Cognitive Criteria Research Articles

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ГОТОВНОСТИ БУДУЩИХ МЕНЕДЖЕРОВ ПО ТУРИЗМУ К ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article aims to identify and systemize the criteria of the educational model’s quality. The first group of criteria are the criteria of project quality that include two subgroups. The first subgroup includes the quality criteria for real educational process: the model language adequacy; the language simplicity; the availability of methods to study the model; the ability of the properties selected to reflect the goals and objectives of the study. The second sub-group embraces the criteria for the quality of the ideal educational process, which, in addition to the above, is supplemented by the following criteria: compliance of the parameters with the model design goals; the compliance of the model parameters with specific principles of educational and pedagogical interaction; the content validity of the model components. The second group is the process quality criteria. They include: a degree of compliance with a project; a degree of compliance with the expected results; a degree of the content compliance with the objectives of formation of readiness of the future managers of tourism for innovation; the similarity of methods and means used in the educational process with the innovative methods; the coordination of educational and pedagogical principles of interaction with professional tourist manager interaction principles; results’ quality. The quality of the results is evaluated by cognitive (knowledge about innovation in the tourism sector), psychological (initiative, creativity, interest in innovation, flexibility of thinking), and conative (the ability to find creative solutions to typical problems, the ability to create an innovative project, the ability to develop and promote innovation, the ability to manage innovative activity) criteria.

The assessment of frailty in older people with chronic kidney disease.

Frailty is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a predictor of adverse outcomes. The current article reviews the most common frailty measures available, gives an overview of their use in the chronic kidney disease population, and summarizes their strengths and limitations. Frailty is increasingly recognized as a potent predictor of adverse outcomes in all stages of chronic kidney disease. Recent investigations have demonstrated that the clinical perception of frailty by healthcare personnel or patients themselves is an inaccurate measure of frailty. The clinical frailty scale, a simple point-of-care tool for the assessment of frailty, has been shown to be a predictor of mortality in individuals on dialysis. The Fried criteria have been most extensively used in chronic kidney disease. However, other criteria using self-reported outcomes, clinical and cognitive criteria have also been shown to predict adverse outcomes and may be more applicable in clinical settings. Many of these still require further validation in the chronic kidney disease population.

Siddhasena Mahāmati and Akalaṅka Bhaṭṭa: A Revolution in Jaina Epistemology

Two eight-century Jaina contemporaries, a Śvetāmbara philosopher Siddhasena Mahāmati and a Digambara Akalaṅka Bhaṭṭa revolutionised Jaina epistemology, by radically transforming basic epistemological concepts, which had been based on canonical tradition. The paper presents a brief historical outline of the developments of basic epistemological concepts in Jaina philolosophy such as the cognitive criterion (pramāṇa) and logical faculties (upayoga) as well as their fourteen typological models which serve as the backdrop of important innovations in epistemology introduced by Siddhasena, Pātrasvāmin and Akalaṅka. An important contribution of these Jaina thinkers was to economize Indian logic and the rules of inference, first, by devising only one kind of logical reason called ‘inexplicability otherwise’ (anyathânupapatti, anyathânupapannatva), based on the single inseparable connection (avinâbhāva) of the proving property (sādhana) with the inferable property (sādhya), and, second, by limiting the necessary number of the members (avayava) of the proof formula (prayoga) merely to two. These two innovations were related to the thinkers’ intention to devise a logic which would not primarily be based on empirical verification (intensional logic) but its structural patterns would be valid irrespective of external observation (beginnings of extentional logic). Further, the paper focuses on the nature of the epistemological shifts which Siddhasena and Akalaṅka introduced independently of each other and on the question how Siddhasena’s and Akalaṅka’s ideas were partly anchored in Buddhist concepts of the pramāṇa school of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti. With the Buddhist background, Siddhasena sought to define the criteria essential to distinguish true from false cognitions and to provide a novel classification of the pramāṇas. He can further be accredited with formulating the first Jaina descriptive definition of the cognitive criterion (pramāṇa). The final section of the paper explains how Akalaṅka applies novel epistemological ideas, first, to construct realistic ontology and objectivity of both the external world and the cognising subject, and, secondly, to combat fundamental Buddhist concepts such as idealism and momentariness.

ASSESSMENT OF READINESS OF MEDICAL SCHOOL GRADUATES TO PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

This article describes a method of assessment of readiness of graduates of the medical school to psychological-educational activities based on the factor-criterion model. The model included cognitive, motivational, activity and personal factors and criteria which characterize them. The coefficient values of each factor and the criteria were determined by the Delphi method. Comparison of the criteria with use of the proposed method with the criteria of actual state allowed to perform maximally objective comprehensive assessment of readiness of the graduates to psychological-educational activities. The article has presented the quantitative and qualitative results of the Medical University graduates' self-preparedness for psychological-educational activity. It has been found that the overall level of preparedness of the graduates of the Faculty of General Medicine of the Northern State Medical University to psychological-educational activity corresponded to the nominal level. The teacher's personal example, direct contacts with patients in the course of training at the Medical University, the increased number of hours in the curriculum for studying of the psychological and educational aspects of the "doctor-patient" interaction at the clinical departments have been determined by the graduates of the Medical University as the main factors influencing quality of training for implementation of psychological-educational activity of future doctors. The assessment results can be a basis for correction and improvement of the content, forms and methods of psychological-educational training of future physicians.

Evaluation of the Sociocultural Competence on the Basis of the Platform Moodle According to the Competency-based Approach

The choice of criteria and methods of evaluation of the sociocultural competence is determined by the principles of the competency-based approach and the structure of this competence. In our opinion, it is not enough to use only sociocultural questionnaire. In addition to the cognitive criterion it is necessary to take into consideration motivational, behavioral, functional and technological criteria. We believe that the major tools of evaluation are the psychological tests and the method of the case-study. To evaluate the general level of the sociocultural competence it is indispensable to apply all the aforementioned criteria. It can be done via the platform Moodle.

Increasing the Relative Weight of Noncognitive Admission Criteria Improves Underrepresented Minority Admission Rates to Medical School

Construct:The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of varying the relative weights of cognitive versus noncognitive admission criteria on the proportion of underrepresented minorities admitted to medical school. It answers the question, “Can medical schools increase the admission rates of underrepresented minority (URM) students by balancing cognitive criteria with the experiences, attributes, and metrics of noncognitive data in the admission process?” Background: U.S. demographics are shifting, and by 2042 ethnic minority groups will make up approximately 50% of the population. Increasing diversity of the U.S. population foreshadows the need to increase the number of physicians from underrepresented minorities to help address healthcare disparities that are on the rise. Approach: A cohort of three medical school applicant classes (2007–2009) was used to model the impact on URM admission rates as the relative weights of cognitive and noncognitive admission criteria were varied. This study used the minimum admission standards established for the actual incoming classes. The URM rate of admission to medical school was the outcome. Cognitive criteria included Medical College Admission Test scores and grade point averages. Noncognitive criteria included four categories: background and diversity, interest and suitability for a career in medicine, problem-solving and communication skills, and letters of recommendation. Results: A cohort of 480 applicants from the three applicant classes were enrolled in the study. As the weighting scheme was varied from 50% cognitive/50% noncognitive weights to 35%/65%, the proportion of URM students accepted to medical school increased from 24% (42/177) to 30% (57/193; p < .001). Hispanic and Native American acceptance rates increased by 5.1% and 0.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Admission rates of URM students can be increased by weighting noncognitive higher relative to cognitive criteria without compromising admission standards. Challenging conventional practice in the admissions process may improve health disparities and diversify the physician workforce.

Frailty Clinical Phenotype: A Physical and Cognitive Point of View.

Frailty is recognized as a clinical geriatric syndrome used to describe the weakest or most vulnerable older adults. Although the term frailty is commonly used in clinical practice, and the theoretical phenomenon is well accepted, it remains an evolving concept that lacks a universally accepted definition and specific diagnostic criteria. Different perspectives on frailty have led to two distinct viewpoints of this phenomenon in the literature. The first describes the phenomenon based solely on physical attributes and capabilities. In contrast, more recent perspectives describe the phenomenon in broader, multidimensional terms by incorporating the concept of cognitive frailty. In support of this view, there is increasing evidence that consideration of both cognitive and physical factors can better improve the ability to predict adverse health outcomes among frail older adults over physical factors alone. The recent recognition of the importance of cognitive factors has increased the complexity of this phenomenon and difficulty in developing a consensus definition. To add to this challenge, frailty can present in different stages of severity (from mild to severe), and there appears to be a dynamic relationship between these stages. Despite these challenges, a consensus on an international definition of frailty including physical and cognitive criteria is essential in order to advance research and treatment of this condition.

The basic color terms of Mandarin Chinese

In this paper the theory of the evolution of basic color terms introduced by Berlin &amp; Kay is applied to Mandarin Chinese. The data was collected using the fieldwork methods, color list and color-naming tasks. The rainbow order of colors does not affect the list task results. The results, i.e. basic color terms, are calculated according to the procedure in Davies &amp; Corbett. There are nine basic color terms in Mandarin. Ranked according to the cognitive salience criterion they are the following:hóng‘red’,huáng‘yellow’,lu‘green’,lán‘blue’,hēi‘black’,bái‘white’,zǐ‘purple’,fěn‘pink’, andhuī‘gray’. Of the fully developed set of BCTs only the terms for ‘brown’ and ‘orange’ are absent. There are no real gender differences for the BCTs. Mandarin is a Stage VII basic color vocabulary language. The absence of the Stage VI term for ‘brown’ is explained using the wild-card theory. As a result Mandarin is not a counter-example to the theory of basic color terms. We suggest that the termchéng‘orange’ is the next candidate for basic status in Mandarin. There are two competing terms for basic ‘brown’zōngandhè. If one competing term for ‘brown’ (with high probability the termzōng) becomes basic, Mandarin Chinese will have a full set (eleven) of basic color terms.

DNA methylation pattern of gene promoters of major neurotransmitter systems in older patients with schizophrenia with severe and mild cognitive impairment.

To analyze, in older patients with schizophrenia, the methylation status of a set of genes associated with the pathophysiology of the disorder but including anatomical, clinical, and cognitive criteria in the experimental design that, in conjunction with the epigenetic status of specific genes, allows us to derive an integrative model. This study included 29 human brain samples from older schizophrenic patients with severe and mild cognitive impairment. We administered a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests to determine the size of the impairment across different cognitive domains. We focused our study on the analysis of the methylation pattern of 19 genes of major neurotransmitter systems using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. Our results highlight an absence of hypermethylation and hypomethylation in older patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls, irrespective of the degree of the cognitive deficit measured in the neuropsychological assessment (Fisher's exact test; p<0.05). mRNA or protein expression level differences in genes of major neurotransmitter systems that are known to be altered in schizophrenia must be because of regulatory mechanisms other than the DNA methylation of its promoter regions, although our results highlight the idea that the analysis of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in schizophrenia represents a new approach that has the possibility of uncovering molecular mechanisms of dysregulated gene expression in this complex disorder.

Deux marqueurs discursifs en diachronie: esp. en el fondo / fr. au fond

This paper analyses the development of the Spanish phrase en el fondo and the French phrase au fond as discourse markers (DM). Without excluding possible cognitive criteria in the evolution from propositional lexical meaning to procedural meaning, we try to formulate and validate hypothesis according to the semantic and pragmatic evolution of these phrases. The article aims at giving an answer to the following question: is there a significant influence from French to Spanish or can we speak of a parallel evolution in the two languages?

Ciencia, ideología e investigación social: comentarios sobre un artículo de Chavarría (2011)/Science, ideology and social research: Comments on an article by Chavarria (2011)

Desde la visión de lo que Brown (2001) denomina “Ortodoxia Científica” se analizan críticamente tres argumentos establecidos por Chavarría (2011) en su presentación del paradigma de la complejidad: 1. Los avances de la ciencia moderna han demostrado que la objetividad científica es imposible y que la realidad está sujeta a formas irreductibles de incertidumbre e indeterminismo; 2. La validez del conocimiento científico no depende de (o sólo de) criterios cognoscitivos, sino esencialmente sociales y políticos y 3. La Ortodoxia Científica propugna una concepción metodológica de la ciencia y las limitaciones e insuficiencias en la práctica de muchos investigadores (por ejemplo, la pobreza teórica) es un rasgo inherente de las investigaciones cuantitativas y objetivas. A partir de dicho análisis, se concluye que la formación en investigación social no puede sustentarse en una visión relativista de la realidad y del conocimiento y en la confusión entre ciencia e ideología. AbstractFrom the view of what Brown (2001) calls “Scientific Orthodoxy” three arguments stated by Chavarría (2001) in her introducing of the complexity paradigm are critically analyzed: 1. The modern scientific advances have demonstrated that objectivity in science is impossible and reality is uncertain and indeterminate; 2. The validity of scientific knowledge does not depend (or does not only depend) on cognitive criteria but essentially on social and political criteria, and 3. Scientific orthodoxy supports a methodological view of science, and the shortcomings and insufficiencies in the practice of many researchers (for example, lack of theory) are inherent features of quantitative and objective research. Therefore, it is concluded that education and training in social research cannot be based on a relativist view of reality and knowledge and on the confusing of science and ideology.

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Proposals for ICD-11: a report for WPA membership.

Proposals for ICD-11: a report for WPA membership.

F-26 Free Communication/Poster - Injury Epidemiology

During the last century several studies (i.e. Kassel, 1929) have thoroughly described that young people with eminent performance have a tendency to be born early in the year. Succeeding studies in sport (i.e. Musch & Grondin, 2001; Cobley et al., 2009) have documented the relative age effect (RAE). Selection of team handball players are often based on physical and cognitive criteria (e.g. play intelligence), making it an advantage to be bigger, faster, stronger and have more experience. However, there have been few studies about RAE in youth handball, and especially whether the age effect lasts. Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. (2013) have investigated RAE in male handball; findings indicate an age effect in several national teams. The Norwegian national handball team for women has been world leading the last decade. PURPOSE: To examine the relative age effect over time in three different Norwegian female youth national teams (U-20, U-18, U-16). Our hypothesis is that the RAE effect flattens over time. METHODS: Data from three different Norwegian female youth national teams (U-20 (n=22), U- 18 (n=19), U-16 (n=16)) were collected in cooperation with the Norwegian Handball Federation (NHF). Youth national teams are divided into categories made up by players born in two following years, where cut off dates are in even numbered birth years. Thus, a national team consists of players born in eight different quartiles. RESULTS: Significant correlations (p<0.05) between number of athletes and birth quartiles were found for U-16 (r2=.67) and U-18 (r2=.60), while no significant correlation was found for U-20 (r2=.02, p>0.05) CONCLUSION: This indicates that there is a RAE in the younger age groups (U-16 and U-18) while it is not visible in U-20. This may be explained by new players entering youth national teams over time, and less matured players catching up and then achieve key criteria for selection. Early maturation and physical capacity seem to favor players in selection at younger age. Future studies should compare the current findings with new youth national teams to see if this is a trend or a random result.

Distinct pattern of hypometabolism and atrophy in preclinical and predementia Alzheimer's disease

The goal of the present study was to determine the earliest patterns of hypometabolism and atrophy in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Stages of AD were defined by positron emission tomography imaging evidence of cortical amyloid pathology in addition to cognitive criteria. Subjects for the study were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database and divided into 4 groups: cognitively normal (CN) amyloid negative (Aβ−) elderly subjects (n = 36), CN amyloid-positive (Aβ+) (n = 21), early mild cognitive impairment Aβ+ (n = 65), and late mild cognitive impairment Aβ+ (n = 23) subjects. Region of interest–based (primary) and voxel-based (secondary) analyses were used to assess gray matter hypometabolism, quantified by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and decrease in gray matter volume and cortical thickness was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Region of interest- and voxel-based analyses showed significant hypometabolism but not atrophy in CN Aβ+ subjects compared with CN Aβ− subjects. The results suggest that hypometabolism exceeds atrophy in preclinical AD, supporting the notion that amyloid load may affect synaptic activity, leading to synaptic loss and subsequent neuronal loss.

Following the development of ICD-11 through World Psychiatry (and other sources).

Following the development of ICD-11 through World Psychiatry (and other sources).

Racial/ethnic subgroup differences in cognitive ability test range restriction: Implications for differential validity.

Recent meta-analyses demonstrated that the observed correlation between cognitive ability test scores and performance criteria was lower for Black and Hispanic subgroups than for Asian and White subgroups in college admissions, civilian employment, and military domains (i.e., differential validity). Given mean score differences between racial/ethnic subgroups, these observed validities may have been confounded by subgroup differences in range restriction. The present study draws on data from hundreds of cognitive ability test validity studies including more than 1 million persons to investigate whether Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White subgroups have differed in amounts of range restriction. We first replicated observed differential validity results and also extended them by presenting the first meta-analytic evidence that observed cognitive ability test validity is lower for the Hispanic subgroup in civilian employment settings. All subgroups were approximately equivalently restricted in range in college admissions and civilian employment domains, but the Black subgroup was more restricted in range than the White subgroup in military studies. In all 3 domains, any differences in range restriction could not account for observed validity differences between subgroups. We also provide estimates of range-restriction-corrected validities; Black and Hispanic subgroups' corrected validities were 11.3-18.0% lower than White corrected validities across domains.

Validation and attempts of revision of the MDS-recommended tests for the screening of Parkinson's disease dementia

The Movement Disorders Society (MDS) formulated diagnostic criteria and assessment guidelines for the screening of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD). We carried out a validation of the cognitive measures suggested in the screening algorithm (i.e. the Mini Mental State Examination – MMSE – total score, serial 7s subtraction, 3-word recall, pentagons copy, and one minute letter fluency) in 86 patients with PD. Thirty-six percent of participants were diagnosed with dementia using the MDS algorithm, but with the Dementia Rating Scale instead of the MMSE. The original MDS procedure misclassified 11 patients (12.8%) as false negatives and 3 (3.5%) as false positives, leading to 65% sensitivity and 95% specificity. The main reason for misdiagnoses was insensitivity of the MMSE total score. Three attempts were made to reach a better screening performance, which warrants high sensitivity more than high specificity: 1. exclusion of the MMSE total score as a diagnostic requirement; 2. determination of a better cut off through Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis; 3. replacement of the MMSE with the equally undemanding, but more PD-specific, Mini Mental Parkinson. The first two strategies generally yielded high sensitivity, but poor specificity. The best outcome was achieved using a Mini Mental Parkinson total score <27 as cognitive criterion: sensitivity was 87% and negative predictive value was 90%; however, specificity was only 67%. Our findings seem to suggest that MDS practical guidelines are specific, but might benefit from the use of more PD-oriented tools than the MMSE in terms of sensitivity.

Classification of bulimic-type eating disorders: from DSM-IV to DSM-5.

Proposed changes to the classification of bulimic-type eating disorders in the lead up to the publication of DSM-5 are reviewed. Several of the proposed changes, including according formal diagnostic status to binge eating disorder (BED), removing the separation of bulimia nervosa (BN) into purging and non-purging subtypes, and reducing the binge frequency threshold from twice per week to once per week for both BN and (BED), have considerable empirical evidence to support them and will likely have the effect of facilitating clinical practice, improving access to care, improving public and professional awareness and understanding of these disorders and stimulating the additional research needed to address at least some problematic issues. However, the omission of any reference to variants of BN characterized by subjective, but not objective, binge eating episodes, and to the undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation or similar cognitive criterion in relation to the diagnosis of BED, is regrettable, given their potential to inform clinical and research practice and given that there is considerable evidence to support specific reference to these distinctions. Other aspects of the proposed criteria, such as retention of behavioral indicators of impaired control associated with binge eating and the presence of marked distress regarding binge eating among the diagnostic for BED, appear anomalous in that there is little or no evidence to support their validity or clinical utility. It is hoped that these issues will be addressed in final phase of the DSM-5 development process.

SOCIAL VIGILANCE OF SCHOOL JOURNALISTS: COGNITIVE ASPECT

In the article one of the stages and results of an ascertaining experiment aimed at identification of the level of high school students’ social vigilance formation are described. The scientific novelty of this work is to implement the pedagogical interpretation of the concept "social vigilance", and also in the selection and creation of valid methods for studying the phenomenon. Ascertaining experiment on cognitive criteria included a test on facts of social reality knowledge, the methods developed by the author "The analysis of the communicative situation," and “Continue the report”, content analysis of texts. The results show that teenagers’ social vigilance largely developed in respect of the microprocesses, but it’s low in respect of macroprocesses. The young journalists have little knowledge about the various social groups, social stratum. The obtained data show the directions of teaching activities to develop students’ social vigilance. Experimental results, methods and forms of research can be extrapolated to other types of educational activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-7-49