccording to ENIGMA, 48.6% of the Chinese community-dwelling older adults (age: 86.5±11.3 y) showed moderate and high nutritional risk. Nutritional risks defined by the ENIGMA were significantly associated with increased prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment, functional limitation, and frailty (odds ratio ranging from 1.79 to 89.6, values ranging from P < 0.001 to 0.048) but were mostly insignificant for that defined by GNRI. With respect to 4-y mortality, nutritional risks as defined by GNRI showed better prediction effects than those defined by ENIGMA. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated that nutritional risks defined by ENIGMA had better discriminatory accuracy than those defined by GNRI for prevalent and incident cognitive impairment (C = 0.73 vs 0.64, P < 0.001; C = 0.65 vs 0.59, P = 0.015, respectively), functional limitation (C = 0.74 vs 0.63, P < 0.001 at baseline; C = 0.61 vs 0.56, P = 0.016 at follow-up), frailty (C = 0.85 vs 0.67, P < 0.001 at baseline; C = 0.64 vs 0.55, P < 0.001 at follow-up), and even 4-y mortality (C = 0.68 vs 0.64, P = 0.020). ConclusionsENIGMA could serve as a nutritional risk screening tool that has a robust role in predicting cognitive impairment, functional limitation, and frailty in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. It may be recommended for early nutritional risk screening and has the potential to guide early nutritional intervention in communities and primary care settings in China.

Carbon-zero agility: Enabling carbon-zero organizations through agile management and ambiguous feedback algorithms

To enable organizations to achieve carbon neutrality through agile capabilities, this paper establishes an integrative framework of carbon-zero agility consisting of three dimensions: search scope agility, search locus agility, and search pace agility. However, applying common agile methodologies like Scrum, Kanban, and Lean to cultivate these capabilities inevitably introduces feedback ambiguity, which can paralyze decision-making and increase errors due to inherent human cognitive limitations. To address this, tailored carbon-zero feedback algorithms are proposed to complement human judgment in agile workflows. Specifically, prescriptive analytics, federated learning, and probabilistic programming are injected into Scrum, Kanban, and Lean respectively to restore clarity amidst ambiguity. The framework is grounded in cases from the textile industry to demonstrate applicability in practical settings. By targeting the roots of distortions with human-algorithm collaborations, it provides an actionable roadmap to implement carbon-zero agility.

Redesigning Humans in the Nano-Age

The blurring boundaries between therapy and human enhancement raise a lot of ethical questions that need to be addressed. Therapy is healing and restoring the sick to health; enhancement is improving the normal functioning of the body. With nanomedicine, the boundary becomes even hazier. Nanomedicine refers to the application of nanotechnology to the prevention and treatment of diseases. The European Science Foundation defines it as the science and technology of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, relieving pain, and preserving and improving human health using molecular tools and knowledge of the human body (ESF, 2005). While nanomedicine delivers numerous and unprecedented benefits to the health and general well-being of individuals, nano- enabled human enhancement technologies will be the gateway to the transhumanist vision of immortality. Transhumanism contends that through the advancements in science and technology, we can overcome our physical and cognitive limitations, extend human lifespan, and attain perpetual existence. The blurring boundaries between enhancement will have remarkable consequences on what it means to be a human being. The study will make use of New and Emerging Science and Technology (NEST) Ethics as a framework for addressing dichotomous approaches and polarizing perspectives on human enhancement.

Cognitive limits of larval Drosophila: testing for conditioned inhibition, sensory preconditioning, and second-order conditioning.

Drosophila larvae are an established model system for studying the mechanisms of innate and simple forms of learned behavior. They have about 10 times fewer neurons than adult flies, and it was the low total number of their neurons that allowed for an electron microscopic reconstruction of their brain at synaptic resolution. Regarding the mushroom body, a central brain structure for many forms of associative learning in insects, it turned out that more than half of the classes of synaptic connection had previously escaped attention. Understanding the function of these circuit motifs, subsequently confirmed in adult flies, is an important current research topic. In this context, we test larval Drosophila for their cognitive abilities in three tasks that are characteristically more complex than those previously studied. Our data provide evidence for (i) conditioned inhibition, as has previously been reported for adult flies and honeybees. Unlike what is described for adult flies and honeybees, however, our data do not provide evidence for (ii) sensory preconditioning or (iii) second-order conditioning in Drosophila larvae. We discuss the methodological features of our experiments as well as four specific aspects of the organization of the larval brain that may explain why these two forms of learning are observed in adult flies and honeybees, but not in larval Drosophila.

Informed Ignorance as a Form of Epistemic Injustice

Ignorance, or the lack of knowledge, appears to be steadily spreading, despite the increasing availability of information. The notion of informed ignorance herein proposed to describe the widespread position of being exposed to an abundance of information yet lacking relevant knowledge, which is tied to the exponential growth in misinformation driven by technological developments and social media. Linked to many of societies’ most looming catastrophes, from political polarization to the climate crisis, practices related to knowledge and information are deemed some of the most imminent and daunting modern threats, evidenced by the latest report of the World Economic Forum, which has named misinformation the most severe short-term global risk. This paper’s epistemic perspective links the properties of today’s information culture and the ways in which it interacts with individual capacities and limitations in current technological and socio-political contexts. Such a position is analyzed through the lens of epistemic principles as a contemporary epistemic phenotype that emerges from an environment of ill-adapted and excessive information inputs and leads to a distinctive type of social injustice that is primarily epistemic in nature. While equity and accessibility are widely discussed as important contributing factors to epistemic discrepancies, other overlooked but fundamental issues underlying epistemic injustices are considered, such as information manipulation, cognitive limitations, and epistemic degradation. To effectively face this elusive threat, we propose an inclusive viewpoint that harnesses knowledge from cognitive science, science and technology studies, and social epistemology to inform a unifying theory of its main impacts and driving forces. By adjusting a modern epistemic framework to the described phenomena, we intend to contextually outline its trajectory and possible means of containment based on a shared responsibility to maintain ethical epistemic standards. In a time of international unrest and mounting civil acts of violence, it is pertinent to emphasize the ethical principles of knowledge systems and authorities and suggest policy adaptations to maintain a social contract based on the shared values of truth and freedom.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly - Special considerations.

Type 2 diabetes is a frequent chronic disease. Given its strong positive association with older age, it is a significant public health issue in elderly populations. Furthermore, the aging of the population, driven by increasing life expectancy in high and middle-income countries leads to an increasing prevalence of diabetes.Although the same diagnostic criteria apply to the elderly and to younger people, there are unique aspects to the care for elderly type 2 diabetes patients. Both treatment goals and preferred medications, as well as non-pharmacological approaches should be adjusted in the elderly. For example, increasing the amount of physical activity may encounter difficulties, while introducing an appropriate diet may be more challenging. The patients' therapeutic adherence requires special attention due to cognitive and physical limitations. The most important treatment goal is to avoid hypoglycemia. Frailty, social and economic issues, comorbidities and the consequent polypharmacy frequently causing drug-drug interactions, as well as the increased danger of drug toxicity due to renal failure are only some of the problems that make the health care for old diabetes patients extremely difficult. Adequate care requires cooperation from a multidisciplinary team of health care professionals.Acute diabetes complications have a higher mortality in the elderly, thus close attention must be paid to avoid them. Family members should be involved in the care of elderly diabetes patients, and it is recommended to educate them on clinical signs of complications. Regular care for the patients including feedback on quality of life and early signs of health issues are essential.