Cognate Sciences Research Articles

On Bender's orientation to models: Towards a philosophical debate on covering laws, theory, emergence and mechanisms in nursing science.

Nursing scholars continuously refine nursing knowledge and the philosophical foundations of nursing practice. They advance nursing knowledge by creating new knowledge and weighing the relevance of developments in cognate sciences. Nurse philosophers go further by providing epistemological and ontological arguments for explanations of nursing phenomena. In this article, I engage with Bender's arguments about why mechanisms should have more primacy as carriers of nursing knowledge. Despite the careful scholarship involved, Bender's arguments need to be more convincing. Accordingly, this article encourages debate about Bender's arguments for reorientating nursing science to mechanisms. I begin by suggesting that the claim that the theory-practice divide can be overcome by reorientating to mechanisms is acceptable only if we accept Bender's depiction of the challenge. Then I question the ontology Bender relies on to justify reorientating nursing science. After that, I argue that mechanisms in models that parallel analytical sociology undermine the kind of nursing science Bender advocates. I illustrate my arguments with a social mechanism thought experiment. Then I explain why Bender's arguments cannot escape the received view of science or inform emancipatory nursing action without theory. Finally, I mention some caveats and implications for nursing science.

Human Capital Plan of PT Catur Manunggal Berjaya Face Cleaning Tissue "Buddies" Product

Cosmetics are currently becoming a trend for adolescents, both boys and girls. The problems encountered by adolescents arise due to the activities they do and also hormonal changes include the emergence of acne, the face feels dull, and decreasing self-confidence. This is because adolescents do not clean their faces regularly. Products, that must use water so that it cannot be done anywhere, packaging that is less masculine, become the forms of reluctance in washing the face. Therefore, BUDDIES products in the form of facial cleansing wipes provide innovative facial cleansers that are not in the form of soap and have flexible packaging so they can be used and taken anywhere. This research is a descriptive qualitative type by describing the strategy of PT Catur Manunggal Berjaya in developing the BUDDIES facial cleansing tissue product. The approach in this study uses an interdisciplinary approach which solves a problem using a review of various perspectives of relevant or appropriate cognate sciences in an integrated manner. The subjects of this study are male adolescents. It is hoped that the human capital strategy of PT Catur Manunggal Berjaya will be able to provide the innovation of BUDDIES facial cleansing wipes to overcome the hormonal instability of the sweat glands in connection with the onset of puberty.

Adsorbents for real-scale water remediation: Gaps and the road forward

Over the last couple of decades, academic research on adsorbents has been flourishing. The preparation, functionalization, and adsorption performance evaluation have grown explosively. Novel adsorbents have demonstrated excellent capabilities to remove metal ions and organic contaminants from aqueous environments having different physicochemical conditions. This article presents gaps and potential research possibilities related to economic assessment, benchmarking of synthetic real wastewaters, adsorptive (component) additivity, constraints of process scale-up, process intensification, and modeling, simulation and optimization of large-scale adsorption-based water remediation systems. These discussions foster fresh ideas and investigations in the cognate science and engineering disciplines so that industrial applications of novel adsorbents for innovative water treatment matures both technically and cost-effectively.

Synchronizing Earthly Timescales: Ice, Pollen, and the Making of Proto-Anthropocene Knowledge in the North Atlantic Region

The Anthropocene concept frames an emerging new understanding of the human–Earth relationship. It represents a profound temporal integration that brings historical periodization on a par with geological time and creates entanglements between timescales that were previously seen as detached. Because the Anthropocene gets this role of a unifying planetary concept, the ways in which vast geological timescales were incorporated into human history are often taken for granted. By tracing the early history of the processes of synchronizing human and geological timescales, this article aims to historicize the Anthropocene concept. The work of bridging divides between human and geological time was renegotiated and took new directions in physical geography and cognate sciences from the middle decades of the twentieth century. Through researchers such as Ahlmann (Sweden), Seligman (United Kingdom), and Dansgaard (Denmark) in geography and glaciology and Davis (United States) and Iversen (Denmark) in palynology and biogeography, methodologies that became used in synchronizing planetary timescales were discussed and practiced for integrative understanding well before the Anthropocene concept emerged. This article shows through studies of their theoretical assumptions and research practices that the Anthropocene could be conceived as a result of a longer history of production of integrative geo-anthropological time. It also shows the embedding of concepts and methodologies from neighboring fields of significance for geography. By situating and historicizing spaces and actors, texture is added to the Anthropocene, a concept that has hitherto often been detached from the specific contexts and geographies of the scientific work that enabled its emergence.

Introduction: Fifty Years of Interdisciplinary History, 1970–2020

With this volume, the Journal of Interdisciplinary History entered its fiftieth year of publication. In order to celebrate and demonstrate how interdisciplinary scholarship has flourished and evolved over five decades, we have commissioned essays by members of our board of editors and long-time collaborators on their special fields of expertise. Michael McCormick’s “Climates of History, Histories of Climate: From History to Archaeoscience” and Peter Temin’s “Words and Numbers: A New Approach to Writing Ancient History” appeared in the inaugural issue. The second installment had Anne Hardy’s “The Under-Appreciated Rat and Other Under-Appreciated Rodents: Harbingers of Plague from the Black Death to Twenty-First-Century America,” Steven A. Epstein’s “Environmental History in the JIH, 1970–2020,” and Peter A. Coclanis’ “Field Notes: Agricultural History’s New Plot.”The third issue of the fiftieth volume includes George C. Alter’s “The Evolution of Models in Historical Demography” and Steven Ruggles and Diana L. Magnuson’s “The History of Quantification in History: The JIH as a Case Study.” The series will conclude with Peter Burke’s “Art and History, 1969–2019,” E. Anthony Wrigley’s “The Interplay of Demographic, Economic, and Social History,” Myron P. Gutmann’s “Quantifying Interdisciplinary History—The Record of (Nearly) Fifty Years of the JIH,” and Anne E. C. McCants’ “Economic History and the Historians.”These new essays both exemplify the special fields of interdisciplinary history as it has evolved over fifty years and point the way toward future research on these and related topics. The JIH prides itself on its receptivity to new areas and foci of research into past times; on its ability to publish innovative, even speculative, scholarly research findings; and on its openness to broad, and deep, connections between historicism and advances in cognate sciences and humanities.We trust that our readers will welcome and applaud this collection of special essays on important, pathbreaking subjects along with our continued publication of the best interdisciplinary historical research from scholars in several disciplines and many universities and research institutes in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and beyond.Fifty years of journal publication represents only an anniversary along a much longer journey. We offer these new special articles as a marker preparing the profession, and our readers, for the untold years of new discoveries and new scholarship that lie ahead.

Introduction: Fifty Years of Interdisciplinary History 1970–2020

With this volume, the Journal of Interdisciplinary History enters its fiftieth year of publication. In order to celebrate and demonstrate how interdisciplinary scholarship has flourished and evolved over five decades, we have commissioned essays by members of our board of editors and long-time collaborators on their special fields of expertise. The first set of those special articles appears in this issue, Michael McCormick’s “Climates of History, Histories of Climate: From History to Archaeoscience,” and Peter Temin’s “Words and Numbers: A New Approach to Writing Ancient History.”In the succeeding three issues of the fiftieth volume of the JIH, we will publish the remaining articles written for this special series: They include George Alter’s “From Data Scarcity to Data Abundance: The Role of Demographic Models in Historical Demography”; Peter Burke’s “Art and History, 1969–2019”; Peter A. Coclanis’ “Field Notes: Agricultural History’s New Plot”; Steven A. Epstein’s “Environmental History in the JIH, 1970–2020”; Anne Hardy’s “The Under-Appreciated Rodent: Harbingers of Plague from the Black Death to Twenty-First-Century America”; and E. Anthony Wrigley’s “The Interplay of Demographic, Economic, and Social History.” Additionally, and not yet titled, are contributions from Myron P. Gutmann, Steven Ruggles, and Anne E. C. McCants.These new essays both exemplify the special fields of interdisciplinary history as it has evolved over fifty years and point the way toward future research on these and related topics. The JIH prides itself on its receptivity to new areas and foci of research into past times; on its ability to publish innovative, even speculative, scholarly research findings; and on its openness to broad, and deep, connections between historicism and advances in cognate sciences and humanities.We trust that our readers will welcome and applaud this collection of special essays on important, pathbreaking subjects along with our continued publication of the best interdisciplinary historical research from scholars in several disciplines and many universities and research institutes in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and beyond.Fifty years of journal publication represents only an anniversary along a much longer journey. We offer these new special articles as a marker preparing the profession, and our readers, for the untold years of new discoveries and new scholarship that lie ahead.

Model based decision support system for land use changes and socio-economic assessments

Hydrological models are often linked with other models in cognate sciences to understand the interactions among climate, earth, water, ecosystem, and human society. This paper presents the development and implementation of a decision support system (DSS) that links the outputs of hydrological models with real-time decision making on social-economic assessments and land use management. Discharge and glacier geometry changes were simulated with hydrological model, water availability in semiarid environments. Irrigation and ecological water were simulated by a new commercial software MIKE HYDRO. Groundwater was simulated by MODFLOW. All the outputs of theses hydrological models were taken as inputs into the DSS in three types of links: regression equations, stationary data inputs, or dynamic data inputs as the models running parallel in the simulation periods. The DSS integrates the hydrological data, geographic data, social and economic statistical data, and establishes the relationships with equations, conditional statements and fuzzy logics. The programming is realized in C++. The DSS has four remarkable features: (1) editable land use maps to assist decision-making; (2) conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources; (3) interactions among water, earth, ecosystem, and humans; and (4) links with hydrological models. The overall goal of the DSS is to combine the outputs of scientific models, knowledge of experts, and perspectives of stakeholders, into a computer-based system, which allows sustainability impact assessment within regional planning; and to understand ecosystem services and integrate them into land and water management.

Some Meta-problems about the History of Big Scientific Engineering

The history of big science engineering is a branch of engineering history. Its research object is to describe the evolution of the big science engineering. This discipline is still in the stage of initiation. The starting point is 1930s. The basic thesis includes project planning, construction, operation, social effections and so on.Studying on its approach, the relationships among big science engineering, superior discipline, branch discipline and cognate science should be coordinated.

Uvodnik

The new scientific journal, Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea, published by the Department of History at the University of Zadar, is focused on multidisciplinary scientific analysis of the historical processes occurring in the Adriatic and Mediterranean and spanning from prehistory to the modern age. Accordingly, even though the first number has predominantly historical papers, this journal is opened to all scientific art-historian, archaeological, linguistic and architectural essays as well as politological and juridical reviews and scientific analyses of numerous other cognate topics dealing with Adriatic and Mediterranean. At the same time, scholarly papers are not limited to the expanse of those important seas but similarly should extend their interest to the coastal and deep hinterland areas with ties to the Adriatic and Mediterranean. Hence, this new journal, in collaboration with similar publications by other departments at the University of Zadar, is a worthy successor of the previous scientific journal Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Razdio povijesnih znanosti, which was, under that name, published for the last time in its fortieth issue (no. 27), published in Zadar in 2001 [2003]. The scientific historical research and the results achieved through the creation of scholarly papers have been attested in this journal to be multidisciplinary, even when the author of the paper was by its vocation “only” a historian. Global tendencies, especially in modern times, have proven that a branch of science cannot remain in the “traditional” thematic-methodological boundaries; to clarify, modern history and its research are inconceivable without the multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, recognition of other scientific research in relatively cognate sciences and scientific disciplines is in touch with modern tendencies within the historical science, which can only prosper in knowledge, content and methodology through that interaction. The Adriatic-Mediterranean connection is not coincidental; on the contrary, it is intended to draw attention on the fact that the history of the Adriatic is difficult to comprehend unless it is seen in the context of the Mediterranean. The Adriatic has been for millennia, either through culture, trade or knowledge and science, one of the shortest routes between Europe and Africa or Asia, both with their developed cultures, and with trading centres dealing in, for the Europeans, extremely sought out merchandise. New ideas and new knowledge circulated on that route, along with the numerous military forces and empires, which held it under their control for shorter or longer periods of time. Quite often the process was reversed: Greek colonisation of the Mediterranean and Adriatic in one direction was followed by later expansion of Venice and Normans in the other direction. Unfortunately, despite the continued research by scientists from different countries, a lot still remains undiscovered. In example, how much do we truly know about the grandiose Arab achievements during the Middle Ages or perhaps about the actual Norman influence in the Mediterranean and the Adriatic? This journal is therefore dedicated to this and many other clusters of various historical problems, which can be identified, at least to some degree, in the current populations inhabiting the coastal and deep hinterland areas of the Adriatic and the Mediterranean. In order to reach international readers, the journal is from the start published in two languages, Croatian and one international language, and accordingly welcomes associates from all sides of the world.

Towards a European Strategy for Medicines Research (2014–2020): The EUFEPS Position Paper on Horizon 2020

Executive summary: As to the alignment of “Horizon 2020”, ir is a more integrated approach to European science policy than expressed in the proposals previously drafted, and specifically considers: (i) promoting excellence in Science, (ii) establishing a sound industrial leadership and (iii) expressing an ambition to address current and future societal challenges.In this respect, the quest for a knowledge-based economy in Europe should result in proposals for industrial and employment policies that will consolidate the major European advantages in the biomedical, healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.Horizon 2020 also provides the possibility of adopting a more flexible and simplified management route to drive European research through innovation, research and development.What should be additionally considered? Unmet medical needs, under pressure from demographic changes, await the generation of new medicines and health technologies which will evolve into a driver for a unified European policy. We believe that this should be focused on harnessing pharmaceutical knowledge for clinical use, as part of a response to accommodate patient needs and economic growth based on a robust, scientific approach.The bolder ambition for European research is to unlock key bottlenecks currently undermining European competitiveness. The historical lack of an appropriate business/innovation environment with reduced access to adequate risk finance instruments has severed the path for economic growth and industrial development.These issues are of critical importance and a solution is urgently needed to foster translation from the university to the healthcare sector through the generation and support of start-ups, spin-offs, university-industry consortia, and other platforms, which support translational research. The ultimate goal is implementation of holistic programmes: the ‘bench to bedside’ paradigm of medicines and other healthcare products.The European Research Council supports the basic biomedical research programmes of long term importance for development of medicines; however, fundamental research initiatives on medicines development will not be competitive in such an environment. In order to strengthen the long term outlook, we must foster innovative research within the university sector, EUFEPS proposes that a fund for such research be set up within Horizon 2020, which would be open for individual research groups and which would include Public–Public Partnerships (complementing already existing Public–Private Partnerships).How do we look for implementation? There is an established research agenda for medicines research that is globally focused, and which incorporates a cooperative model between universities and industry, facilitating integration of complex technologies. Regulatory Science will play an important role in this integration.This agenda uses tools arising from systems approaches (including discovery with systems biology and also systems pharmacology) and has the potential for providing better knowledge management, as well as technological innovation (including manufacturing). It also addresses the drive towards personalised medicines and can, with support from both public and private sectors, foster translation of knowledge to new technologies and from that, to new medicinal products and complex integrated systems. This is a part of a strategy capable of solving unmet medical needs, which would increase the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic and debilitating diseases.The instruments to allow the development of a research agenda should strengthen existing partnerships such as the IMI-JU model; allow for the creation of European-network infrastructures that can bring together existing competences with adequate European coordination, thus promoting advanced training and continuous professional development for the pharmaceutical sciences. This will be the cornerstone of a knowledge management strategy, providing education and training for healthcare professionals and scientists. A key role for EUFEPS is to help the research community to embrace these new holistic policies applied to the spectrum of pharmaceutical, medical and cognate sciences.

An Empirical Study of the Potential for Geography in University Living–learning Communities in the United States

Living-learning communities (LLCs) have become an important part of the educational experience for many first-year university students. As academic units seek new ways to reach undergraduate students, partnering with an LLC is often an effective solution. This article explores a largely untapped link between LLCs and geography. An inventory of LLCs at USA universities with PhD-granting geography departments and a series of case studies collectively suggest that many existing LLCs focus on geographic or cognate themes, including globalization, international studies, diversity, sustainability, foreign language and natural sciences. Improved partnerships between geographers and LLCs could mutually benefit our students and the discipline.

New challenges in biogeography

Biogeography is a science with a long and distinguished history (Lomolino etal. 2004), which was inspired as a discipline by the voyages of biological discovery in the eighteenth century. The origins of biogeography precede this, however, and lie deep within the related sciences of geography, biology, and geology (Cox and Moore 2005). Traditionally, biogeography has been defined as the study of the distribution of living things over time and space, with the major themes of biogeographical study incorporating aspects of evolutionary biology (e.g. diversity), ecology (e.g. ecophysiology) and physical geography (e.g. continental drift). Biogeographers have often arranged themselves into ecological and historical tribes, with the former focusing on shortterm, local studies of living species and the latter concerned with long-term, evolutionary periods of time at large scales and extinct taxa (Cox and Moore 2005). Until recently, biogeography in Great Britain was recognised as a core sub-discipline within physical geography (Agnew and Spencer 1999) but a review of British geographical research in the late 1990s prompted Gregory etal. (2002) to assert that biogeography had largely been 'captured by other disciplines'. This may be because, as Whittaker and Sax (2003) argue, other, younger natural science disciplines, such as ecology, have shown a greater ability to organise themselves than biogeography. In Britain particularly, biogeography has become fragmented, with traditional research fields dispersed within related subjects such as biology (e.g. evolution), geography (e.g. palaeoecology), ecology (e.g. landscape ecology), environmental sciences (e.g. climate), or geology (e.g. soils). Biogeographical sub-disciplines have consequently proliferated and diversified, such that Brown and Lomolino (1998) suggested that it was impossible for one person to be familiar with, and understand, all aspects of the field. Biogeographers now tend to work in disparate academic departments (e.g. geography, evolutionary biology, environmental sciences) while biogeographical research is concentrated in biology departments and ecological research centres (Gregory etal. 2002). There is therefore a danger that most contemporary biogeographers have become isolated from each other and do not recognise a shared, cognate science built upon a considerable lineage of conceptual achievements. This is ironic, given that there is a greater need than ever to be able to solve complex, large-scale environmental problems that would benefit from biogeographical approaches. There are encouraging signs, however, that biogeographers are rising to the challenge of forging a new profile and applying their research to the environmental problems facing society by developing their traditional inter-disciplinary strengths and taking advantage of a suite of powerful new tools. There is a growing realisation that the environmental problems that characterise the new millennium require interdisciplinary solutions (Holt and Webb 2007) and that scientists need to engage with users and society in general to transfer knowledge and achieve effective environmental policies. The present generation of British biogeographers can act as a focal point to facilitate and deliver solutions, partly due to their experience of working at interdisciplinary boundaries (often out of necessity), and partly because many of the most pressing issues facing the burgeoning human population are inherently biogeographical. There are indications that British biogeography is engaging more than ever with societal concerns and that biogeographers welcome

PNEUMATOLOGICAL RELATIONS AND CHRISTIAN DISUNITY IN THEOLOGY‐SCIENCE DIALOGUE

Abstract.Ecclesial divisions shape and distort the developing interdisciplinary dialogue between Christian theology and the natural and social sciences in ways that can be better understood by focusing on pneumatology, specifically on the variety of ways in which by grace we relate to the Holy Spirit—as giver of life, as Lord, as powerful anointing, as God's gift of wisdom, and as wellspring from Jesus Christ. Each denominational camp of Christians has centered its appreciation of the Holy Spirit on one of these relationships, sometimes to the neglect or marginalization of others. This appreciation drives the favoring of some scientific disciplines and suspicion of others. For instance, Pentecostals and charismatics emphasize the Spirit upon us, speaking through the prophets. This tends to privilege personal narrative and testimony. The closest cognate science is cultural anthropology. Issues of social construction of reality, cultural imperialism and relativism, and narrative history dominate consideration of science's theological possibilities and pitfalls in ways distinctive to that pneumatological camp. Engagement and disengagement with other disciplines of learning are driven in part by our theological loyalties and antipathies to unreconciled bodies. Hence a fuller engagement with the sciences becomes an ecumenical task, not just a generically Christian or specifically Pentecostal or Wesleyan one.

An Analysis of the Bachelor of Science in Geology Degree as Offered in the United States

The Bachelor of Science in Geology degree is offered by nearly 300 universities and colleges in the United States. The curriculum of these degree programs is composed of three parts: core required and elective geology courses, cognate science requirements, and general education requirements. Analysis of the frequency of inclusion of courses in the required core has lead to the identification of four curricular patterns common to geology departments. Conversely, there is much more commonality in the cognate science requirements nationally in that two semesters of chemistry, physics, and calculus are required by two thirds of all Bachelor of Science programs. The structure and organization of general education requirements vary significantly as do the number of required credit hours embedded in the general education program. Analysis of the Bachelor of Science in Geology degree serves two important purposes: first, it provides a database upon which informed discussions of curricular content and accreditation standards can be made; second, it provides departments undergoing program review a basis for comparison with other institutions and national norms.

A section devoted to profiles of renown teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of teachers of physiology and cognate sciences within the society

A section devoted to profiles of renown teachers and to the recognition and accomplishments of teachers of physiology and cognate sciences within the society

Is bio2010 the right blueprint for the biology of the future?

CBE is pleased to launch a new feature called Points of View (POV). POVs address issues faced by many people within the life sciences education realm. We will present two or more opposing POVs back-to-back on a particular topic to promote discussion on the selected topic. Readers are encouraged to participate in the online discussion forum hosted by CBE at www.cellbioed.org/discussion/public/main.cfm. We consider POVs “Op-Ed” pieces to stimulate thought and dialog on significant educational issues. In the first POV, we have asked the question, “Is Bio2010 the Right Blueprint for the Biology of the Future?” Bio2010 is a set of recommendations from the National Research Council proposing ways to modify the biology curriculum to meet the changing needs of future biomedical researchers. (For a comprehensive assessment of this report, you can read three accounts in the Summer 2003 issue of CBE, http://www.cellbioed.org/articles/vol2no2/toc.cfm.) To open debate on this question, we have asked Donald Kennedy (CBE Editorial Board member and Editor-in-Chief of Science) and James Gentile (CBE Editorial Board member and a member of the Bio2010 committee) to present their points of view.

Notes for a Definition of the Concept of Psychoanalytical Epistemology

The first part of the article describes the epistemic ambiguities that psychoanalysis has generated through both a sometimes unstructured information. Accordingly, a historically out-moded 'scientist' model has erroneously been taken as valid and scientific. The second part illustrates the extent to which predominant psychoanalytical currents now share common ground with epistemology and the cognate sciences, breaking out of the epistemic solipsism which for too long led psycholanalysis to believe it could be self-referential. This critical examination of old and new ground is thus an analysis of the referents on which psychoanalysis has based its theoretical postulates. It is desirable that this analysis be extended to include the whole discipline of psychoanalytical research, thereby becoming a mental given for the psychoanalyst, not least on account of the enormous benefit of epistemic reflexion on the adoption of the instruments of knowledge. Over the last few years this development has allowed psychoanalytical theory to be considered on a par with the results of philosophy and the philosophy of science, thereby ending the false and anti-scientific aristocracy of thought which made psychoanalysis a prisoner of itself for almost a century. approach and a lack of updated epistemological

Medical discovery and medical education.

François de La Rochefoucauld, whose tangled life personified so many of his aphorisms, observed that "it is easier to know man in general than it is to know one man in particular." Medicine seems to illustrate La Rochefoucauld's point almost as well as the complicated aristocrat himself, for the sciences that increasingly illuminate medical practice seek always to find general principles, whereas the physician is ultimately confronted by an individual conundrum, a series of one. As cognate science enlarges, the physician's ability to appraise and to ameliorate his patient's problem increases, but at some point, even in the complexities of . . .

Theological Investigations by Karl Rahner, S. J.

448 BOOK REVIEWS entire process. In like manner, inspiration must be extended to all those who were engaged in the composition of the sacred book to the degree of their engagement. All of this, Benoit calls " verbal inspiration " or " total inspiration," the later expression perhaps being more acceptable to those who find the former one alarming and smacking of a return to the old theory of " dictation." A consequence of inspiration, but not its sole result, is inerrancy. "Instruction is only one of the aims proposed to the practical reason of the inspired subject; there are other ends which belong especially to the affective order, such as to encourage, console, reprimand, etc. Truth will then be one of the qualities of the inspired word, but not the only one . . ." (p. 18!l). Formal criteria should define the limits of biblical inerrancy, and Benoit proposes three: 1) the point of view or formal object of the sacred writer; 2) the extent of his affirmations; and 8) the degree to which he demands acceptance from the reader of his views. As he points out, interrancy like the inspiration from which it derives is a divine gift which is operative in all of Scripture, not univocally, but analogically. The author then rounds out his treatment of inspiration by applying it to the fields of textual, literary, and historical criticism; he concludes by considering its relation with rational exegesis and the rule of faith-all this in some twenty closely written pages, tantalizingly brief. A fuller presentation apparently not desirable here in view of the over-all plan would be welcomed in some future supplementary work or occasional paper. The translators deserve congratulations for a readable rendering of the original text in what is usually termed serviceable prose; a spot check indicated that they translated faithfully but slavishly. The original format of the work was preserved save that the English reader will have to supply his own tract on prophecy from the Summa to make the " Explanatory Notes" more intelligible; though all of these notes are not equally pertinent to an understanding of inspiration, still the omission of some, such as note 85, would be a distinct loss. We consider this book a modem classic in its field and sincerely hope that a future less expensive edition will make it more accessible to the average student. Dominican Howte of Studie8, Washington, D. C. ALAN SMITH, 0. P. Theological Investigations. Vol. 1: God, Christ, Mary and Grace. By KARL RAHNER, S. J. Translated with an Introduction by CoRNELms ERNST, 0. P., Helicon Press, Baltimore; Darton, Longman and Todd, London 1961. Pp. xxii-88!l. Father Karl Rahner is professor of Dogmatic Theology at the University of lnnsbruck. He is one of the most important and influential writers BOOK REVIEWS 449 on theological matters in Germany to-day and through the translation of his works into many languages his fame and influence are known and felt internationally. For well over twenty years now he has applied his acute mind to grappling with almost every aspect of the proper method and content of theological science. By the freshness and originality of his approach to old and new problems in theology and cognate sciences he appeals in a special way to the younger generation of theologians. He is convinced, and rightly so, that our traditional theology (as contained and served up in a great number of modern theological manuals, about which Fr. Rahner has many severe things to say) needs to be rethought and presented to the modern mind in a manner suited to its needs and its modern modes of thought. "Dogmatic theology to-day," he tells us, "is very orthodox. But it is not vividly alive " (p. 13) . Taking into account the burning problems that torture the modern mind and basing himself on a return to the only sound sources of all theology, Scripture and Tradition as manifested in the official teaching of the Church, he has set himself the task of making theology 'vividly alive.' From 1954 onwards he began to publish in book form, under the general title of 'Schriften zur Theologie,' different theological studies which had already appeared in various theological journals in...

Recent Advances in Cytogenetics

Plant breeding is actively concerned with the so-called improvement of Agricultural Crops. Vavilov defined Plant Breeding as an art, a science and a branch of agricultural practice. He was of opinion that a knowledge of genetics was not indispensable to a breeder; that evolutionary practices permeate the whole science of breeding and that in effect breeding was man's interference in the morphological formation of animals and plants. In other words it is evolution directed by the will of man. But breeding and genetics interpenetrate since they treat heredity and variation. The modern genetics and cytology again interpenetrate. Thus the new line of study Cytogenetics has sprung up. The modern plant breeding has to a large extent ceased to be an art. With cognate sciences it has attained a high complexity and become more exact. Cytogenetics though recent has grown so rapidly and has covered such a large number of cultivated species that it is well nigh impossible to summarise all knowledge in a short paper. Therefore in this paper are presented some of the trends in plant breeding.