Cognitive Faculties Research Articles

A Review of Statistical Learning and Developmental Disorders

The ability to identify and pick up regularities in the environment across different perceptual and cognitive domains is known as statistical learning (SL), and it is a key component of automatically and subconsciously acquired learning. According to language acquisition, SL is considered an important mechanism for perceiving the regularities in language. Recent work tried to find the association between deficit in SL and language impairments in developmental disabilities. This review will provide an overview of studies testing the SL abilities of participants with and without developmental disorders and discuss whether SL deficit is an underlying reason for language impairment. Considering the complexity of language development, the full picture is not available yet. The research to date on SL is informative but the overall theoretical construct tends to be unspecified. This review will discuss the vagueness in definition including complex cognitive faculties and experimental paradigms. Also, future experimental directions are provided in the end.

The Disillusionment of the American Dream in "The Great Gatsby"

F. Scott Fitzgerald is regarded as the spokesman of the American "Jazz Age." "Jazz Age" denotes the temporal span, including 1919 to 1929. The economy flourished during this particular period in American history, leading to a significant shift in societal ideals. Consequently, a discernible decline emerged in individuals' cognitive and ethical faculties. The Great Gatsby, a literary work that portrays the terrible existence of Gatsby and carries notable scholarly and pragmatic ramifications, symbolizes the disintegration of the "American Dream." The cohort of individuals in the United States, commonly called the "lost generation" during the 1920s, saw a notable discrepancy between their aspirational objectives and the prevailing realities of their day. This study examines the fundamental significance of Gatsby's interpretation of the "American Dream" and uncovers the inescapable inevitability of Gatsby's sad demise and the disillusionment associated with the "American Dream" through a thorough analysis of the primary textual elements inside the novel. The primary aim of this essay is to enhance readers' understanding of the widespread appeal of riches and worldly possessions while encouraging them to reflect on the development of moral, healthful, and dynamic principles.

Pharmacological Approaches Using Diabetic Drugs Repurposed for Alzheimer's Disease.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are chronic, progressive disorders affecting the elderly, which fosters global healthcare concern with the growing aging population. Both T2DM and AD have been linked with increasing age, advanced glycosylation end products, obesity, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance in the periphery is significant in the development of T2DM and it has been posited that insulin resistance in the brain plays a key role in AD pathogenesis, earning AD the name "type 3 diabetes". These clinical and epidemiological links between AD and T2DM have become increasingly pronounced throughout the years, and serve as a means to investigate the effects of antidiabetic therapies in AD, such as metformin, intranasal insulin, incretins, DPP4 inhibitors, PPAR-γ agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors. The majority of these drugs have shown benefit in preclinical trials, and have shown some promising results in clinical trials, with the improvement of cognitive faculties in participants with mild cognitive impairment and AD. In this review, we have summarize the benefits, risks, and conflicting data that currently exist for diabetic drugs being repurposed for the treatment of AD.

A novel NIR fluorescent probe for visualizing hydrogen sulfide in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a devastating form of neurodegeneration, hallmarked by a relentless erosion of memory and cognitive faculties. One key player in this complex pathology is hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous neurotransmitter that is highly concentrated in the brain. Its fluctuating levels have been compellingly linked to the onset and progression of AD. Despite the availability of numerous fluorescent probes for detecting H2S, targeted imaging of this neurotransmitter within AD models remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, we have engineered an innovative near-infrared (NIR) "turn-on" fluorescent probe, designated as probe 1. Crafted around a dicyanoisophorone scaffold, the probe incorporates a strategic methoxy modification to facilitate a bathochromic spectral shift. Impressively, upon binding with H2S, probe 1 exhibited a robust 46-fold enhancement in fluorescence at a wavelength of 680 nm. We successfully deployed this probe to visualize both exogenous and endogenous H2S in living cells and zebrafish. Further, our pathogenic investigations have corroborated that diminished H2S levels are intricately linked to an escalation in amyloid plaque formation. Most crucially, we employed probe 1 to capture real-time images of H2S concentrations within the hippocampal tissue of AD mouse models. This revealed a significant depletion in H2S levels, thereby underscoring the probe's immense potential as an effective tool for the diagnosis and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Herder’s Transformative Account of the Linguistic Being

This paper investigates the relationship between linguistic expression and human reason in Herder’s Treatise on the Origin of Language. I argue that additive theories of human language, which contend that the linguistic capacity is in principle separable from the other cognitive faculties of the linguistic being, cannot be brought into agreement with Herder’s distinctly transformative account of human language and reason. For Herder, the transformation of our sensible faculties through language is required in order to guarantee the unity of human cognition, and hence reason itself is understood as fundamentally linguistic. This positing of a strong unity between language and reason makes Herder an important, if still under-appreciated, precursor of the twentieth-century linguistic turn.

Immanuel Kant’s Epistemological Ideas from the Point of View of Exact Epistemology and Artificial Intelligence

In exact epistemology Immanuel Kant’s statement on the priority of application of cognitive faculties is detailed as an intellectual process. Empirical regularities of the JSM–method of automated support for research are synthetic a posteriori judgements. Theoretical intelligence is primary, and its aspects are understanding (Verstand) and mind (Gemüt). The conditions of possible experience in Kant’s sense are implemented in the JSM–method of ASR in intelligent systems. And the JSM–method itself is the transcendental logic of artificial intelligence using two theories of truth, the coherence theory and the correspondence theory. Exact epistemology, which is exact neo-Kantianism, can be naturally considered as a reflection of information society culture on its civilizational (technological) aspects.

Hybrid Deep Learning Approach For Stress Detection Model Through Speech Signal

Stress is a psychological condition that requires proper treatment due to its potential long-term effects on health and cognitive faculties. This is particularly pertinent when considering pre- and early-school-age children, where stress can yield a range of adverse effects. Furthermore, detection in children requires a particular approach different from adults because of their physical and cognitive limitations. Traditional approaches, such as psychological assessments or the measurement of biosignal parameters prove ineffective in this context. Speech is also one of the approaches used to detect stress without causing discomfort to the subject and does not require prerequisites for a certain level of cognitive ability. Therefore, this study introduced a hybrid deep learning approach using supervised and unsupervised learning in a stress detection model. The model predicted the stress state of the subject and provided positional data point analysis in the form of a cluster map to obtain information on the degree using CNN and GSOM algorithms. The results showed an average accuracy and F1 score of 94.7% and 95%, using the children's voice dataset. To compare with the state-of-the-art, model were tested with the open-source DAIC Woz dataset and obtained average accuracy and F1 scores of 89% and 88%. The cluster map generated by GSOM further underscored the discerning capability in identifying stress and quantifying the degree experienced by the subjects, based on their speech patterns

Hybrid Deep Learning Approach For Stress Detection Model Through Speech Signal

Stress is a psychological condition that requires proper treatment due to its potential long-term effects on health and cognitive faculties. This is particularly pertinent when considering pre- and early-school-age children, where stress can yield a range of adverse effects. Furthermore, detection in children requires a particular approach different from adults because of their physical and cognitive limitations. Traditional approaches, such as psychological assessments or the measurement of biosignal parameters prove ineffective in this context. Speech is also one of the approaches used to detect stress without causing discomfort to the subject and does not require prerequisites for a certain level of cognitive ability. Therefore, this study introduced a hybrid deep learning approach using supervised and unsupervised learning in a stress detection model. The model predicted the stress state of the subject and provided positional data point analysis in the form of a cluster map to obtain information on the degree using CNN and GSOM algorithms. The results showed an average accuracy and F1 score of 94.7% and 95%, using the children's voice dataset. To compare with the state-of-the-art, model were tested with the open-source DAIC Woz dataset and obtained average accuracy and F1 scores of 89% and 88%. The cluster map generated by GSOM further underscored the discerning capability in identifying stress and quantifying the degree experienced by the subjects, based on their speech patterns

Hybrid Deep Learning Approach For Stress Detection Model Through Speech Signal

Stress is a psychological condition that requires proper treatment due to its potential long-term effects on health and cognitive faculties. This is particularly pertinent when considering pre- and early-school-age children, where stress can yield a range of adverse effects. Furthermore, detection in children requires a particular approach different from adults because of their physical and cognitive limitations. Traditional approaches, such as psychological assessments or the measurement of biosignal parameters prove ineffective in this context. Speech is also one of the approaches used to detect stress without causing discomfort to the subject and does not require prerequisites for a certain level of cognitive ability. Therefore, this study introduced a hybrid deep learning approach using supervised and unsupervised learning in a stress detection model. The model predicted the stress state of the subject and provided positional data point analysis in the form of a cluster map to obtain information on the degree using CNN and GSOM algorithms. The results showed an average accuracy and F1 score of 94.7% and 95%, using the children's voice dataset. To compare with the state-of-the-art, model were tested with the open-source DAIC Woz dataset and obtained average accuracy and F1 scores of 89% and 88%. The cluster map generated by GSOM further underscored the discerning capability in identifying stress and quantifying the degree experienced by the subjects, based on their speech patterns

얀 마텔의 『파이 이야기』와 『베아트리스와 버질』

Yann Martel’s two novels, Life of Pi and Beatrice and Virgil, deal with entirely different subject matters, but have something in common. Both are about outrageously hard and absurd lives, the shipwrecked life and the Holocaust, and both employ the vehicle of the animals in their representation. The survival narrative and the representation of Holocaust make the most significant use of the relation between human beings and animals. Animals are an allegory for humans in those absurdly and extremely hard situations and at the same time it is almost impossible for humans not to be animals in those situations. The tiger with his life force in Life Of Pi is no other than Pi in absolute hunger and extreme fear, since the power of animalistic sensation hits the human character’s sense organs. In Beatrice and Virgil animals are the vehicle for the tenor of the Jews in the Holocaust, but the relation between the signifier and the signified is so obscure and confused that it is almost unclear whether the novel is about animals or Holocaust. The confusion creates a certain common zone. In both novels, one becomes the other, a man becomes an animal, and vice versa. For Gilles Deleuze via Baruch Spinoza, figurative languages are not a mere vehicle for the the hidden, already fixed meaning. What matters is not the interpretation involving the signified but the intensity of the signifier itself. The latter immediately touches the reader’s or viewer’s senses before their cognitive faculties begin to work, thus one being is metamorphosized into another. It is not that humans are like animals, but that they are animals themselves.

An Investigation into the Relationship Between Metacognitive Knowledge and Writing Achievement of Turkish EFL Learners

Writing poses a substantial yet demanding challenge for individuals learning English as a foreign language (EFL). In contemporary frameworks, this skill is characterized as a complex, recursive, strategic, and multifaceted process that engages both cognitive and metacognitive faculties. Consequently, recent decades have witnessed a burgeoning body of research spotlighting the pivotal role of metacognition in EFL writing. This study, employing an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, set out to delve into the depth of metacognitive awareness among Turkish EFL students concerning English writing. The study encompassed a cohort of 120 Turkish EFL students at the B2 level. To gauge the participants' metacognitive understanding concerning the variables of person, task, and strategy, a questionnaire was administered. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 35 participants to augment and elucidate the quantitative findings. Analyzing the data disclosed that participants exhibited an average level of knowledge with respect to person and strategy dimensions, but they demonstrated a robust understanding of the task dimension. Further scrutiny through correlation analysis, which explored the link between students' writing achievement and their metacognitive awareness, revealed a weak positive relationship between students' writing proficiency and their comprehension of both person-related and strategy-related aspects. In contrast, there was no statistically significant correlation between task-related knowledge and writing achievement. Content analysis of the findings shed light on noteworthy disparities among high-achieving, average-achieving, and low-achieving EFL writers concerning their grasp of metacognitive knowledge. In alignment with their writing performance, high-achieving writers outperformed their counterparts in all the metacognitive subcategories.

Evaluation of cognitive and psychomotor faculties in relation to mood-related symptoms under the conditions of sleep deprivation.

Deprivation of sleep (DS) has been associated with changes in mood and cognitive function, rapidly but transiently improving the severity of depression symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in performance between DS responders and non-responders. The relationship between DS, mood, cognitive, and psychomotor function is also poorly understood. Participants (n = 77) underwent a baseline assessment of sleep under the control of polysomnography (PSG). Later they were subjected to DS with actigraphy monitoring. Evaluation of mood as well as completing a battery of tests assessing cognitive functions and eye-hand coordination was conducted four times, pre/post PSG and DS. Participants were further divided into respondents (RE, n = 48) and non-respondents (NR, n = 29) depending on alleviation of depression symptoms severity following DS. All participants exhibited increased response speed to visual triggers after DS compared to baseline (p = 0.024). Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) results remained intact in the RE, whereas it was increased in the NR (p = 0.008). Exposure time in the eye-hand coordination test improved in both groups, but total error duration was reduced only in RE individuals (p < 0.001, p = 0.009 for RE and NR, respectively). All subjects were more proficient at trail-making test (p ≤ 0.001 for Part 1 and 2 in all, NR, RE). Stroop test also improved regardless of mood changes after DS (p = 0.007, p = 0.008 for Part 1 and 2, respectively); cognitive interference remained at a similar level within groups (p = 0.059, p = 0.057 for NR and RE, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the difference in PSG morning/DS morning depression severity and vigilance (R = 0.37, p = 0.001, R = 0.33, p = 0.005, for error duration eye-hand coordination test and PVT total average score, respectively). RE tend to maintain or improve cognitive function after DS, oppositely to NR. Vigilance in particular might be tightly associated with changes in depression symptoms after DS. Future studies should examine the biological basis behind the response to sleep loss.

NATURE'S SHIELD: UNVEILING THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF SHARKARA YUKTA GAU-DUGDHA AS PRATIVISHA AGAINST DATURA METEL INDUCED TOXICITY IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS - A RESEARCH ARTICLE

Datura (Datura metel) is recognized as a cerebrotoxic deliriant poison and is concurrently categorized as "Upavisha" within Ayurvedic principles. Ayurveda encompasses a spectrum of toxic substances along with their respective antidotes; however, the mechanisms underlying these antidotal effects remain unelaborated in the ancient texts. A segment in the "Rasa jal Nidhi" Part 3 (Chapter 8), titled "Dhusturbeejasya Shanti," delineates the potential antidote properties of Gau dugdha in a proportion of one prastha and sharkara (sugar) in a quantity of two pal, positing a potential counteraction against Datura toxicity. The objective of this study is to scientifically evaluate the efficacy of these antidotal agents in mitigating Datura seed-induced toxicity, so that it can be useful in emergencies. Methods: Albino Wistar rats are employed as the chosen animal model to investigate the antidotal effect of Sharkara Yuka Gau-dugdha against Datura beeja (seed) powder-induced toxicity. The assessment encompasses a comprehensive range of criteria encompassing alterations in weight, modifications in dietary and hydration habits, behavioral shifts, lethaginss, fluctuations in temperature, emergence of convulsive episodes, performance in the Radial Arm Test, Rotarod activity, locomotion, and mortality. Results: Following administration of Sharkara Yuka Gau-dugdha, discernible alleviation of the deleterious effects associated with Datura exposure is evident. Noteworthy observations encompass a reduction in responses during the Radial Arm Test, suggestive of a positive influence on cognitive faculties such as learning and memory. Additionally, an increase in time spent on the Rotarod apparatus signifies enhanced muscle strength and augmented motor function. Conclusion: The findings gleaned from this experimental study culminate in the conclusion that Sharkara Yuka Gau-dugdha holds moderate potential to ameliorate the extent of toxic manifestations elicited by Datura exposure.

The Effect of Background Music on Listening Comprehension among Intermediate Students

Listening is a fundamental and integral aspect of human communication and understanding. it involves actively receiving, interpreting, and making sense of the information conveyed through spoken words, tones, and other auditory cues. Effective listening is crucial in various contexts, including personal relationships, professional settings, education, and everyday interactions. Classical music, known for its intricate melodies and harmonies, can enhance focus and concentration. Classical music has the power to evoke emotions and moods. Depending on the composition, it can be uplifting, calming, or energizing. Present study attempts to find out the impact of listening soft music in the background during the listening comprehension tests. Intermediate level English language learners have adequate vocabulary power and it is important to find out how far the listening background help them to orient their cognitive faculties during the soft musical background, since most of the adults habitat with musical aesthetics. Present study takes up 50 post graduate students of arts disciplines studying at the University found that listening to the calm and pleasant Beethoven music enhances the listening comprehension. This study also notices that listening background music did not affect test takers’ comprehension level and found that they feel better during the testing over those who were not given background music during the test.

The utilitarian brain: Moving beyond the Free Energy Principle

The Free Energy Principle (FEP) is a normative computational framework for iterative reduction of prediction error and uncertainty through perception–intervention cycles that has been presented as a potential unifying theory of all brain functions (Friston, 2006). Decision-making is an important cognitive faculty whose mechanisms must be explained by any theory hoping to unify the brain sciences. This challenge has been accepted by several proponents of the FEP (Friston, 2010; Gershman, 2019). We evaluate these attempts to reduce decision-making to the FEP, using Lucas' (2005) meta-theory of the brain's contextual constraints as a guidepost. We find variants of the FEP unable to explain behavior in certain types of diagnostic, predictive, and multi-armed bandit decision tasks. We trace the shortcomings to the theory's lack of an adequate notion of utility, a concept central to decision-making and grounded in the brain's biological reality. We argue that any attempts to fully reduce utility to the FEP would require unrealistic assumptions, making the principle an unlikely candidate for unifying brain science. We suggest that researchers instead attempt to identify contexts in which either informational or reward constraints predominate, delimiting the FEP's area of applicability. To encourage this type of research, we propose a two-factor formal framework that can subsume any FEP model and allows experimenters to estimate the contributions of informational versus reward constraints to behavior.

Real Structures and Divine Action Externalism: A Solution to Benacerraf's Problem

Paul Benacerraf claimed in 1973 that realist accounts of truth which are applicable to propositions of both mathematics and science inevitably conflict with accounts of how propositions are known. This article presents a solution to the problem based on two assumptions: (1) that the God of the Bible is absolutely self-sufficient; and (2) that God is creating, providentially guiding, and redeeming according to his plans for his purposes in Christ. A coherent synthesis of what these assumptions entail itself entails that “abstract” and physical structures are real and that propositional knowledge of them is a matter of one’s cognitive faculties functioning properly due to God’s acting.

General Logic and the Method of Metaphysical Deductions

Abstract This article focuses on the interpretation of the metaphysical deductions of the higher cognitive faculties in Gabriele Gava’s Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and the Method of Metaphysics. The aim is to assess the role that Kant’s general logic plays in these metaphysical deductions, the consequences for the analysis of the faculties, and the place of general logic in Gava’s overall theoretical analysis of Kant’s first Critique.

Reason monolithism: A Darwinian dilemma for “relaxed” realism

AbstractStreet formulated a Darwinian Dilemma for realist theories of value. Much criticism of her formulation of the dilemma targets the second horn, posed by the scientifically implausible assumption of a tracking relation between our attitudes and evaluative truth. This paper shows how a recent wave of metaethical realism, most prominently defended by Scanlon, succeeds without a tracking relation and thus avoids the Darwinian Dilemma in Street's formulation. However, Scanlon's approach, which builds on the concept of a reason relation and defends a metaphysically pluralist, domain‐specific conception of truth, runs into another version of the Darwinian Dilemma. The problem is not that Scanlon's realism assumes a tracking relation but that it assumes what I call reason monolithism – the idea that there is one possible expression of the faculty of reason and that this cognitive faculty could not be otherwise, which is scientifically implausible on similar grounds.

REPERCUSSIONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADDICTION ON RELATIONSHIP CLOSENESS AND RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION AMONGST CHINESE UNDERGRADUATES

In the current socio-digital epoch, the intricate interplay between social media addiction and its potential ramifications on romantic relationships remains largely enigmatic, especially within specific demographic subsets. This study aims to elucidate the repercussions of social media addiction on love relationship closeness and satisfaction among Chinese undergraduates. A cohort of 583 Chinese undergraduates was meticulously analyzed, encompassing an almost equal gender distribution and spanning across diverse academic ranks and relationship durations. Utilizing the "Social Media Addiction Scale - Adult Form (SMAS-AF)" and validated scales for assessing relationship intimacy and satisfaction, the research painted a multifaceted picture. Findings revealed a high inclination towards social media addiction (X=4.20), with specific aspects of engagement demonstrating profound agreement among participants. An analytic exploration of the addiction demonstrated a pronounced influence on cognitive faculties and emotional regulation while revealing less consistent challenges in curtailing usage. In the romantic realm, while relationship closeness yielded a moderate mean score of 3.38, love relationship satisfaction signaled a moderate-to-high satisfaction degree (X=3.83). Interestingly, while gender and academic progression remained non-determinants for addiction levels, relationship length emerged as a significant variable. Correlational analyses showcased a stark negative association between social media addiction and relationship closeness (r= -.491) but, surprisingly, a positive correlation with relationship satisfaction (r= .129). Such dichotomous outcomes advocate for deeper investigation, perhaps suggesting a paradigm wherein intensified digital engagement might enhance superficial relationship contentment at the potential cost of depth and closeness.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0013/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Where to Hide a Stolen Elephant: Leaps in Creative Writing with Multimodal Machine Intelligence

While developing a story, novices and published writers alike have had to look outside themselves for inspiration. Language models have recently been able to generate text fluently, producing new stochastic narratives upon request. However, effectively integrating such capabilities with human cognitive faculties and creative processes remains challenging. We propose to investigate this integration with a multimodal writing support interface that offers writing suggestions textually, visually, and aurally. We conduct an extensive study that combines elicitation of prior expectations before writing, observation and semi-structured interviews during writing, and outcome evaluations after writing. Our results illustrate the individual and situational variation in machine-in-the-loop writing approaches, suggestion acceptance, and ways the system is helpful. Centrally, we report how participants performintegrative leaps, by which they do cognitive work to integrate suggestions of varying semantic relevance into their developing stories. We interpret these findings, offering modeling and design recommendations for future creative writing support technologies.