Cognitive Learning Outcomes Of Students Research Articles

The Effectiveness of the Think Pair Share Model Based on Questions to Improve Students’ Participation and Students’ Learning Outcomes about Histology Structure of Digestive System

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Think Pair Share learning based on questions models to increase students’ participation and learning outcomes in studies of the histological structure of the digestive system. To achieve these objectives, research was conducted on the Biology study program at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ganesha University of Education. Research sample was the second semester students, amount of 17 students. The design of this study was one short case study. Instruments used in this study included questionnaires and observation sheets to assess students’ participation and responses in learning, and knowledge tests to assess student cognitive learning outcomes. The results obtained by the value of students’ participation were 47.1% in the good category and 47.1% in the very good category with an average value of 83.12. Cognitive learning outcomes obtained a mean value of 76.0. Students who got a greater or equal value of 70.0 were 76.5%. The conclusion of this research were that the Think Pair Share Learning model based on questions could increase students’ participation and learning outcomes in the study of the Histological Structure of the Digestive System.

EFFECTIVENESS OF TREFFINGER MODEL APPLICATION TO IMPROVE STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ON OPTICAL MATERIALS

The physics learning process at school does not involve students directly which causes the low cognitive learning outcomes of students. For this reason, it is necessary to apply an effective learning model for improving student learning outcomes. One suitable learning model is the treffinger learning model. The treffinger model provides learning activities with three stages namely basic tools, practice with the process, and working with real problems. These three stages can make students actively and creatively involved in the learning process. The purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of increasing cognitive learning outcomes of students on optical material by applying the Treffinger learning model. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. The research sample was taken two classes randomly as the experimental class and the control class from the student population in class XI IPA of SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru. The data collection instrument used students' cognitive learning achievement test consisting of pretest and posttest given to the experimental class and the control class. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis results obtained an average absorption capacity of 72.64% experimental class with a good learning category and 63.47% control class with quite a good category. With the results of the inferential analysis with an independent-sample t-test, there are significant differences in learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class, where the experimental class has a higher increase in learning outcomes. Thus the use of the treffinger model is effective in improving student learning outcomes in class XI IPA of SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru on optical material.

Implementation of Discovery Learning Model Based on Calor Characteristic Bricks Mixed by (Durio Zibethinus) and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Skin to Improve Students’ Cognitive Learning Outcomes

This study aims to determine the cognitive learning outcomes of students through learning the Discovery Learning model that uses practicum material bricks mixed by durian and coconut skin. The briquettes were implemented as practicum materials on temperature and heat learning in the Discovery Learning model to improve learning outcomes of KIR students in SMP N 15 Kota Bengkulu. Bomb Calorimeter in Chemical Laboratory Basic Science UNIB was used to determine the calorific value of briquette variations in the mixture of durian and coconut shell skin. The characteristics of briquette were carried out in the Science Laboratory. The instrument used in learning implementation was a multiple-choice test form that has been validated. Result of learning implementation showed that students’ cognitive learning outcomes increased after Discovery Learning model was implemented. The N-gain value was 0.78 in the high group, 0.57 in the medium group, and 0.53 in the low group.

THE INFLUENCE OF CYCLE LEARNING MODEL INTEGRATED BY THINK PAIR SHARE AND STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISSION ON QUALITY OF PROCESSES AND COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Hydrocarbons are one of the materials from Chemistry that studies abstract concepts and procedural knowledge such as alkanes, alkenes and alkyas. To study hydrocarbon material, students must master well the concepts related to previous concepts such as the concept of covalent bonding and equalizing reactions. If students do not understand the concepts related to hydrocarbon material, it will be difficult to master the concepts in hydrocarbon material. The learning process at school at this time sometimes also still does not increase student creativity and activity. The application of the Learning Cycle 5E learning model combined with cooperative type TPS (Think Pair Share) and cooperative type STAD can be used as an alternative to developing a more meaningful learning atmosphere in understanding concepts and giving students the opportunity to work together to solve problems. The purpose of this study was to determine: the quality of the learning process using the LC 5E - TPS and LC 5E - STAD models on the topic of hydrocarbons, as well as differences in the cognitive learning outcomes of hydrocarbon students who were taught with these two learning models. This study uses a quasi-experimental design with "Postest Only Group Design". The sample of this study was students of class XI IPA1 and class XI IPA2 of SMAN I Parang in the 2019/2020 school year, each consisting of 21 people. Class XI IPA1 as an experimental class taught with LC 5E - TPS model and class XI IPA2 as an experimental class taught with LC 5E - STAD model. Research data in the form of observations of the quality of the learning process, the results of observations of students 'cooperative abilities and students' post test scores. Research data were analyzed using t test. The results showed that the quality of the learning process by using the LC 5E - TPS model and the LC 5E - STAD model were included in both categories. Students' cooperative skills in both learning models are included in both categories. Cognitive learning outcomes of students in learning with the LC 5E - TPS model are higher than in learning with the LC 5E - STAD model.

Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Peserta Didik Dengan Menggunakan Media Modul Elektronik Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0

There are problems related to learning motivation that occurred in SMP Negeri 22 according to the observation conducted: passive learning environment and lack of students’ participation, readiness and engagement in learning that lead to the students’ poor academic achievement. In order to overcome the problems, the researchers in this study used electronic module due to its practicality, efficiency and interesting features that it has: audio, animation and video. Electronic module has a potential to bring abstract content into more concrete for the students, so that they might feel more motivated to learn. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Electronic Module Media on the stduents’ learning motivation in Class VIII E SMP Negeri 22 Jambi city. The research method applied is classroom action research. The results show that the use of electronic module media has increased the students’ motivation to learn, this can be seen from the results of the questionnaire as follows: 0% agree that the media is lacking, 16.7% agree that it is sufficiently good, 56.7% agree that it is good and 26.7% agree that it is categorized as very good and able to give a positive impact on the students’ learning outcomes on cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspect. This can be seen from the cognitive learning outcomes of the students who have completed learning that reached 86.67% with an average score of 75.3. The students successfully achieved good categories on affective and psychomotor aspects.
 Abstrak. Kulit singkong kurang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sehingga menjadi limbah. Kulit singkong mengandung pati yang berpotensi sebagai edible coating. Tomat mudah mengalami kerusakan pasca panen sehingga kadar total fenol dan vitamin C menurun, maka perlu adanya alternatif untuk mempertahankan kadar total fenol dan vitamin C tomat dengan cara aplikasi edible coating pati kulit singkong. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh adanya aplikasi edible coating pati kulit singkong konsentrasi 1%, 2% dan 4% terhadap kadar total fenol dan kadar vitamin C tomat hari ke 3, 6 dan 12 serta mengetahui potensi hasil penelitian sebagai sumber belajar IPA SMP kelas VIII materi zat aditif. Kadar total fenol diuji menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dan kadar vitamin C menggunakan metode titrasi iodium. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kadar total fenol dan kadar vitamin C tertinggi terjadi pada hari ke 12 perlakuan edible coating 4% berturut-turut sebesar 0.0525% dan 33.2210mg/100g, maka edible coating pati kulit singkong dapat mempertahankan kadar total fenol dan vitamin C tomat dibandingkan kontrol. Hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar IPA SMP kelas VIII materi zat aditif.

The effectiveness of the combined of inquiry and experimental learning models on student cognitive learning outcomes about the properties of light

Experimentation Method is one method that is widely used in learning Science because the main purpose of this method is to find the truth of the data/facts that can be observed or obtained. The inquiry learning model is a widely recommended method because it encourages students to solve problems independently. The research is research and development. The data is study include qualitative and quantitative data. The research instrument used was a validation sheet, a teacher's evaluation sheet, a student's evaluation sheet, an observation sheet for the implementation of learning, a test of learning outcomes, and a questionnaire for student learning independence. The implementation of the learning process on material changes in the form of objects observed by the observer, namely the class teacher using the observation sheet of the implementation of the learning process and student responses in using the inquiry learning model combined with experiment using a questionnaire sheet. Student learning outcomes or evaluations use the test method with the One Group Pre-test Post-test Design model to determine the extent to which student learning outcomes before and after being given a joint inquiry learning model and then use the average value formula (M), the calculated value (t-test), and table values. The results of the inquiry learning model combined with the experiment were shown by evaluating an average score of validity of 85.05% (very valid), an average of practicality of 94.4% (very practical), and effective in improving student learning outcomes. So, the inquiry learning model combined with science learning experiments is very feasible in terms of valid, practical, and effective.

THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) TERINTEGRASI SAINTIFIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA DI SMP

Various efforts are made to improve education quality in schools become a priority. One of the efforts that can be taken is to improve the quality of the learning process. Improving the quality of the learning process can be done by increasing the potential of the teacher as one of the elements in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to obtain student learning outcomes by implementing cooperative learning model of the type of think pair share (TPS) integrated with additives and addictive substances in food and drinks at a State Junior High School 1West Halmahera. This research is a quasi-experimental design, consisting of two experimental classes with one group pretest-posttest research design. The results showed that the think Pair share (TPS) learning model integrated scientific was able to improve student learning outcomes in additives and addictive substances in food and drinks. The pieces of evidence can be seen by the average increase in student learning outcomes before after treatment 40.84 to 73.06. Thus it can be concluded that the Think Pair Share learning model integrated science has the potential to improve student cognitive learning outcomes.

PENGARUH MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING (PjBL) PADA KONSEP SISTEM KOORDINASI MANUSIA TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN METAKOGNITIF SISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 4 BANJARMASIN

<em>Quality education is needed to support the creation of intelligent people who are able to compete in the era of globalization. However, based on a number of international, national, to regional assessments and facts that are encountered directly in the field, students provide information that student awareness in learning is still lacking. This information shows that the cognitive learning outcomes of students have not been maximized. This study aims to determine the effect of the PjBL model on the metacognitive skills of the XI MIPA grade students of SMA Negeri 4 Banjarmasin. Metacognitive skills can help students develop thinking skills which further influence student learning outcomes. This type of research is a quasi experiment, with a design model known as non equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Data collection techniques using essay tests. Assessment of metacognitive skills refers to Corebima (2009). The research data were analyzed by one way ANOVA statistical analysis using SPSS version 24 for windows with a significance level of 5%. The results showed the average value of the experimental class students facilitated by the PjBL model by 85.47 and the control class facilitated by conventional learning by 73.41 with Fcount = 17.616 (p = 0.000 <0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the Project Based Learning model has a significant positive effect on the metacognitive skills of the 11th grade students of Mathematics and Natural Sciences in SMA Negeri 4 Banjarmasin</em>

Demonstration and experiment on archaebacteria and eubacteria: effectiveness for cognitive learning outcomes (CLO) based on critical thinking skill

The purpose of this study was to determine differences in students' cognitive learning outcomes (CLO) using demonstration and experimental learning methods. The Clo differences are in students who have high critical thinking skills (HCTS) and low critical thinking skills (LCTS), and whether there is or not the interaction between learning methods and critical thinking towards students CLO. Hopefully, this research could strengthen existing theories and inform other teacher colleagues by using demonstration and experimentation methods in other subjects to improve the quality of a school. The study design used a 2 x 2 factorial design. The study population was students of X science class in one of the state high schools in Central Lombok, Indonesia, which amounted to 18 schools. The study sample amounted to 2 schools. In order to select the research sample, we used purposive random sampling. CLO and critical thinking skills were measured by using essay tests.esting on the validity and reliability of CLO tests and critical thinking skill showed valid and reliable results. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA with pre-test scores as covariates. The results showed that there were significant differences in CLO between students learning to use the demonstration and experimental learning method. There was a significant difference in CLO between students who have HCTS and LCTS, and there was no interaction between learning methods and critical thinking on student’s CLO. Experimental method learning is more optimal to improving student CLO when When it is applied to HCTS students rather than LCTS students on Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.

THE EFFECT OF PRACTICUM METHOD ON REPRESENTATION ABILITY AND COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES

The existence of laboratory activities in or outside the room can facilitate students in visualizing the imagination to be real. This study aims to determine the effect of using practicum methods on the students' representation ability and cognitive learning outcomes on the subject matter Classification of Living Things. This research was conducted at Junior High School 26 Bandar Lampung. The method uses a quasi-experimental method with Pretest-Posttest Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. A random sampling technique took the sample in this study, and the research subject uses class VII A as experiment class and VII B as a control class. The data in this study are quantitative data that were analyzed using the Independent sample t-test. Based on the results of this study, the effect of practicum methods on the students' representation ability is level 1, and 2 before the treatment then increases to levels 3, 4, and 5 after the practicum with the student answers that have made elements representation such as tables, graphs, icons, and images. Therefore, practicum methods can be used by science educators to facilitate students in conceptual understanding by using elements of representation.

Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Quick On The Draw untuk Meningkatkan Minat dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu

This study aimed to improve a) the activities of teachers and students, b) interest in learning mathematics students, c) the results of mathematics learning students of class II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu. The research method was classroom action research. This research was conducted in class II D SDN 69, Bengkulu City consisting of 25 students. The results of this study were an increase in teacher activity in the first cycle obtained an average score of 22.5, increased in the second cycle with an average score of 24.5, and increased in the third cycle to 28.5. Increased activity of students in the first cycle obtained an average score of 25.5, and increased in the second cycle to an average score of 27, and then increased again in the third cycle to 31.5. In students' interest in learning mathematics in the first cycle the percentage was 77.6%, increasing in the second cycle by 86%, increasing again in the third cycle to 89.2%. The improvement of cognitive cognitive learning outcomes of students in the first cycle was average value (66.4) with classical learning completeness (44%), increased in the second cycle the average score (69.4) and classical learning completeness (64%), increased in cycle III (80.6) and classical learning completeness (88%). Then it could be concluded that the application of quick on the draw learning strategies could increase the interest and results of learning mathematics of students in class II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu.

Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Quick On The Draw untuk Meningkatkan Minat dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu

This study aimed to improve a) the activities of teachers and students, b) interest in learning mathematics students, c) the results of mathematics learning students of class II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu. The research method was classroom action research. This research was conducted in class II D SDN 69, Bengkulu City consisting of 25 students. The results of this study were an increase in teacher activity in the first cycle obtained an average score of 22.5, increased in the second cycle with an average score of 24.5, and increased in the third cycle to 28.5. Increased activity of students in the first cycle obtained an average score of 25.5, and increased in the second cycle to an average score of 27, and then increased again in the third cycle to 31.5. In students' interest in learning mathematics in the first cycle the percentage was 77.6%, increasing in the second cycle by 86%, increasing again in the third cycle to 89.2%. The improvement of cognitive cognitive learning outcomes of students in the first cycle was average value (66.4) with classical learning completeness (44%), increased in the second cycle the average score (69.4) and classical learning completeness (64%), increased in cycle III (80.6) and classical learning completeness (88%). Then it could be concluded that the application of quick on the draw learning strategies could increase the interest and results of learning mathematics of students in class II D SDN 69 Kota Bengkulu.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PESERTA DIDIK KELAS X IPA SMA KRISTEN YABT MANOKWARI PADA MATERI LARUTAN ELEKTROLIT DAN NON ELEKTROLIT

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of the STAD learning model on the cognitive learning outcomes of students on Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solution material of class X IPA SMA Kristen YABT Manokwari. The research method used was pre-experimental design in the form of one group pretest-postest design. The retrieval technique uses saturated sampling. The data collection tool is a test of learning outcomes. Based on the result of the data processing obtained, the average pretest score was 48.22 and the postest average score was 96.00. Based on the result of the paired sample t-test, it was found that there were significant pretest and postest mean scores on the cognitive learning outcomes of students using the STAD type cooperative learning model which gave an effect of 20.15%. Key words: Learning model, STAD,Cognitive learning outcomes, and Electrolyte Solutions Non-Electrolyte

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PESERTA DIDIK

AbstractUntil now, it is still necessary to change the learning model, because education in Indonesia still has problems with the low quality of education caused by the learning process that has not been effective. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of Problem Based Learning or what we usually know as problem-based learning on cognitive learning outcomes. This type of research is a quasi-experimental research design with Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population is students of class XI IPA which consists of two classes, namely XI IPA A and XI IPA B with a total of 44 students. Based on the results of the study, it was obtained that the hypothesis that the sig (2-tailed) result was 0.009 smaller than 0.025, it is said that the data hypothesis shows that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, that is, there is a significant difference in the cognitive learning outcomes of students in class XI IPA A with the use of the PBL model and class XI IPA B with the conventional model, with a percent effect of 17%. Keywords: Learning model, problem based learning, learning, cognitive

PENGARUH PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DISCOVERY LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PESERTA DIDIK

The education system is having problems, especially the low quality of education. This matter could be caused by the ineffective learning process, so we need an steps that can improve students' understanding of the subject matter. Process changed to use the learning model with Discovery Learning. This study aims used determine the effect of using the model Learning Discovery Learning about cognitive learning outcomes of students in the subject matter chemistry class X IPA SMA Kristen YABT Manokwari. The research method used is a Quasi Experimental with the form of Time Series Design. Sampling technique using saturated sampling with a sample size of fifteen people. Data collection tools is a test of cognitive learning outcomes. Based on the results of data processing obtained, the average score The pre-test is 53.78 and the average score post-test is 68, and the N-Gain result is obtained shows an increase in the learning ability of students between before being treated and after being given treatment that is 0.73. Based on the Paired Sample T-test, it was found that there is an effect of using the learning model Discovery Learning on the results cognitive learning of students on the subject matter of chemical bonding class X IPA SMA Kristen YABT Manokwari with a large influence of 30%. Keywords: Learning model, discovery learning, outcomes learning, cognitive, Quasi Experimental

EFFECT OF USING THE LIGHT REFRACTION EXPERIMENT DEVICE FOR STUDENT'S LEARNING OUTCOMES IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This research aims to describe the effect of cognitive learning outcomes of students with the use of light refraction experimental devices and test whether there is an effective influence on the science learning outcomes of science physics. The type of research is a pre-experimental research with a one shot case study design. The subjects in this research were class VIII Hang Nadim SMP1 Pekanbaru which amounted to 39 students. The data collection instrument used was a written test of students' cognitive learning outcomes in the form of a post-test with data collection techniques in the form of giving tests. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis technique, to provide an overview of the effect of the use of light refraction experimental devices on students 'cognitive learning outcomes by looking at students' absorption and learning effectiveness. The results of data analysis obtained were 34 students in the category of excellent absorption in the percentage of 87.17%, 2 students in the category of good absorption with a percentage of 5.12% and 3 students in the absorption category quite well with a percentage of 7.16 %. Overall, the average absorption of students was 92.48% and was in the very good and very effective category. Based on data analysis it can be concluded that the use of light refraction experiment devices has a very good effect on students' cognitive learning outcomes in light material in class VIII Hang Nadim SMP1 Pekanbaru.

EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCEPT ATTAINMENT LEARNING MODEL TO INCREASE COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of concept attainment learning model to increase cognitive learning outcomes. The research method used is pre-experimental design with intact group comparison design. The research subjects were students of class XI SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru, in which class XI IPA4 was an experimental class and class XI IPA5 was a control class. The experimental class uses a concept attainment learning model and a control class with a conventional learning. The data was obtained from cognitive learning outcomes test which given to students after the learning process was carried out. Data were analyzed descriptively to provide an overview of students cognitive learning outcomes including students absorption and learning effectiveness on indication of global warming material. The research result obtained were the average of students absorption ability in the experimental class was 76,94% and 68,33% for control class. Thus, can be concluded that the implementation of the concept attainment learning model was effective to increase student cognitive learning outcomes in SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru on the subject of global warming.

Improving Students’ Learning Result Using Numbered Heads Together Model

This study aimed to determine the increase in student cognitive learning outcomes within material of occupational health and safety at the laboratory by implementing the Numbered Heads Together model, as well as obtains the students’ perspective toward the implementation of the model. This research was conducted with a quasi-experimental method through one group pretest-posttest design conducted at University of Samudra. Data collection was done by pretest and posttest to find the escalation in cognitive learning outcomes, as well as a questionnaire to determine student responses to the numbered heads together learning model. The average value of N-gain cognitive learning outcomes was 0.51, which was categorized as moderate category; it meant that in general, there was an increase in cognitive learning outcomes of students. Descriptively, students also gave a positive response toward implementation of the Numbered Heads Together model, so it can be concluded that learning with the Numbered Heads Together Model can improve student cognitive learning outcomes.

Perbedaan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar kognitif dengan model pembelajaran problem based learning berbantuan media audio visual

Utilization of Problem Based Learning models assisted by learning media to improve critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes of students have not run optimally. This study aims to determine the differences in critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes of students with Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning models assisted by audio-visual media in SMA Negeri 06 Bengkulu City. The research method used was quasi-experimental with a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The study population was students of class XI SMA Negeri 06 Bengkulu City with two sample groups namely experiment and control with 36 people each. The instrument used, namely essay question test totaling 5 questions that measure critical thinking and multiple-choice questions totaling 10 questions to measure cognitive learning outcomes. The research data analysis technique used a t-test. The results showed that there were differences in critical thinking skills and student cognitive learning outcomes. This is evident from the t-count value of critical thinking skills of 6.414 (> t-table) and cognitive learning outcomes of 5.826 (> t-table). This research concludes that there are differences in critical thinking skills and cognitive learning outcomes of students with PBL models assisted by audio-visual media.

Pengaruh model pembelajaran discovery learning berbantuan video dan problem based learning terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa

The low motivation and cognitive learning outcomes of students can be caused by errors in the selection and use of learning models in the class. This study aims to determine the effect of discovery video learning and problem-based learning model (PBL) on motivation and learning outcomes of class X students of SMA Negeri 1 Ambon. The research method used was a quasi-experimental research design using a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. The sample used was grade X MIPA-6 and X MIPA-7 students. The instrument used was a questionnaire containing 30 items to measure motivation and 60 multiple choice questions to measure cognitive learning outcomes. Motivational data and student learning outcomes were analyzed with the ANCOVA test. The results showed that there was no effect of the discovery-assisted learning model and the PBL learning model on student motivation (p> 0.742). But there is an influence of learning models of learning with the help of the discovery and PBL learning models on cognitive learning outcomes (p <0.003). The conclusion of this study, the discovery learning model and PBL learning model do not affect motivation but affect cognitive learning outcomes.