Cognitive Characteristics Research Articles

Cognitive characteristics of children with high mathematics achievement before they start formal schooling.

This 5-year longitudinal study examined whether high mathematics achievers in primary school had cognitive advantages before entering formal education. High mathematics achievement was defined as performing above Pc 90 in Grades 1 and 3. The predominantly White sample (Mage in preschool: 64 months) included 31 high achievers (12 girls) and 114 average achievers (63 girls). We measured children's early numerical abilities, complex mathematical abilities, and general cognitive abilities in preschool (2017). High mathematics achievers had advantages on most tasks in preschool (ds > 0.62). Number order, numeral recognition, and proportional reasoning were unique predictors of belonging to the high-achieving group in primary school. This study shows that the cognitive advantages of high mathematics achievement are already observed in preschool.

Cognitive and Behavioral Profile of Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Spectrum in the Indian Context.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral impairment. There is a paucity of evidence about the cognitive/behavioral features of ALS patients from India. We aimed to investigate the cognitive/behavioral profile of ALS spectrum disorders in the Indian context. Sixty patients with ALS spectrum and 40 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls were recruited. The scales used were Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-III), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and Frontal Systems Behavior (FrSBe) Scale. The mean age of the overall cohort was 55 years, and male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1. The mean duration of illness of the cohort was 16 months. Patients were classified as ALS with normal cognition (ALS-cn, n = 21), mild cognitive or behavioral deficits (ALS-ci/-bi, n = 28), and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD, n = 11). ALS-cn had poorer scores compared to healthy controls in global cognition, memory, and language (p < 0.05). ALS-ci/-bi performed poorer than healthy controls on all cognitive domains (p < 0.05). ALS-FTD had poorer scores than healthy controls and ALS-cn on all cognitive domains (p < 0.001). Behavioral assessment showed an increase in apathy among all subtypes. ALS-FTD showed significant worsening in disinhibition and executive function compared to ALS-cn and ALS-ci/-bi. Our findings suggest that there are key cognitive and behavior characteristics in Indian patients with ALS spectrum. This further strengthens the evidence of a cognitive continuum in ALS and FTD in a diverse context and highlights the importance of meticulous evaluation and correct diagnosis that would assist in better management.

The network is more important than the node: stereo-EEG evidence of neurocognitive networks in epilepsy.

Neuropsychological assessment forms an integral part of the presurgical evaluation for patients with medically refractory focal epilepsy. Our understanding of cognitive impairment in epilepsy is based on seminal lesional studies that have demonstrated important structure-function relationships within the brain. However, a growing body of literature demonstrating heterogeneity in the cognitive profiles of patients with focal epilepsy (e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy; TLE) has led researchers to speculate that cognition may be impacted by regions outside the seizure onset zone, such as those involved in the interictal or "irritative" network. Neuropsychological data from 48 patients who underwent stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) monitoring between 2012 and 2023 were reviewed. Patients were categorized based on the site of seizure onset, as well as their irritative network, to determine the impact of wider network activity on cognition. Neuropsychological data were compared with normative standards (i.e., z = 0), and between groups. There were very few distinguishing cognitive features between patients when categorized based purely on the seizure onset zone (i.e., frontal lobe vs. temporal lobe epilepsy). In contrast, patients with localized irritative networks (i.e., frontal or temporal interictal epileptiform discharges [IEDs]) demonstrated more circumscribed profiles of impairment compared with those demonstrating wider irritative networks (i.e., frontotemporal IEDs). Furthermore, the directionality of propagation within the irritative network was found to influence the manifestations of cognitive impairment. The findings suggest that neuropsychological assessment is sensitive to network activity beyond the site of seizure onset. As such, an overly focal interpretation may not accurately reflect the distribution of the underlying pathology. This has important implications for presurgical work-up in epilepsy, as well as subsequent surgical outcomes.

Let pictures speak: hotel selection-recommendation method with cognitive image attribute-enhanced knowledge graphs

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the importance of image data in hotel selection-recommendation using different types of cognitive features and to explore whether there are reinforcing effects among these cognitive features.Design/methodology/approachThis study represents user-generated images “cognitive” in a knowledge graph through multidimensional (shallow, middle and deep) analysis. This approach highlights the clustering of hotel destination imagery.FindingsThis study develops a novel hotel selection-recommendation model based on image sentiment and attribute representation within the construction of a knowledge graph. Furthermore, the experimental results show an enhanced effect between different types of cognitive features and hotel selection-recommendation.Practical implicationsThis study enhances hotel recommendation accuracy and user satisfaction by incorporating cognitive and emotional image attributes into knowledge graphs using advanced machine learning and computer vision techniques.Social implicationsThis study advances the understanding of user-generated images’ impact on hotel selection, helping users make better decisions and enabling marketers to understand users’ preferences and trends.Originality/valueThis research is one of the first to propose a new method for exploring the cognitive dimensions of hotel image data. Furthermore, multi-dimensional cognitive features can effectively enhance the selection-recommendation process, and the authors have proposed a novel hotel selection-recommendation model.

Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease with Bilateral Dorsal Striatum Lesion with 6-Hydroxydopamine Exhibits Cognitive Apathy-like Behavior.

Among the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), apathy comprises a set of behavioral, affective, and cognitive features that can be classified into several subtypes. However, the pathophysiology and brain regions that are involved in these different apathy subtypes are still poorly characterized. We examined which subtype of apathy is elicited in a mouse model of PD with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions and the behavioral symptoms that are exhibited. Male C57/BL6J mice were allocated to sham (n = 8) and 6-OHDA (n = 13) groups and locally injected with saline or 4 µg 6-OHDA bilaterally in the dorsal striatum. We then conducted motor performance tests and apathy-related behavioral experiments. We then pathologically evaluated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. The 6-OHDA group exhibited significant impairments in motor function. In the behavioral tests of apathy, significant differences were observed between the sham and 6-OHDA groups in the hole-board test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. The 6-OHDA group exhibited impairments in inanimate novel object preference, whereas social preference was maintained in the three-chamber test. The number of TH+ pixels in the caudate putamen and substantia nigra compacta was significantly reduced in the 6-OHDA group. The present mouse model of PD predominantly showed dorsal striatum dopaminergic neuronal loss and a decrease in novelty seeking as a symptom that is related to the cognitive apathy component.

Cognitive impairment among alcohol treatment service users in South Wales: an exploratory examination of typologies of behaviour, impairment, and service attendance.

Alcohol dependence is a global issue with many negative consequences, including alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD). Assessment of the sociodemographic and cognitive characteristics of individuals with confirmed or suspected ARBD presenting to alcohol services warrants further investigation. This study retrospectively examined rates of cognitive impairment using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) data from 300 adults who visited three alcohol support services. We demonstrate that 55.3% of the sample had significant levels of cognitive impairment. Females' cognitive performance was disproportionately negatively affected by historical alcohol use relative to males. The analysis identified four categories of participants, and the majority had a long history (+10 years) of alcohol use and were still actively drinking. Those taking part in active treatment for ARBD or practising abstinence demonstrated lower levels of cognitive impairment. Additionally, prior access to specialised ARBD care was associated with higher MoCA scores. This research has identified a range of key service engagement, sociodemographic and cognitive characteristics that could be used to optimise support for those with alcohol dependence, whilst also highlighting some critical questions to be addressed in future research.

Cognitive differences in product shape evaluation between real settings and virtual reality: case study of two-wheel electric vehicles

Product shape evaluation is an important part of new product development. In the shape design stage, design schemes are often presented through visual images. The presentation of visual images causes evaluators to form different cognitive experiences and evaluation results. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) technology has been widely used in the field of industrial design, enriching the presentation forms of design scheme images. Although VR technology has shown the potential to improve evaluators’ perception and cognitive experiences in product shape design, research comparing it with traditional methods remains relatively scattered. This study used two-wheel electric vehicles as an example to examine the difference in evaluators’ cognition of product shape in VR and a real setting (RS). First, we established a semantic scale comprising seven pairs of opposite adjectives to evaluate the shape scheme. Second, we built VR and RS evaluation environments using head-mounted displays and paper renderings, respectively. The participants evaluated the vehicle shape design in alternating viewing and underwent semi-structured interviews on cognitive experience. We analyzed the experimental and interview results based on three aspects of product shape cognition. The results demonstrated that volume cognition was significantly more accurate in VR environments. Furthermore, graphic cognition, particularly regarding shape details, differed partially between environments. VR provided a better sense of immersion and more variable viewing angles than RS. Treatment cognition did not exhibit significant differences between environments, as it depended on human experience rather than visualization. These findings suggest that VR tools are more suited for shaping design evaluations early. Selecting suitable visual presentation tools based on evaluators’ cognitive characteristics at different evaluation nodes to display design schemes is a practical, economical, and efficient strategy.

The effectiveness of personalised food choice advice tailored to an individual's socio-demographic, cognitive characteristics, and sensory preferences

Personalised dietary advice has become increasingly popular, currently however most approaches are based on an individual's genetic and phenotypic profile whilst largely ignoring other determinants such as socio economic and cognitive variables. This paper provides novel insights by testing the effectiveness of personalised healthy eating advice concurrently tailored to an individual's socio-demographic group, cognitive characteristics, and sensory preferences. We first used existing data to build a synthetic dataset based on information from 3654 households (Study 1a), and then developed a cluster model to identify individuals characterised by similar socio-demographic, cognitive, and sensory aspects (Study 1b). Finally, in Study 2 we used the characteristics of 8 clusters to build 8 separate personalised food choice advice and assess their ability to motivate the increased consumption of fruit and vegetables and decreased intakes of saturated fat and sugar. We presented 218 participants with either generic UK Government “EatWell” advice, advice that was tailored to their allocated cluster (matched personalised), or advice tailored to a different cluster (unmatched personalised). Results showed that, when compared to generic advice, participants that received matched personalised advice were significantly more likely to indicate they would change their diet. Participants were similarly motivated to increase vegetable consumption and decrease saturated fat intake when they received unmatched personalised advice, potentially highlighting the power of providing alternative food choices. Overall, this study demonstrated that the power of personalizing food choice advice, based on a combination of individual characteristics, can be more effective than current approaches in motivating dietary change. Our study also emphasizes the viability of addressing population health through automatically delivered web-based personalised advice.

Could Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting Be a Feature of the Higher Rate of Memory Complaints Associated with Subjective Cognitive Decline? An Exploratory Study.

Recently, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was proposed as an early risk factor for future Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated whether accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), assessed with extended testing intervals than those adopted in clinical practice, might be a cognitive feature of SCD. Using an explorative MRI analysis of the SCD sample, we attempted to investigate the areas most likely involved in the ALF pattern. We recruited 31 individuals with SCD from our memory clinic and subdivided them based on their rate of memory complaints into mild SCDs (n = 18) and severe SCDs (n = 13). A long-term forgetting procedure, involving the recall of verbal and visuo-spatial material at four testing delays (i.e., immediate, 30 min, 24 h, and 7 days post-encoding) was used to compare the two sub-groups of SCDs with a healthy control group (HC; n = 16). No significant between-group difference was found on the standard neuropsychological tests, nor in the immediate and 30 min recall of the experimental procedure. By contrast, on the verbal test severe SCDs forgot significantly more than HCs in the prolonged intervals (i.e., 24 h and 7 days), with the greatest decline between 30 min and 24 h. Finally, in the whole SCD sample, we found significant associations between functional connectivity values within some cortical networks involved in memory (default mode network, salience network, and fronto-parietal network) and verbal long-term measures. Our preliminary findings suggest that long-term forgetting procedures could be a sensitive neuropsychological tool for detecting memory concerns in SCDs, contributing to early AD detection.

Gait Analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics in Patients with Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder.

Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (iRBD) can precede neurodegenerative diseases. There is an urgent need for biomarkers to aid early intervention and neuroprotection. The aim is to assess quantitative motor, cognitive, and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics in iRBD patients. Thirty-eight polysomnography-confirmed iRBD patients and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent clinical, cognitive, and motor functional evaluations, along with brain MRI. Motor tasks included nine-hole peg test, five-times-sit-to-stand test, timed-up-and-go test, and 4-meter walking test with and without cognitive dual task. Quantitative spatiotemporal gait parameters were obtained using an optoelectronic system. Brain MRI analysis included functional connectivity (FC) of the main resting-state networks, gray matter (GM) volume using voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and deep GM and brainstem volumes using FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool and FreeSurfer. iRBD patients relative to healthy subjects exhibited a poorer performance during the nine-hole peg test and five-times-sit-to-stand test, and greater asymmetry of arm-swing amplitude and stride length variability during dual-task gait. Dual task significantly worsened the walking performance of iRBD patients more than healthy controls. iRBD patients exhibited nonmotor symptoms, and memory, abstract reasoning, and visuospatial deficits. iRBD patients exhibited decreased FC of pallidum and putamen within the basal ganglia network and occipital and temporal areas within the visuo-associative network, and a reduced volume of the supramarginal gyrus. Brain functional alterations correlated with gait changes. Subtle motor and nonmotor alterations were identified in iRBD patients, alongside brain structural and functional MRI changes. These findings may represent early signs of neurodegeneration and contribute to the development of predictive models for progression to parkinsonism. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Craniofacial and Airway Morphology in Down Syndrome: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Case Series Evaluation.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in various physical and cognitive features. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the dental and craniofacial morphology of individuals with DS using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Six individuals with DS, comprising five males and one female aged 17 to 35 years, underwent CBCT scanning. Radiographic assessments included dentition, occlusion, paranasal sinuses, airway, skull bones, and suture calcification. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements were performed, and airway analysis was conducted using Dolphin 3D imaging software v.11. Results: The study revealed prognathic maxilla in five patients, prognathic mandible in four, and bimaxillary protrusion in two. Dental findings included microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, and congenitally missing teeth, with maxillary and mandibular third molars most commonly absent. Sinus abnormalities, delayed suture closure, and cervical spine anomalies were also observed. Conclusion: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of DS-related craniofacial characteristics and emphasize the importance of considering these morphometric features in clinical management strategies for individuals with DS. This study's limited sample size underscores the significance of radiographic assessment in planning interventions such as cosmetic reconstructions, prosthetic rehabilitation, or orthodontic treatment for individuals with DS.

Experiences and Cognitive Characteristics of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents With Depression: A Qualitative Study.

To elucidate the underlying motivations, experiential dimensions, and cognitive perceptions in adolescents with depression and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). A descriptive qualitative design was used. Participants were 18 Chinese adolescents with depression and NSSI. Conventional content analysis was used for data analysis. Three primary themes and 11 subthemes were identified: Triggers of NSSI (personal, family, school, and social factors); Experiencing Emotional Complexity in NSSI Implementation (mitigating psychological distress, awakening a sense of existential life, generating secondary negative emotions, stimulating reflections on life and death); and Perceptions and Understandings of NSSI are Diverse (NSSI as a form of seeking validation or approval, an addictive behavior, a means to attain a sense of control, and unacceptable behavior). Although nursing staff should provide comprehensive treatment and psychological support, efforts should also be made to strengthen caregiving skills of family members, thereby promoting overall physical and mental health of adolescents. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(x), xx-xx.].

Treatment, Education, and Prognosis of Slow Learners (Borderline Intelligence).

Borderline intelligence has been excluded from formal diagnostic systems and not included in disability diagnoses, leaving gaps in treatment, education, and social welfare despite various functional impairments. Therefore, we aimed to shed light on ways to enhance the intelligence and functioning of individuals with borderline intelligence by reviewing research on its progression, education, and treatment. Ten studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the final literature review and analyzed according to detailed topics (participant characteristics, design, and results). Borderline intelligence is associated with various comorbid conditions, such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and addictive disorders, which negatively impact its course and prognosis. Individuals with borderline intelligence often face challenges in academics, employment, interpersonal relationships, and health owing to lifelong cognitive impairments. The treatment of borderline intelligence necessitates addressing environmental factors, such as neglect and abuse, as well as treating comorbid mental disorders, which are crucial for prognosis. Tailoring treatment programs for cognitive profile characteristics have been proposed, and studies have reported the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, working memory training, and intensive rehabilitation training. Therefore, early intervention during childhood brain development is necessary. Risk factors, such as lack of parental education, and their impact on treatment outcomes have also been reported. Extensive research is needed on education, treatment, and prognosis related to borderline intelligence. Active intervention for children with borderline intelligence is essential to improve their functioning and quality of life.

Basic cognitive features of the concept of SPORT in the minds of native speakers of modern Russian

Basic cognitive features of the concept of SPORT in the minds of native speakers of modern Russian

The Impact of Lexical Attrition on the English Reading Ability of Junior High School Students

This paper explores the impact of lexical attrition on the English reading ability of junior high school students. It analyzes the cognitive development characteristics of junior high school students and the factors affecting lexical attrition. The study finds that lexical attrition has a significant impact on junior high school students' English reading ability, including reduced vocabulary size, lexical semantic vagueness, and memory decline. To address these issues, the paper proposes several strategies, such as optimizing vocabulary teaching methods, strengthening the combination of reading training and vocabulary consolidation, creating a favorable English learning environment, and developing students' self-directed learning abilities. The paper concludes that effective vocabulary instruction and strategies are essential to prevent or minimize lexical attrition and improve students' English reading skills.

Beyond Cognitive Empathy: Suggestions for Strengthening Medical Students’ Empathy

A physician’s empathy plays a crucial role in patient-centered care, and in modern medicine, patients, their caregivers, and society demand a high level of empathy from healthcare providers. The conceptualization of clinical empathy, which has emphasized cognitive empathy since the mid-20th century, has been widely accepted in medical schools and the healthcare industry without much critical reflection. This study provides an overview of the ongoing debates on empathy versus sympathy and cognitive empathy versus affective empathy to clarify the concept of empathy. Based on recent research findings, clinical empathy is proposed to encompass three components: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and empathic motivation. It is suggested that fully demonstrating these components requires empathic communication skills. Additionally, the cognitive characteristics of medical students and the features of the academic environment demonstrate the need for education to strengthen their empathy skills. Considering this, proposed intervention methods that medical schools can consider include utilizing tutoring programs and debriefing processes for team activities, which can facilitate problem-solving as a coping strategy for stress. Learning communities can create an environment where students can receive social support and recover from stress. Medical schools can contribute to the development of students' professional identities as practicing clinicians who embody empathy and respect by cultivating professors as positive role models. Additionally, utilizing scales to assess the empathic nature of doctor-patient communication or incorporating patients and caregivers as evaluators can actively improve empathic communication skills.

Analysis of Cognitive Characteristics of Metaphoric Popular Words in Chinese

Analysis of Cognitive Characteristics of Metaphoric Popular Words in Chinese

Clinical, cognitive, and functional characteristics of recent-onset psychosis with autistic features: A 2-year longitudinal study

Though categorized as separate illnesses, schizophrenia and autism are known to exhibit shared characteristics. This study explored the distinctions in clinical, cognitive, and functional characteristics among individuals with recent-onset psychosis, considering the severity of their autistic symptoms, involving longitudinal examinations. We analyzed 671 patients with recent-onset psychosis from Korean Early Psychosis Cohort Study (KEPS), and used the PANSS Autism Severity Score (PAUSS) to categorize patient into ‘autistic’, ‘moderate’, and ‘non-autistic’ groups. The autistic group had the highest rate of schizophrenia diagnosis, and the lowest incidence of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia diagnosis predicted membership of the autistic group. More severe autistic symptoms correlated with worse overall symptoms and functional outcomes, which significantly predicted membership of the autistic group. Cognitive impairments and emotional recognition difficulties increased with the severity of autistic symptoms. 2-year longitudinal assessments demonstrated that group differences in autistic features and overall symptoms, and functional outcomes remained consistent, and membership of the autistic group significantly predicted symptomatic remission and functional recovery. In conclusion, the presence of autistic symptoms has a significant impact on the overall symptomatology and functional capabilities. They are enduring attributes rather than temporary state variables, and serve as a significant predictor for both symptomatic and functional recovery.

PROSES KOGNITIF SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR DALAM MEMAHAMI MATERI PECAHAN DITINJAU DARI STIFIN FRAMEWORK: THINKING DAN FEELING

AbstractThe understanding of students, their learning methods, and cognitive characteristics are important aspects of classroom learning management. Fractional math problems require reasoning and mathematical logic, so to complete the gap in previous research, namely how types of intelligence form patterns of student thought processes, this study examines the level of student understanding and problem-solving strategies for fractions based on STIFin intelligence characteristics. This research uses a mixed-method approach in data collection. The research instrument uses the Fraction Sense Test (FST) and interviews and STIFin tests. The study involved 16 fourth-grade students of SD 47 Kota Jambi. The results showed that students with the thinking intelligence type scored the highest compared to sensing, intuiting, and feeling. Furthermore, there are four strategies students use in developing problem-solving strategies for fractions: (1) comparing fractions using other simple benchmark fractions like ½, (2) comparing fractions based on the denominator and numerator, (3) creating a fraction representation in the form of flat shapes to understand and compare fractions.

Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display User Interface for Controlling Legged Manipulators

Controlling assistive robots can be challenging for some users, especially those lacking relevant experience. Augmented Reality (AR) User Interfaces (UIs) have the potential to facilitate this task. Although extensive research regarding legged manipulators exists, comparatively little is on their UIs. Most existing UIs leverage traditional control interfaces such as joysticks, Hand-Held (HH) controllers and 2D UIs. These interfaces not only risk being unintuitive, thus discouraging interaction with the robot partner, but also draw the operator’s focus away from the task and towards the UI. This shift in attention raises additional safety concerns, particularly in potentially hazardous environments where legged manipulators are frequently deployed. Moreover, traditional interfaces limit the operators’ availability to use their hands for other tasks. Towards overcoming these limitations, in this article, we provide a user study comparing an AR Head-Mounted Display (HMD) UI we developed for controlling a legged manipulator against off-the-shelf control methods for such robots. This user study involved 27 participants and 135 trials, from which we gathered over 405 completed questionnaires. These trials involved multiple navigation and manipulation tasks with varying difficulty levels using a Boston Dynamics’s Spot, a 7 df Kinova robot arm and a Robotiq 2F-85 gripper that we integrated into a legged manipulator. We made the comparison between UIs across multiple dimensions relevant to a successful human–robot interaction. These dimensions include cognitive workload, technology acceptance, fluency, system usability, immersion and trust. Our study employed a factorial experimental design with participants undergoing five different conditions, generating longitudinal data. Due to potential unknown distributions and outliers in such data, using parametric methods for its analysis is questionable, and while non-parametric alternatives exist, they may lead to reduced statistical power. Therefore, to analyse the data that resulted from our experiment, we chose Bayesian data analysis as an effective alternative to address these limitations. Our results show that AR UIs can outpace HH-based control methods and reduce the cognitive requirements when designers include hands-free interactions and cognitive offloading principles into the UI. Furthermore, the use of the AR UI together with our cognitive offloading feature resulted in higher usability scores and significantly higher fluency and Technology Acceptance Model scores. Regarding immersion, our results revealed that the response values for the AR Immersion questionnaire associated with the AR UI are significantly higher than those associated with the HH UI, regardless of the main interaction method with the former, i.e., hand gestures or cognitive offloading. Derived from the participants’ qualitative answers, we believe this is due to a combination of factors, of which the most important is the free use of the hands when using the HMD, as well as the ability to see the real environment without the need to divert their attention to the UI. Regarding trust, our findings did not display discernible differences in reported trust scores across UI options. However, during the manipulation phase of our user study, where participants were given the choice to select their preferred UI, they consistently reported higher levels of trust compared to the navigation category. Moreover, there was a drastic change in the percentage of participants that selected the AR UI for completing this manipulation stage after incorporating the cognitive offloading feature. Thus, trust seems to have mediated the use and non-use of the UIs in a dimension different from the ones considered in our study, i.e., delegation and reliance. Therefore, our AR HMD UI for the control of legged manipulators was found to improve human–robot interaction across several relevant dimensions, underscoring the critical role of UI design in the effective and trustworthy utilisation of robotic systems.