Cognitive Assessment Instruments Research Articles

Theoretically grounded music therapy interventions for people with obsessive compulsive disorder

Over two percent of adults experience obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in their lifetime, and research on novel, effective treatments for this condition is needed. OCD is characterized by obsessions and compulsions spanning several domains including but not limited to cleanliness, evenness, and unacceptable or disturbing thoughts. Although there is a deficit of research on music therapy for people with OCD, preliminary research has indicated that music-based interventions and music therapy can help decrease anxiety, rigidity, obsessions, and compulsions in people with OCD. The purpose of this paper was to explore and develop music therapy interventions for people with OCD grounded in theories and concepts related to this diagnosis. The authors conducted a narrative literature review of interdisciplinary research on music therapy and OCD. In this manuscript, the authors reviewed three theories and concepts related to OCD and their applications to music therapy: evaluative conditioning, incompleteness and not just right experiences, and transdiagnostic theory. The authors used these theories to develop music therapy interventions to address areas of life that can be impacted by OCD identified in the Cognitive Assessment Instrument of Obsessions and Compulsions. Empirical research is needed to determine the efficacy, practicality, and generalizability of proposed music therapy interventions.

HYPERTENSION AS DETERMINANT OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AMONG ELDERLY SUB-POPULATION

Background: Cognitive dysfunction is one of the main impacts of hypertension in the elderly population. Early detection and adequate management of early-stage cognitive dysfunction in hypertensive elderly is expected to improve their cognitive status and quality of life. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between hypertension and cognitive dysfunction in a sub-population of the elderly in Mataram, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved elderly sub-population recruited consecutively in three public health centers in Mataram, Indonesia. Data included in this study were age, gender, occupation, educational level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cognitive status. Cognitive status was assessed using the Indonesia version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment instrument. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to test whether hypertension was a determinant of cognitive dysfunction in participants taking into account the presence of socio-demographic status and diabetes mellitus as another vascular risk factor. Results: This study included 88 elderly as eligible participants. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction among participants was 61.4%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that hypertension was the single variable significantly associated with a high frequency of cognitive dysfunction in elderly sub-population (odds ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence intervals = 1.3 – 10.4; p = 0.014). Conclusion: The frequency of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly sub-population in Mataram was high, amounting to 61.4%. Hypertension was the determinant of this high frequency of cognitive dysfunction in the sub-population studied.

The Effects of Carotid Revascularization on 1-Year Cognitive Performance in Patients With Carotid Artery Stenosis.

The impact of carotid revascularization on cognitive function for patients with severe carotid artery stenosis remains uncertain. This study is aimed to investigate the 1-year neurocognitive outcomes of patients who accept carotid revascularization and identify the risk factors associated with postoperative cognitive decline. From April 2019 to April 2021, patients with ≥70% carotid artery stenosis who were treated with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) were recruited for this study. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) instrument was used to evaluate cognitive function preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Logistic regression analysis was built to identify potential risk factors for postoperative long-term cognitive decline. A total of 89 patients who met the criteria were enrolled and completed 1-year follow-up. At 3, 6, and 12 months after carotid revascularization, the total MoCA score, attention, language fluency, and delayed recall score were significantly improved compared with the baseline scores (p<0.05). At 12 months, there was also a significant improvement in cube copying compared with baseline (p=0.034). Logistic regression analysis showed that the advancing age, left side, and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were independent risk factors for cognitive deterioration at 12 months after surgery. Overall, carotid revascularization has a beneficial effect on cognition function in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis, while advancing age, left side, and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were significantly related to a decreased cognitive score after carotid revascularization. This study focused on the changes in cognitive function within 1 year after carotid revascularization in patients with severe carotid stenosis. Of course, carotid revascularization can improve the cognition function in these patients. On the other hand, we found the advancing age, left side and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were significantly associated with decreased cognitive scores at 1 year after carotid revascularization, which suggests that clinicians may need to be aware of patients with these characteristics.

Validation of the Cognitive Assessment Instrument for Obsessions and Compulsions (CAIOC-13) in an Indian Sample

Background: Brief self-report measures of cognition are advantageous for flagging significant cognitive dysfunction without extensive neuropsychological assessments. The Cognitive Assessment Instrument for Obsessions and Compulsions (CAIOC-13) is a recently developed self-report that assesses everyday cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), for example, difficulties with reading, slowness, and decision-making. This study was undertaken to validate the CAIOC-13 in an Indian sample of OCD. Material and Methods: 75 subjects with OCD and 81 non-clinical controls completed CAIOC-13, Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-Short Form (DAS-SF1). Convergent and divergent validity with PDQ and DAS-SF1 were established with Pearson’s correlation; the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze discriminant validity; and factorial structure was evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA). Results: CAIOC-13 scores showed a strong significant correlation ( r = 0.56; p &lt; .001) with PDQ and a moderate correlation with DAS-SF1 scores ( r = 0.33; p = .003). CAIOC-13 could accurately discriminate between OCD and controls (area under curve = 0.92). PCA revealed strong loading on a single component. Conclusion: CAIOC-13 is a valid tool for briefly assessing OCD-related cognitive dysfunction in Indian samples. Future studies may examine the correlation of CAIOC-13 with standardized neuropsychological assessments.

Development of hots-based cognitive assessment instruments: ADDIE model

Higher order thinking skills (HOTS) are an important element in facing the challenges of the 21 st-century. Difficulty in solving problems systematically, facing challenges in an organized manner, and being unable to design original solutions are due to the low HOTS that students have. HOTS ability can improve students who low-level thinking skills in several ways, for example, through learning integrated with media, practice, and assessment or HOTS-based cognitive assessment. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a HOTS-based cognitive assessment to assess students' HOTS abilities. The device development model used is an adaptation of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The research sample consisted of 30 students in class 11 of the Governance and Office Automation Competency Program of Vocational High School 1 Kudus. The result is that 11 students have the HOTS ability with very good criteria, 17 well criteria, and 2 enough criteria. This study suggests that a test instrument for further research is to measure students' HOTS ability. The Experts conclude that HOTS-based cognitive assessment can be used as an approach to improve students' HOTS to actively think selectively and supported by logical argumentation.

Hand Grip Strength as a Predictive Tool for Upper Extremity Functionality, Balance, and Quality of Life in People With Multiple Sclerosis.

Upper extremity strength and function are rarely assessed in routine multiple sclerosis (MS) care. This study aimed to evaluate hand muscle strength and functionality in individuals with MS and investigate correlations with upper extremity function, cognitive status, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and balance. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 45 consecutive individuals with MS between the ages of 18 and 65. Upper limb motor strength was evaluated using a hand grip strength dynamometer. Upper limb functional capacity was assessed using the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) and the Duruoz Hand Index (DHI). Balance, coordination, and falls were measured with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), and the 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30CST). Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment instrument and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Level of HRQOL was assessed using the self-reported 54-item MS Quality of Life-54 questionnaire. Out of the 45 participants (80% women, mean age 36.6 ± 8.6 years), higher hand grip dynamometer measures were strongly correlated with better DHI, 9HPT, BBS, FES, and 30CST scores. In the regression analysis, a 1-unit increase in dynamometer measures led to a 0.383 increase in overall HRQOL score. This study demonstrates that increased hand grip strength (HGS) is associated with better hand functionality, balance, and HRQOL in individuals with MS. It provides evidence to support more systematic measurement of HGS in the care of people with MS.

Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment Instrument with Individual Feedback for Language Receptive Learning on Multimodal Text

Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment Instrument with Individual Feedback for Language Receptive Learning on Multimodal Text

Cognitive Speech Therapy Protocol directed to Autistic Spectrum Disorder (PROFOCO-ASD): construction stage

IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by changes in cognitive aspects that influence the process of social communication development in these individuals. The Speech-Language Pathologist is the professional qualified to evaluate and intervene in cases of language impairment, however, there are few accessible cognitive assessment instruments. The Cognitive Speech Therapy Protocol (PROFOCO) is a questionnaire to assess cognitive aspects directed to children with a clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).ObjectivesThe present study aims to present the construction phases of the Cognitive Speech Therapy Protocol aimed at Autistic Spectrum Disorders (PROFOCO-ASD), with emphasis on the panel of experts.MethodsThe Cognitive Speech Therapy Protocol was prepared as a PhD thesis in the area of Rehabilitation Sciences at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP). This is a questionnaire to investigate cognitive aspects aimed at children between 2 and 12 years old, diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder, to be applied by a speech therapist and answered by parents or guardians. The construction of the protocol took place in 4 stages: experience of the authors, review of updated literature, a pre-test applied in person to 10 parents and guardians of children with ASD and the panel of experts where the protocol was analyzed by 3 specialists from area of speech therapy linked to USP AND UNIFESP, with experience in language and in the construction of protocols as criteria for selection, which analyzed the content of the questions, the vocabulary, the structure of the protocol and the answerResults The authors’ experience in the construction process made it possible to observe the need to introduce issues involving the adequate state of brain regulation, conditions for reception, analysis and storage of information and conditions for programming, regulation and execution of activities. The updated bibliographic review made it possible to elaborate each question based on scientific evidence. The pre-test made it possible to analyze the understanding of the proposed questions, the vocabulary used and the time required for application. The expert panel provided an analysis of the content and vocabulary, leading to relevant changes in its general context, demonstrating the importance of the expert panel phase in the development of a reference protocol.Conclusions The present study demonstrates the importance of the expert panel phase in structuring a screening instrument, since a different perspective from people involved in the language area can give more clarity to the questions, as well as the vocabulary used, ease of A protocol capable of being understood by a population in different contexts, its vision also evolves, in different regions.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Diet patterns associated with cognitive decline: methods to harmonize data from European and US cohort studies.

The impact of dietary intake on cognitive outcomes and dementia prevention is a topic of increasing interest. Meta-analyses of observational studies, mostly conducted within US and European populations, have reported benefits of healthy diet patterns on cognitive performance, but results from individual studies have been inconsistent. These inconsistencies are likely due to the diverse methodology used in studies, including different diet and cognitive function assessment instruments, follow-up periods, and analytical methods, which make drawing conclusions relevant to dietary guidance challenging. The objective of this project is to describe a protocol to conduct a retrospective harmonization study on dietary intake and cognitive health using data from European and US studies. The recommendations resulting from the project can be used to support evidence-based synthesis for future iterations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans or other population-based dietary guidance. Additionally, this study will serve as a harmonization guide for future research on the relationship between diet patterns and cognition. The approach outlined ultimately aims to optimize resources and expedite research efforts for dementia prevention.

Development of a Cognitive Assessment Instrument for Simple Business, Energy and Aircraft Materials via Wordwall

Cognitive assessment of kids who still frequently use paper documents and certain school-provided software. The objective of this study is to develop a legitimate, dependable, efficient, and useful tool that may be used to teach static electricity concepts through wordwalls. This study use the ADDIE model in conjunction with the Research and Development technique. Purposive sampling is the sampling technique used, taking into account samples that have finished business, energy, and basic aviation material for science education. 52 individuals served as the samples. The study is being conducted at SMP 1 PGRI in Semarang City. Using SPSS software version 2019 and Ministep, the data analysis technique involves testing the validity, reliability, efficacy, and practicality of test instruments and questionnaires. The study's findings demonstrate that the creation of a wordwall-based cognitive instrument on static electricity learning outcomes is valid, dependable, and practically implemented, as evidenced by the instrument's 0.79 sufficient category score, 74.9 average score, and 61.40% production rate based on student responses. This means that future researchers can build on this tool to suit their needs and the reference tools that are used to assess learning.

Modelo predictivo en comprensión de lectura impresa y digital en estudiantes universitarios

Introduction: Reading comprehension (CL) is complex and in its process, faculties related to perception, motivation, attention, and interpretation are involved. Our goal was to design a predictive model in understanding printed and digital reading, based on the Theory of the six readings, in students from the universities of Manizales, Colombia and Kharkiv, Ukraine. Methods: During a period of 6 weeks, 70 students participated: Colombians (n=40) and Ukrainians (n=30), in which intervention was generated with the "six reading theory" course together with cognitive evaluation with the MoCA Test (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) instrument. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics for categorical and numerical variables, multivariate analysis and prediction by multinomial regression techniques. Results: The intervention group that received training in the Theory of Six Readings generated better overall results in reading comprehension, a situation that correlated with the predictive model (r2=0.67; global classification index = 0.76). Conclusion: Implementing a print and digital reading program based on the theory of the six readings can allow the optimization of reading proficiency in public and private universities.

Portuguese version of the Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) instrument in the evaluation of individuals aged 50 years or older with Itabaianinha syndrome.

Individuals with congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) in Northeastern Brazil have a normal lifespan with a prolonged healthspan. We hypothesize that their increased healthspan is accompanied by a reduced cognitive decline during aging. We have recently shown that these individuals have a similar total cognitive function and better attention and executive function than controls. These data were obtained using a Portuguese version of the Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) instrument, whose translation to facilitate cognitive research in Portuguese-speaking countries is described here. In the first stage, a psychologist and a psychiatrist translated the LICA instrument from English into Portuguese, and an English teacher proofread the translation. The second stage included its synthesis and cultural adaptation, carried out by Brazilian authors, and changes in some words and images. The third stage involved an evaluation round with two referees (independent psychologists). The fourth stage involved a back translation of the instrument, which demonstrated > 95% agreement with the original version. The fifth stage included a study to verify the understanding of the questionnaire by responders. In the sixth stage, an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist approved the final Portuguese version of the instrument, which was then administered to 15 individuals with IGHD and 15 controls older than 50 years. The LICA instrument was applied 59 times (5 times in the pilot study, 24 in the variability studies, and 30 in the experimental step). The interobserver and intraobserver variabilities were 99% and 96%, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.76, indicating good reliability. The mean (± standard deviation) duration of the application was 39 ± 8.6 and 48.5 ± 5.8 minutes in literate and illiterate individuals, respectively. The Portuguese version of the LICA instrument was valuable for the cognitive assessment of individuals with Itabaianinha syndrome.

ASSESSING HOW AGE, GENDER, RACE, AND EDUCATION AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COGNITIVE DOMAINS AND OLFACTION

Abstract The associations between cognitive domains and odor identification are well-established, but how sociodemographic variables affect these relationships is less clear; using the survey-adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment instrument (MoCA-SA), we assess how age, gender, race, and education shape these relationships. First, we used two different methods, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, to empirically derive distinct cognitive domains from the MoCA-SA since it is unclear whether the MoCA-SA can be disaggregated into cognitive domains. We then used ordinal logistic regression to test whether these empirically derived cognitive domains were associated with odor identification and how sociodemographic variables modified these relationships. We identified five out of the six theoretical cognitive domains, with the language domain unable to be identified. We found that odor identification was associated with episodic memory, visuospatial ability, and executive function. Stratified analyses by sociodemographic variables reveal that the associations between some of the cognitive domains and odor identification varied by age, gender, or race, but not by education. These results suggest that 1) the MoCA-SA can be used to identify cognitive domains in survey research and 2) the performance of smell tests as a screener for cognitive decline may potentially be weaker in certain subpopulations.

Prevalence of risk factors for dementia and association with cognitive alterations in an elderly population from the South of Brazil

AbstractBackgroundThe number of elderly people is increasing globally, including those who live with their dementia. It is currently the seventh leading cause of death worldwide and a leading cause of disability and dependence among older people. “The Lancet Commission’s 2020 update on prevention and monitoring care” evidenced 12 modifiable risk factors for dementia, suggesting that up to 40% of cases could be prevented or delayed if exposure to such factors were eliminated. In view of the increase in the elderly population and dementia cases, it is understood that preventive actions focusing on modifiable risk factors and early detection of dementia cases are necessary.MethodCross‐sectional, quantitative, descriptive study. Cognitive screening was carried out in patients over 60 years of age in an area of the territory of a Basic Health Unit using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a survey of 12 (twelve) risk factors were investigated with questions related to: schooling, hypertension, hearing loss, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, social isolation, excessive alcohol consumption, head trauma, exposure to tobacco and pollution. The interviews were performed from August to October 2022. About 146 individuals were selected and 73 interviews were carried out. Exclusion criteria were: bedridden elderly, those with compromised mobility or inability to understand. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program using the Pearson’s chi‐square tests at a significance level of 5%.ResultThe present study identified a significant association between altered MMSE and low education, with a p‐value of 0.016. Of the illiterate patients, 47.6% had changes in the MMSE. Among individuals with 1 to 4 years of schooling, 82.8% had altered MMSE.ConclusionIt can be concluded that low education is a risk factor for dementia, as evidenced in other studies. However, the need for further studies on cognitive assessment instruments should be considered, since low educational level can influence their results.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults in Nepal for Population-Based Dementia Ascertainment: Needs, Challenges, and Opportunities.

The population of Nepal is rapidly aging, as in other low and middle-income countries, and the number of individuals living with Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias (ADRD) is expected to increase. However, information about the neuropsychological assessment of ADRD in Nepal is lacking. We first aimed to examine the needs, challenges, and opportunities associated with the neuropsychological assessment of older adults in Nepal for population-based ADRD ascertainment. Second, we introduce the Chitwan Valley Family Study-Study of Cognition and Aging in Nepal (CVFS-SCAN), which is poised to address these needs, and its collaboration with the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) international network. We reviewed the existing literature on the prevalence, risk factors, available neuropsychological assessment instruments, and sociocultural factors that may influence the neuropsychological assessment of older adults for ADRD ascertainment in Nepal. Our review revealed no existing population-based data on the prevalence of ADRD in Nepal. Very few studies have utilized formal cognitive assessment instruments for ADRD assessment, and there have been no comprehensive neuropsychological assessment instruments that have been validated for the assessment of ADRD in Nepal. We describe how the CVFS-SCAN study will address this need through careful adaptation of the HCAP instrument. We conclude that the development of culturally appropriate neuropsychological assessment instruments is urgently needed for the population-based assessment of ADRD in Nepal. The CVFS-SCAN is designed to address this need and will contribute to the growth of global and equitable neuropsychology and to the science of ADRD in low- and middle-income countries.

Cognitive Domain Analysis in the Context of the Merdeka Curriculum at Mts Negeri 1 East Lombok

Assessment has the purpose to determine the attainment of educational objectives. There are three domains of assessment: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The cognitive domain focuses on assessing knowledge, comprehension, and intellectual thinking. Cognitive assessment tools can be designed through the utilization of authentic assessments, which replicate real-world situations or contexts. Authentic assessment methodologies offer a more precise means of evaluating a student's capacity to apply acquired concepts. This research had the purpose to investigate the development of cognitive assessment instruments within the independent curriculum at MTs Negeri 1 East Lombok. This qualitative research utilized a field-based approach, collecting data through teacher observations and interviews conducted at MTs Negeri 1 East Lombok. The data analysis process included data reduction, presentation, and inference. The outcomes suggested that cognitive domain assessment instruments in the independent curriculum should be in alignment with the learning objectives, integrate various question types, involve students in their development, and provide constructive feedback.

A Cognitive Assessment Instrument for HOTS Development in Technical Drawing Subjects Utilizing Quizziz Learning Platform

Assessment or evaluation is the activity of collecting student information or a program of activities related to certain dimensions or attributes, such as student learning outcomes in teaching a field of study or the effectiveness of studying a field of study organized by the teacher, to be compared. Dimensional or characteristic excellence standards are associated with students or activity programs. For example, Quizizz, a digital platform that helps students master reading, is a multiplayer class activity that allows all students to practice reading skills using mobile devices, such as tablets, iPads, and Smartphones. This research use the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method using the ADDIE research development model which is very applicable in the development of formal education. Based on the results of the validation value analysis carried out by two validators, the average percentage of very feasible category assessment instruments was 90.62 percent. Based on the results of the validity test shown on the 32 multiple choice HOTS questions used in the pilot study with 33 students, 26 items were determined to be valid. Based on the results of the reliability test, the value of the test analysis is included in the "high" category. The study of the difficulty level of the 32 questions yielded the following results: 15 simple questions, 14 moderate questions, and three challenging questions. In addition, according to the analysis of discriminatory power, nine items fall into the proper category, 21 items fall into the good category, one item falls into the poor category, and one item falls into the very poor category.

Insulin‐growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) in older adults with the concomitant presence of Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) may be related to changes in insulin pathways, suggesting that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are more likely to develop AD compared to healthy individuals. Insulin plays an important role in the mechanisms related to brain activity, especially in the formation of memories. Given the similarity between insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) and insulin itself, this molecule has the ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but with low affinity. In addition to the brain, IGF‐1 is present in several tissues, acting as a mediator of physiological responses related to neuronal protection against toxicity caused by glucose deprivation and oxidative stress, in addition to playing an important role in apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. In vitro studies have demonstrated the potential that this protein has to decrease tau protein hyperphosphorylation, one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Moreover, in response to neuronal damage, IGF‐1 promotes neurogenesis and synaptogenesis.MethodThis is a cross‐sectional study, based on the assumptions of quantitative research, approved by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil (CAAE: 12968413.1.0000.5504). It has been developed with a sample of 36 participants aged over 60 years, users of health services in the municipality. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and the MMSE and CDR cognitive assessment instruments were applied to participants from all groups. Quantification of IGF‐1 plasma levels was performed using the ELISA technique (Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay).ResultHigher plasma levels of IGF‐1 were found in older adults with AD and concomitant T2DM when compared with older adults with diabetes (T2DM) (p = 0.0167) and healthy participants (p = 0.0003).ConclusionThe increase in IGF‐1 levels in plasma of older adults with AD+T2DM and T2DM groups may indicate an initial compensatory response against neuronal damage in the elderly with both diseases or T2DM. The findings and conclusions of the present study are exploratory, and further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to draw a firm conclusion.

Assessing how Age, Sex, Race, and Education Affect the Relationships Between Cognitive Domains and Odor Identification.

The associations between cognitive domains and odor identification are well established, but how sociodemographic variables affect these relationships is less clear. Using the survey-adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment instrument (MoCA-SA), we assess how age, sex, race, and education shape these relationships. We first used cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling to empirically derive distinct cognitive domains from the MoCA-SA as it is unclear whether the MoCA-SA can be disaggregated into cognitive domains. We then used ordinal logistic regression to test whether these empirically derived cognitive domains were associated with odor identification and how sociodemographic variables modified these relationships. Nationally representative sample of community-dwelling US older adults. We identified 5 out of the 6 theoretical cognitive domains, with the language domain unable to be identified. Odor identification was associated with episodic memory, visuospatial ability, and executive function. Stratified analyses by sociodemographic variables reveal that the associations between some of the cognitive domains and odor identification varied by age, sex, or race, but not by education. These results suggest that (1) the MoCA-SA can be used to identify cognitive domains in survey research and (2) the performance of smell tests as a screener for cognitive decline may potentially be weaker in certain subpopulations.

Development of Tenda IOT174 Volleyball Learning to Improve Cognitive Ability, Fighting Power and Sportivity in College Students

The study purpose was to improve the cognitive abilities, fighting power and sportivity on the Physical Education Students Study Program at Nusantara PGRI University Kediri. Materials and methods. This study used the Research and Development method. A small-scale field trial was carried out in the sports building of the Nusantara University campus, PGRI Kediri, which implemented volleyball courses. Practical large-scale trials were carried out at STKIP Trenggalek which implemented volleyball courses, Kahuripan University which implemented volleyball courses, and STKIP Pacitan which implemented volleyball courses. The instruments used to collect data were observation, interviews, and assessment of the effectiveness of the test results as regards increasing cognitive abilities, fighting power and sportsmanship; for the validity of the cognitive abilities assessment instrument, validity was 0.865 and reliability was 0.836, for the fighting power assessment instrument, validity was 0.836 and reliability was 0.700, for the sportivity assessment instrument, validity was 0.897 and reliability was 0.824. The data analysis technique used was quantitative descriptive analysis and normality test analysis, and t-test. Results. Based on the obtained results, the pretest and posttest values have a significant difference with the significance value for all variables being 0.000 &lt; 0.05. For the cognitive ability variable, it was 0.000 &lt; 0.05, for the fighting power variable, it was 0.000 &lt; 0.05, and for the sportivity variable, it was 0.000 &lt; 0.05. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the development of TENDA IOT174 volleyball learning improves cognitive ability, fighting power and sportivity in college students.