Cognitive-behavioral Strategies Research Articles

Development and Dissemination of Online Evidence-Based Information for Youths with ADHD and Their Adult Supports

ABSTRACT Background Misconceptions and lack of awareness of ADHD remain key barriers to adolescents and young adults receiving ADHD care. Although online resources have potential for wide dissemination, they vary considerably in quality. To address this gap, we developed Teaching Online Organizational and virtual Learning Skills (TOOLS) as a free online psychoeducational resource for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and their adult supports. TOOLS includes 11 animated videos and accompanying informational handouts describing organizational and cognitive-behavioral strategies for managing ADHD. Organizational skills having the strongest evidence base for ADHD while other included strategies are still emerging. TOOLS is available in English, Mandarin, and Spanish. Objective The current study examined the reach, engagement, and perceived utility of TOOLS. Method Google Analytics data was used to assess engagement of the TOOLS webpages. In addition, 128 individuals who accessed TOOLS (Mage = 40.02 years, 85.9% female, 85.9% non-Hispanic, 76.6% White) completed surveys at baseline and 1-month follow-up. Results From October 2021 to October 2022, TOOLS generated 19,876 unique pageviews 12,631 clicks on the videos, and 7,807 clicks on the handouts. Survey participants reported a mean helpfulness rating of 3.14/4 at baseline. The average rating of intended skill use at baseline was 3.13/4 and the average rating of actual use at follow-up was 2.53/4. Frequent responses for positive feedback included digestibility, informative content, practicality, engaging visuals, and relatability. Frequent suggestions for improvements included additional content, especially for adults, quality control, support for implementation, and increase accessibility. Conclusions TOOLS demonstrates that evidence-based ADHD psychoeducational information can be widely disseminated online and can successfully engage viewers, but additional strategies must be considered for culturally equitable design and dissemination. Presenting clinical information with an emphasis on engagement, brevity, and digestibility may be particularly helpful for individuals with ADHD.

Electrical brain activations in preadolescents during a probabilistic reward-learning task reflect cognitive processes and behavior strategies

Electrical brain activations in preadolescents during a probabilistic reward-learning task reflect cognitive processes and behavior strategies

An examination of ankle joint position sense, postural control and associated neuromuscular deficits in patients with plantar fasciitis: a cross-sectional analysis with advanced biomechanical and psychosocial correlates

BackgroundAnkle joint position sense (AJPS) accuracy and postural control are crucial for maintaining balance and stability, particularly in individuals with plantar fasciitis who may experience proprioceptive and functional impairments. Understanding how psychosocial factors, such as pain catastrophizing, and biomechanical measures, like muscle strength and gait parameters related to proprioception and postural control, can inform more effective treatment approaches. This study aimed to (1) examine the relationship between AJPS accuracy and biomechanical factors—including postural stability, lower limb muscle strength, and gait parameters—in individuals with plantar fasciitis d (2) analyze the impact of psychosocial factors, including pain catastrophizing, physical activity level, and quality of life, on AJPS accuracy and postural control in this population.MethodsA total of 126 participants (63 with plantar fasciitis and 63 controls) were recruited. AJPS was assessed using a digital inclinometer across four movement directions (plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion). Postural stability metrics (antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway) were measured using computerized posturography, while muscle strength in plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, inverters, and evertors was assessed with a hand-held dynamometer. Gait parameters (step length, cadence, stance time) were captured via 3D motion capture. Pain catastrophizing, physical activity, and quality of life were evaluated using validated questionnaires (PCS, IPAQ, FHSQ).ResultsSignificant differences were observed in AJPS accuracy between groups, with plantar fasciitis patients showing higher AJPS error in plantarflexion (mean difference = 1.22°, p < 0.001) and dorsiflexion (mean difference = 1.31°, p < 0.001). Pain catastrophizing was a significant predictor of AJPS in plantarflexion (β = -0.05, p = 0.001). Postural stability was negatively correlated with AJPS accuracy, particularly in mediolateral sway (r = -0.32, p = 0.037), while physical activity and quality of life had minimal effects.ConclusionThis study highlights the impact of pain catastrophizing on proprioceptive deficits in plantar fasciitis, emphasizing the importance of addressing psychological as well as biomechanical factors in treatment. Integrating cognitive-behavioral strategies may enhance proprioceptive accuracy and stability outcomes in this population.

Current Physiotherapy Assessment and Treatment Practices for Low Back Pain in Nigeria: A National Survey.

Despite advances in physiotherapy care for Low Back Pain (LBP) worldwide, studies suggest that physiotherapists in Nigeria do not adhere to international guidelines, and it is not known whether recent treatment approaches developed for LBP are recognized or applied by physiotherapists in Nigeria. To evaluate the current assessment and treatment practices used by physiotherapists in Nigeria for people with recent onset, recurrent and chronic LBP. A descriptive cross-sectional electronic national survey. Two hundred and sixty-seven registered physiotherapists who treat LBP across all 36 states of Nigeria completed the survey anonymously via REDCap. Two hundred and sixty-seven physiotherapists (mean age=37.6years, SD=9.1; 53.6% female) completed the survey in full. Although most physiotherapists (>95%) regularly applied traditional assessment methods (e.g., history of presenting complaint, observation for spinal deformity, palpation), only approximately 30% screened for red flag pathology. Very few physiotherapists assessed patients with LBP for psychological distress (<8%) or risk stratification/prognostic factors (<4%). For treatment, electrophysical agents and muscle techniques (e.g., massage) predominated (>95%), while few physiotherapists used cognitive-behavioural strategies (<2%), individualised multimodal treatment programs (e.g., cognitive functional therapy, StarT Back or STOPS, <1.5%), validated outcome measures (<15%), clinical practice guidelines (<10%) or a clinical reasoning strategy/framework (<20%). Most Nigerian physiotherapists (>99%) expressed interest in learning evidence-based LBP assessment and treatment methods from international experts. There is very limited application of contemporary assessment and treatment practices for LBP by Nigerian physiotherapists; however, they are very interested in learning these methods from international experts.

Clinical Insights into PTSD and OCD Comorbidity

This paper examines the complex relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD), highlighting how trauma can not only exacerbate, but also trigger the onset of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, contributing to treatment resistance. Both disorders share overlapping features such as intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, and abnormalities in brain regions responsible for emotional regulation, including hyperactivity in the amygdala and hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex. Trauma-induced OCD, which often emerges after trauma, tends to be more resistant to standard treatments like exposure and response prevention (ERP) due to the heightened emotional distress linked to trauma memories. This paper also discusses the neurobiological underpinnings of these comorbid conditions, presenting evidence of disrupted cortico-striatal- thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits, which affect fear processing and cognitive control. By incorporating trauma- focused interventions, such as trauma-sensitive ERP, prolonged exposure therapy (PE), and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), clinicians can more effectively address the emotional dysregulation that drives and exacerbates OCD symptoms. A case study of a treatment-resistant OCD patient with comorbid PTSD underscores the need for tailored, multidimensional approaches to improve clinical outcomes. The findings stress the importance of early trauma identification and integrating cognitive-behavioral strategies with trauma-informed care to promote lasting recovery in patients with these dual diagnoses.

A physiotherapist-led biopsychosocial education and exercise programme for patients with chronic low back pain in Ghana: a mixed-methods feasibility study

BackgroundLow back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition which causes substantial disability globally. The biopsychosocial model of management has been recommended in national and international guidelines for the management of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, biopsychosocial approaches are predominantly delivered in high income countries (HICs), although the prevalence of LBP is substantially higher in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) especially in Africa (39%; 95% CI 30–47). Understanding the effectiveness of BPS interventions in LMICs especially in Africa is underexplored, with substantial inequity between research from HICs and LMICs. Ghana is a LMIC where the effectiveness of biopsychosocial interventions has been underexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of delivering a physiotherapist-led BPS programme for the management of patients with CLBP in Ghana.MethodsThis was a mixed-methods, sequential, pretest-posttest feasibility study. Participants involved thirty patients with CLBP. The biopsychosocial intervention involved an exercise and patient education programme based on principles of cognitive behavioural strategies with emphasis on self-management. The biopsychosocial intervention was delivered for six weeks for each participant. Feasibility outcomes regarding management and processes were captured pre-intervention, post-intervention, and three-months post intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted post-intervention to explore participants’ experiences with the biopsychosocial intervention. Patients’ demographics were collected at baseline. Patient reported outcome measures such as intensity of pain, disability, pain catastrophising, kinesiophobia, self-efficacy, and general quality of life, were collected pre-intervention, post-intervention and at three-months follow-up. Qualitative analysis explored participants’ experiences regarding the acceptability of the biopsychosocial intervention.ResultsThe results of this feasibility study demonstrated that the training programme was acceptable to physiotherapists. Recruitment rate (5 patient participants per week − 100% recruitment met), retention rate post-intervention (90%), data completion rate post-intervention (99.8%) and intervention fidelity (83.1%), all met feasibility thresholds. There were no adverse events. Qualitative data also demonstrated that the biopsychosocial intervention was acceptable to participants.ConclusionThis study has established the potential to deliver a biopsychosocial intervention programme in a Ghanaian hospital setting. This biopsychosocial intervention therefore shows promise, and the result of the study provides a platform to develop future clinical studies.

Assessment of Strategic Knowledge of Learning From Errors in Higher Education

Abstract: In higher education settings, students are confronted with learning materials and topics of great difficulty. Therefore, learning from errors and dealing with them in an adaptive way tends to be important. Besides facets such as error culture, students’ learning in such situations might differ due to individual differences in strategic knowledge of dealing with errors while learning. In this study, we developed a scenario-based test that aims to measure strategic knowledge of learning from errors in higher education settings. Besides cognitive–behavioral strategies, affective–motivational regulation strategies were considered and a standard of comparison was derived through expert rating. The article addresses the evaluation of the psychometric properties of this test in German. Analyses relied on a sample of 178 university students. Findings showed good signs of unidimensionality. Construct reliability and test difficulty tended to be lower than optimal. Relationships with students’ tendencies to deal adaptively with errors in learning were also explored. Finally, research desiderata and areas of application are discussed.

Efficacy of the reGENER@r Program on Socio-Emotional Skills and Sexist Beliefs in Perpetrators of Gender-Based Violence: A Pilot Study in Spain.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most pronounced expressions of the unequal power relations between women and men. As a tool for action against this phenomenon, psychological intervention programs for perpetrators of GVB are offered. This is how reGENER@r was born; it is a two-month program based on psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral strategies that is part of the alternative measures to GBV-related prison sentences. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of the reGENER@r program on the variables of emotional intelligence, empathy, coping responses, emotional dependency, gender role conflict, and sexist beliefs. To this end, a sample of 37 subjects convicted of crimes of GBV was collected, and a pre- and post-evaluation by means of self-report was carried out. Changes were examined for statistical significance and clinical significance. Significant improvements were observed in the variables of cognitive avoidance, emotional attention, hostile sexism, and distorted thoughts about women and the use of violence. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed, and some modifications are suggested such as making interventions longer, with a greater gender focus, adapted to the individual characteristics of the participants, and complemented with individual sessions.

A004: Promoting Interventions for Physical Activity in Healthy Older Adults: Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE: A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the promotion effects of various types of interventions on physical activity in healthy older adults, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for the development of physical activity intervention programs. METHODS: As of April 2023, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of physical activity interventions for healthy older adults in CNKI, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, EBSCO SPORT Discus, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database databases were searched and screened. The obtained literature was imported into EndNoteX9.1 software, and the titles and abstracts of the literature were initially screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then the full texts of the initially included literature were collected and screened. Finally, the Cochrane 5.1.0 risk of bias assessment tool was used for quality assessment, and Review Manager software was used for combining effect sizes, testing for heterogeneity, subgroup analyses, and the generation of funnel plots. RESULTS: 11 RCTs of good methodological quality were included in the 27,785 texts, with samples from eight countries, totaling 1,613 participants. The study found that post-intervention step counts (SMD = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.54; I2 =0%; p &lt; 0.0001) and MVPA (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.15 - 0.48; I2 =40%; p = 0.0002), MPA (SMD = 0.32; 95% CI: -0.54 - 1.18; I2 =89%; p=0.47), and TPA (SMD = 0.23; 95% CI: -0.32 - 0.78; I2 =73%; p=0.42) significantly improved. No significant effects were observed on secondary outcomes, including bodyweight, waist circumference, BMI, fat mass, lean body mass, quality of life, and grip strength. Additionally, separate subgroup analyses were performed for steps and MVPA, and although the differences between groups did not reach significance, a consistent trend was observed. This suggests that the effect of the intervention is related to whether the intervention is based on the theory, strategy, tools, BCT combination used, and the duration of the intervention. CONCLUSION: The intervention improved physical activity in healthy older adults. Specifically, programs developed based on theory, with a period of up to 3 months, using combined cognitive-behavioral strategies, technological aids, and a combination of more than 3 BCTs were more effective in the practical application of promoting physical activity in healthy older adults.

Visual insights into translation: demystifying trends of adopting eye-tracking techniques in translation studies.

The increasing use of eye-tracking techniques in translation studies offers valuable insights into cognitive processes and behavioral strategies of translators, reflecting a significant trend within cognitive linguistics and translator training methodologies. This review harnesses quantitative bibliometric analysis through Bibliometrix R-package with qualitative content assessment to evaluate the trajectory and thematic evolution of eye-tracking research in translation studies. Through a dataset from the Web of Science, 56 articles were analyzed, revealing distinct thematic dimensions and trend dynamics. The analysis revealed that eye-tracking is increasingly pivotal in exploring the cognitive and technological dimensions of translation. Central themes include interactions with translation tools, machine translation, and human-computer interaction, highlighting the importance of cognitive research in technology-driven translation. Niche areas such as English-Chinese translation and online consultation suggest specialized topics that warrant further investigation. Additionally, emerging themes like cognitive load and sight translation demonstrate a shift toward exploring real-time translation processing. Declining traditional topics, such as broader translation theories, indicate a growing integration of cognitive research with technological advancements. These findings elucidate the growth and diversification of eye-tracking applications in translation studies, emphasizing the method's importance in both academic research and practical applications, thereby informing future studies and enhancing translator training programs.

Stress Management Techniques for Students: Exploring Mindfulness, Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies and Resilience

This study investigates the effectiveness of stress management techniques—mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral strategies, and resilience-building practices—among university students facing academic and personal pressures. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data was collected from 550 participants through structured surveys measuring stress levels, technique usage, and influencing factors such as sleep quality and social support. The analysis revealed that mindfulness practices significantly reduced stress levels (M = 5.5) compared to cognitive-behavioral strategies (M = 6.5) and resilience techniques (M = 6.2), thereby confirming the first hypothesis. Cognitive-behavioral strategies also contributed positively to stress reduction, supporting the second hypothesis. Additionally, higher resilience scores correlated with lower stress levels, validating the third hypothesis. Notably, sleep quality and social support were identified as critical moderating factors that enhanced the effectiveness of these techniques, confirming the fourth hypothesis. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating mindfulness and resilience practices into student wellness programs while addressing sleep quality and fostering social support networks. This research contributes to the understanding of effective stress management strategies in academic settings and highlights the need for tailored interventions to support student well-being. Future research should explore the long-term effectiveness of these techniques and consider a broader range of student demographics to enhance the applicability of the findings.

Designing and Validating Administrative Corruption Prevention Model based on Psycho-Contextual Etiology and Representation of the Impacts of Administrative Corruption on Citizens' Lives

Aim: Administrative corruption prevention in Iran lacks models based on psychological research. This study aimed to design and validate the "administrative corruption prevention model based on psycho-contextual etiology and representation of the impacts of administrative corruption on citizens' lives". Methods: In the first phase (identification of the perception of public employees about the psychological and contextual factors that prevent corruption), data were collected using phenomenological method and semi-structured interviews with 14 public employees working in public sector organizations in Tehran, who were selected using convenience sampling and considering saturation principle. In the second phase (identification of the citizens’ perception about the effects of corruption on their lives), data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 Tehran residents, who were recruited via convenience sampling and considering conceptual saturation. In the third phase (determining the dimensions and components of the model), using delphi method and surveying eight experts, who were selected via the purposive sampling, the model was assessed and modified. Results: The results of data analysis in the first phase led to formation of six main themes: cognitive characteristics, emotional patterns, personality characteristics, behavioral strategies, familial background, and organizational context. In the second phase, two main themes emerged: negative individual consequences and negative collective consequences. The third phase showed that the agreement of the expert panel with the whole model was 92.61% and with each component was 88% or higher, confirming the validity of the model. The model was finalized with five dimensions and 13 components. The dimensions are: ‘appropriate selection and appointment’, ‘individual and group counseling interventions’, ‘behavioral strategies training’, ‘organizational culture modification and promotion’, and ‘monitoring and feedback’. Conclusion: A set of individual and contextual components have a potential role in self-control towards committing corruption. The presented model can be used and evaluated in designing and implementing preventive programs.

Supportive interventions for family caregivers of adults with mental illness: An integrative review

Background: People of all ages, genders, social classes, income levels, and geographical regions can be affected by mental illness. Families of individuals diagnosed with mental illnesses face significant burdens, particularly due to their role as family caregivers. Aim: This integrative review aims to characterize the interventions that support family caregivers to reduce their burden of caregiving. Methodology: Whittemore and Knafl’s methodology guided this integrative literature review. CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO were searched for articles published between 2014 and 2023. Eighteen articles were identified as eligible studies to identify supportive interventions. These articles were then critically appraised and relevant data analyzed and synthesized to formulate the results. Findings: The included studies reported interventions focused on family caregivers of relatives with mental illnesses. The two main themes of these studies are (a) interventions to offset the burden of caregiving and (b) outcomes related to these interventions. These interventions include psychoeducation, adaptive cognitive-behavioral strategies, peer support, and religious support. Conclusion: Caring for a mentally ill family member is an extremely stressful situation for family caregivers. Supportive interventions found in this integrative review could help these family caregivers overcome their burdens.

Development of the cognitive-behavioral communication (CBC) framework: A novel approach for mass communication in contact tracing during infectious disease outbreaks

The Cognitive-Behavioral Communication (CBC) Framework was developed to improve public compliance with contact tracing during infectious disease outbreaks, addressing the gaps exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. These gaps, including public distrust, misinformation, and privacy concerns, hindered traditional contact tracing efforts. The CBC Framework integrates mass communication theories, cognitive-behavioral strategies, and AI-driven message personalization to enhance public engagement. The framework was tested through comparative field trials, with one group receiving personalized communication via the CBC model and another receiving standard public health messages. Results showed that the CBC group achieved a significantly higher compliance rate (85.6% vs. 66.4%) and a 33% reduction in privacy concerns. AI-driven messages also increased relevance over time, with 86.2% of participants reporting improved message relevance. Public trust was significantly higher in the CBC group, with positive sentiment at 67.5% compared to 45.2% in the control group. These findings have particular relevance to the U.S., where challenges like distrust and privacy concerns have impeded the effectiveness of contact tracing. The CBC Framework presents a scalable solution to improve compliance, trust, and overall public health outcomes during future outbreaks.

Preliminary findings for self-talk with self-management to support a female autistic adult with anxiety-type behaviors at their jobsite

Background: Autistic individuals are often more susceptible to co-occurring anxiety disorders. Self-management, as a behavior analytic strategy, has been found to be an effective tool for individuals to monitor one's own behavior and increase prosocial behavior. Cognitive behavioral strategies include the use of self-instructional strategies to prompt and support behaviors for an individual by changing their thought processes and their self-talk. Self-talk (e.g., inner speech or self-statements) is embedded within cognitive behavioral strategies and contributes to effective self-regulation and self-control. Objective: The current study sought to combine aspects of cognitive behavioral strategies in self-talk and self-management, respectively. The goal was to provide a manageable, non-intrusive intervention that incorporated the participant in a manner that targeted their self-identified vocational goals (i.e., reduction in reassurance seeking). Method: A reversal design was used to determine the impact of positive self-talk, measured through collected self-management data, on anxiety-type behaviors, in the form of reassurance-seeking statements, in one autistic young adult at their vocational site. Results: Results from analysis revealed a significant difference between data in the baseline and reversal phases and the intervention phases, with the Tau-U effect size being −0.984 ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate that behavior analytic strategies used to facilitate cognitive behavioral supports decreased the frequency of reassurance-seeking statements for this individual at their vocational site in a socially valid manner.

Imagining Letting Go: a Preliminary Test of Written Imagery Rescripting to Facilitate Discarding in a High Hoarding Sample

Mental images appear to be important mental events in hoarding that may maintain the disorder by interfering with discarding. We tested whether a novel written imagery rescripting task, focused on modifying a negative imagined outcome of discarding a hoarded object into a positive alternative, could be used to promote discarding in individuals with hoarding traits, and compared this against other cognitive-behavioural strategies used to encourage discarding. We also examined whether the success of imagery rescripting depended on imagining ability. High hoarding participants (n = 176), recruited through Cloudresearch.com, were asked to imagine a negative outcome of discarding an object they were still attached to. We then randomized them into one of four conditions: imagery rescripting, imaginal exposure, cognitive restructuring, or a positive imagery control, and presented them with a discarding task. Rescripting was associated with increased readiness and motivation to discard, and discarding frequency, compared to other conditions. Rescripting also reduced state negative emotions and increased state positive emotions relative to exposure and restructuring. We found reductions in object attachment in rescripting, restructuring, and positive imagery. The effect of rescripting on readiness and motivation to discard was moderated by imagining ability, such that higher imagining ability was associated with greater readiness and motivation to discard after rescripting. Pending replication and extension, written imagery rescripting may have promise as a clinical strategy to facilitate discarding in individuals with hoarding difficulties.

Feasibility of a nurse-initiated brief cognitive behavioral strategy intervention program for symptom clusters experienced by patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of a nurse-initiated brief cognitive behavioral strategy (CBS) intervention program targeting pain and fatigue symptoms among the pain and fatigue/anorexia symptom clusters experienced by patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MethodsIn this single-group, pre-post test study, 15 NSCLC outpatients undergoing medical treatment participated. After providing informed consent, participants completed a baseline questionnaire and received a booklet detailing brief cognitive-behavioral techniques (e.g., relaxation, symptom-management strategies), exercise therapy, and related tools. Follow-up calls were made five times over a 10-week period to monitor adherence and assess symptom severity changes. ResultsTen participants (66.7%) completed the program. For pain management, 86.7% of participants chose deep breathing as a relaxation technique, and 80.0% used exercise to alleviate fatigue. Median symptom severities decreased from baseline to week 10 as follows: pain (2.00 to 1.00), sadness (1.00 to 0.00), and anxiety (1.00 to 0.50). ConclusionsThe naurse-initiated brief CBS intervention program is feasible and clinically relevant for patients with advanced NSCLC undergoing standard treatment in Japan.

Mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral strategies for psychological detachment: Comparing effectiveness and mechanisms of change.

Recovering from work is essential for maintaining occupational well-being, health, motivation, and performance, but recovery is often difficult to achieve. In this study, we evaluated and compared the effectiveness of two (parallel) interventions aimed at promoting recovery: one based on mindfulness and one involving applying cognitive-behavioral strategies. Both interventions were embedded in a measurement burst design, which allowed us to examine the mechanisms underlying change or intervention success. To explore mechanisms of change, we used the stressor-detachment model as a theoretical framework. We operationalized the interventions' effects in three ways: as changes from pretest to posttest, as changes in daily states, and as changes in daily associations. To this end, we used intensive longitudinal data to examine the roles that daily negative activation plays in detachment and strain. In a randomized controlled trial (N = 393), we administered three assessments of traits: pretest, posttest (8 weeks later), and follow-up (3 months after the posttest). We also administered 2 work weeks of experience sampling questionnaires (preintervention and postintervention). Latent change models and Bayes factor equivalence tests revealed that both interventions substantially-and to a similar extent-increased detachment. Bayesian multilevel path models showed improvements in all state variables, including improvements in negative activation, and provided some evidence that mindfulness-based and cognitive-behavioral approaches might tackle different processes at the daily level. We discuss theoretical implications for the literature on recovery from work and specifically for the stressor-detachment model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploring the Resistance Factors within Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Strategies to Overcome them among Therapist: An Exploratory Study

Exploring the Resistance Factors within Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Strategies to Overcome them among Therapist: An Exploratory Study

Electrical brain activations in preadolescents during a probabilistic reward-learning task reflect cognitive processes and behavioral strategy.

Both adults and children learn through feedback which environmental events and choices are associated with higher probability of reward, an ability thought to be supported by the development of fronto-striatal reward circuits. Recent developmental studies have applied computational models of reward learning to investigate such learning in children. However, tasks and measures effective for assaying the cascade of reward-learning neural processes in children have been limited. Using a child-version of a probabilistic reward-learning task while recording event-related-potential (ERP) measures of electrical brain activity, this study examined key processes of reward learning in preadolescents (8-12 years old; n=30), namely: (1) reward-feedback sensitivity, as measured by the early-latency, reward-related, frontal ERP positivity, (2) rapid attentional shifting of processing toward favored visual stimuli, as measured by the N2pc component, and (3) longer-latency attention-related responses to reward feedback as a function of behavioral strategies (i.e., Win-Stay-Lose-Shift), as measured by the central-parietal P300. Consistent with our prior work in adults, the behavioral findings indicate preadolescents can learn stimulus-reward outcome associations, but at varying levels of performance. Neurally, poor preadolescent learners (those with slower learning rates) showed greater reward-related positivity amplitudes relative to good learners, suggesting greater reward-feedback sensitivity. We also found attention shifting towards to-be-chosen stimuli, as evidenced by the N2pc, but not to more highly rewarded stimuli as we have observed in adults. Lastly, we found the behavioral learning strategy (i.e., Win-Stay-Lose-Shift) reflected by the feedback-elicited parietal P300. These findings provide novel insights into the key neural processes underlying reinforcement learning in preadolescents.