Coffee Seeds Research Articles

Pengaruh Pupuk Kandang Sapi dan Konsentrasi Urine Kelinci terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Liberoid Meranti

Liberoid Meranti coffee seeds can grow well if they are cared for properly. The plant nursery phase determines the successful growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plants. One of the important maintenance actions carried out when cultivating coffee plants is choosing planting media and fertilization. The organic fertilizer that can be used as a planting media mixture in Liberoid meranti coffee nurseries is cow manure. Rabbit urine is a liquid organic material that contains nutrients, so it can be applied to soil or plants to add nutrients. Liquid organic materials contain macro- and micronutrients. Using the right composition of cow manure and rabbit urine concentrations really determines the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee plant seeds. This experiment was carried out from February 2023 to June 2023 at the Ciparanje experimental garden, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency. This experiment was carried out using a randomized group design (RAK) with nine treatments: soil + 2g urea; soil + 25% rabbit urine; soil + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (1:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 25%; soil + cow manure (2:1) + rabbit urine 50%; soil + cow manure (3:1) + rabbit urine 50%, and each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 27 experimental units. The experimental results showed that there was an influence of the composition of cow manure as a mixture of planting media and the concentration of rabbit urine on the growth of Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings, except for the increase in the number of leaves. The composition of a mixture of planting media with cow manure (3:1) and a rabbit urine concentration of 25% provides the best growth for Liberoid Meranti coffee seedlings.

Growth of arabica coffee seeds (Coffea arabica L.) Sigarar Utang Variety as a response of treatment of various growth regulators and types of shade

Productivity of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Sigarar Utang Variety in Indonesia is still relatively low, especially in Simalungun Regency, Sumatera Utara. Some factors that need to be considered in nurseries are growth regulator and shade. This study aims to find out information on the type of growth regulators and the best shade density for the growth of arabica coffee seedlings. The experiment was carried out from March to June 2022 in Nagori Ujung Bawang, Simalungun Regency and Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatra Utara. The experiment used a Split Plot Design consisting of 2 factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor (main plot) consists of 4 levels, namely without shade, 50%, 70%, and 90% shade, while the second factor (sub-plot) consists of 3 levels are auxin growth regulator, cytokinin, and the combination of auxin with cytokinin. The results showed that the interaction of shade treatment and growth regulators had a significant effect on root canopy ratio. Root canopy ratio had a significant effect on the interaction of 90% shade treatment and a combination of auxin cytokinin of 5.27 g.

Assessments of Coffee Seedlings and Seed Production Challenges and Opportunity in Jimma Zone South West Ethiopia

Assessments of Coffee Seedlings and Seed Production Challenges and Opportunity in Jimma Zone South West Ethiopia

Antimicrobial Activity of The Ethanol Extract of Coffea canephora L. Seeds Against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes

Acne is a skin disease that causes humans to lack confidence in carrying out activities. Besides being sick, acne worsens the beauty of human skin. The cause of acne is gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Many studies reported that Coffea canephora L can inhibit the growth of bacteria. The objective of this study is to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee seeds in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ethanol extract of C. canephora L seed was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract obtained was evaluated for its antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method with perforation techniques. The extract was divided into five various concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%). The results of this study indicated that the ethanol extract of coffee seeds with a concentration of 50% resulted in a wider diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth in S. aureus, 30.00 mm compared to P. acnes, 26.22 mm. The MIC of ethanol extract for S. aureus at 3.00% while P. acnes was 6.00%. In conclusion, the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of coffee seeds at 50% concentration was stronger against S. aureus bacteria than P. acnes. The greater the concentration of the extract, the wider the resulting inhibition zone.

Coffee-Associated Endophytes: Plant Growth Promotion and Crop Protection.

Endophytic microbes are a ubiquitous group of plant-associated communities that colonize the intercellular or intracellular host tissues while providing numerous beneficial effects to the plants. All the plant species are thought to be associated with endophytes, majorly constituted with bacteria and fungi. During the last two decades, there has been a considerable movement toward the study of endophytes associated with coffee plants. In this review, the main consideration is given to address the coffee-associated endophytic bacteria and fungi, particularly their action on plant growth promotion and the biocontrol of pests. In addition, we sought to identify and analyze the gaps in the available research. Additionally, the potential of endophytes to improve the quality of coffee seeds is briefly discussed. Even though there are limited studies on the subject, the potentiality of coffee endophytes in plant growth promotion through enhancing nitrogen fixation, availability of minerals, nutrient absorption, secretion of phytohormones, and other bioactive metabolites has been well recognized. Further, the antagonistic effect against various coffee pathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and also insect pests leads to the protection of the crop. Furthermore, it is recognized that endophytes enhance the sensory characteristics of coffee as a new field of study.

Effect of Arabica Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) as a Growth Inhibitor of Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212

Arabica coffee seeds contain caffeine, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and trigonelline. This study aims to test the antibacterial of Arabica coffee seed extract against the bacterium Enterococcus faecalis at concentrations of 1,5625%, 3,125%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The extraction method uses maceration with solvent 96%. The Kirby and Bauer diffusion test used the antibacterial activity test method. The results showed that mango seed extract could provide inhibition starting from 3,125% with an average diameter of inhibition zone of 1,16 mm to the largest concentration of 100% with an average zone diameter of inhibition of 14,6 mm. At the same time, the average diameter of the inhibitory zone of antibiotic ampicillin at a concentration of 1% as a control (+) is 24,6 mm. The results showed that the greater concentration, the greater the inhibitory zones are formed.

Accelerated aging test for coffee seeds requires higher temperature

The vigor tests are important tools used in the internal quality control by the seed companies. The accelerated aging test is a sensitive method for assessing the vigor of seed lots, as well as for estimating their storage potential. However, for coffee seeds there is little information about its use and efficiency.The objective of this study was to investigate methods of the accelerated aging test suitable for Coffea arabica L. seeds. Two studies were carried out. In the first, different temperatures (42°C, 44°C, and 46°C) and exposure times (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, and 192 h) were investigated for the accelerated aging test. In the second, the best combinations of temperatures and exposure times were tested on coffee seeds from five different cultivars at temperatures of 44 and 46 ºC at times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation. After each aging period, the water content of the seeds was determined, and physiological quality was evaluated by the germination test. The temperature of 42°C leads to slow deterioration of the seeds and is not recommended for evaluation of Coffea arabica L. seed vigor at the exposure times from 24 to 192 h tested here. The accelerated aging test, carried out at a temperature of 44ºC for 72 hours or at 46ºC for 48 hours, allows the Coffea arabica seed lots to be separated into different vigor levels

Development of Coffee (Coffee sp.) Farming in Suka Village, Karo District

Karo coffee is a leading commodity in Karo Regency which has the potential to be developed because it can improve the welfare of farmers. Research objectives analyse internal factors and external factors that influence the development of coffee plant farming (Coffea, sp) in Suka village and formulate alternatives in developing coffee plant farming in Suka village, Karo Regency. The data analysis method used is SWOT analysis. The results of the study are the Internal Factors of strength, namely natural resources, coffee taste, human resources, coffee harvest time, farmer groups, and transportation access. The dominant force affecting the development of coffee farming in the research area is human resources. Internal factors of weakness are coffee plant seeds, coffee marketing, coffee farmer partnerships, coffee processing, and coffee plant maintenance. The most dominant weakness is the maintenance of coffee plants. Opportunity external factors are: location of coffee cultivation, demand for coffee, profit of coffee farming and quality of coffee beans. The most dominant opportunity is the demand for coffee. External threat factors are: coffee farming competition, climate change, coffee pests and diseases and coffee prices. The most dominant threat is competition in coffee farming. The development of coffee farming in the research area is in quadrant I. The focus of development that must be carried out is to maximize internal strengths and take advantage of existing opportunities. Keywords: [Development, coffee plant]

Pharmacological Perspective of Green Coffee Beans and their Metabolites: A Review

Abstract: Coffee is the most extensively consumed drink in the world. However, in the last few years, unroasted coffee seeds, popularly known as green coffee beans (GCB), attracted people due to its health properties. This review covers pharmacological efficacy, mechanism of action and bioactive components of green coffee beans. It contains a unique set of polyphenolic compounds, methylxanthines and diterpenes which are responsible for the astringency, flavour, smell and taste as well as for its health benefits. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound, is the major bioactive compound in coffee beans which contributes most to the medicinal activities present in it. The finding reveals the effectiveness of green coffee beans in all parameters of metabolic syndrome by regulating adipokines. It prevents doxorubicin induced cardiomyocyte cell death and also has antimutagenic activity on the HeLa cell line and PA-1 cell line. Neuroprotective effect of GCB in degenerative disease was achieved by reducing neuroinflammatory markers TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IL-1β (interleukin-1β). Along with these properties, GCB has shown some potential antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and sunscreen effects, as it contains a high sun protection factor. The findings from this study conclude that green coffee beans have shown bizarrely several health benefits, but a large number of trials and intervention are required to establish its medicinal values.

Improving the quality of media and Robusta coffee seedlings with mycorrhizal (AMF) and rock phosphate

The quality of the nursery media is very important to producing healthy and good Robusta coffee seeds. This study aims to improve the quality of media and Robusta coffee seedlings by the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rock-phosphate (RP). The AMF as the first factor consisted of four levels, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/polybag, while the second factor RP consisted of four levels, namely 0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times and the whole treatments were arranged according to a completely factorial randomized block design. The seedling in a nursery was planted in the polybag and placed in a screen house with 20% shade. Each polybag is contained 10 kg of Podzolic soil (Ultisols) which was collected in Keumala sub-district, Pidie, Aceh. Before being transferred to polybags, seedlings were planted on Rockwall media. After 90 days after planting (DAP), the soil was dismantled for analysis. Indicators of soil quality from the media nursery analyzed included pH, organic C, available P, and exchangeable K. The parameters of seedling growth measured were plant height, number of leaves, and mycorrhizal colonization percentage at 90 DAP. The results of the experiment showed that there was an interaction effect between mycorrhizae (AMF) and RP application. The application of AMF and RP can improve the quality of Robusta coffee seedling media, indicated by the significant effect on soil pH H2O, available P, and the number of leaves. The best combination application was generally obtained from AMF 15 g/polybag and RP 2.50 g/polybag treatment.

Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Three Arabica Coffee Varieties at Four Seed Soaking Water Temperatures

It takes three weeks to analyze the germination percentage of Arabica coffee seeds germinated using paper and a three-day water-soaking method. This 3- week period is considered too long for seed distribution to remote areas. Thus, we need to modify this germination test needs to be modified to have a shorter test time. Temperature treatment is one method to break the seed dormancy period for faster germination. This study aimed to obtain a faster and more precise method of germination test on Arabica coffee seeds. This study employed a 3 x 4 factorial complete randomized block design with three replications in which Arabica coffee varieties of Gayo-1, Kartika-1, and Sigararutang as the first factor and the temperature of the soaking water of the seeds (25 0C, 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C) as the second factor. The research was conducted at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), for four months. Findings showed that the interaction between treatments was only found in seed germination percentage. Soaking in room temperature water (control) for three days was better than using water at 50 0C, 75 0C, and 90 0C on the germination percentage, sprout length, and vigor index. Observations of Arabica seed germination could be shortened to 14 days compared to the standard 21-day observation. During the seedling phase, the shoot growth and root growth of the Arabica coffee seeds soaked in water at 50 0C showed no significant difference from the control. Soaking at 75 0C and 90 0C damaged the embryo and resulted in rotten seeds. Different varieties led to different germination percentages, sprout lengths, and fresh weight of seedling shoots. The method of soaking at 50 0C for 30 minutes could be used as an alternative in germination test of Arabica coffee seeds because it showed small negative effect on germinated seed and seedling quality but it shorten thetesting time for three days.

Potential therapeutic benefits of unconventional oils: assessment of the potential in vitro biological properties of some Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Brassicaceae seed oils.

Seed oils are versatile in the food sector and for pharmaceutical purposes. In recent years, their biological properties aroused the interest of the scientific world. We studied the composition of fatty acids (FAs) and some in vitro potential therapeutic benefits of five cold-pressed commercial oils obtained from broccoli, coffee, green coffee, pumpkin, and watermelon seeds. In particular, we assayed the antioxidant activity (using diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays). In addition, through the fatty acid composition, we calculated the atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) to evaluate the potential impact of such oils on cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity of the oils (evaluated through their effectiveness in preventing protein degradation, using bovine serum albumin as protein standard) and the ability of the oils to inhibit in vitro activity of three among the essential enzymes, cholinesterases and tyrosinase, involved in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we evaluated the capacity of the oils to inhibit the biofilm of some pathogenic bacteria. The unsaturated fatty acids greatly predominated in broccoli seed oil (84.3%), with erucic acid as the main constituent (33.1%). Other unsaturated fatty acids were linolenic (20.6%) and linoleic (16.1%) acids. The saturated fatty acids fraction comprised the palmitic (6.8%) and stearic acids (0.2%). Broccoli seed oil showed the best AI (0.080) and TI (0.16) indexes. The oils expressed a good antioxidant ability. Except for the watermelon seed oil, the oils exhibited a generally good in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, with IC50 values not exceeding 8.73 micrograms. Broccoli seed oil and green coffee seed oil showed the best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; coffee seed oil and broccoli seed oil were the most effective in inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 15.7 μg and 20.7 μg, respectively). Pumpkin and green coffee seed oil showed the best inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (IC50 = 2 μg and 2.77 μg, respectively). In several cases, the seed oils inhibited the biofilm formation and the mature biofilm of some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus resulting in the most sensitive strain. Such activity seemed related only in some cases to the capacity of the oils to act on the sessile bacterial cells' metabolism, as indicated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method.

Optimization of critical land empowerment through coffee plant extensification as an effort to improve the economic level of coffee farmers in Indonesia

<p>Critical land in Indonesia is the result of weather disturbances, natural disasters, farming behavior without considering the preservation of nature, and the unwise use of chemical fertilizers. Critical land tends to be acidic and has a soil structure that does not support cultivation. Coffee plants are flexible plants, and their root systems and ecology can improve soil structure. The need for coffee at home and abroad tends to increase along with the development of coffee consumption as a lifestyle for Generation Z (Gen-Z). The economic value of coffee, which tends to increase, opens the insight of farmers to continue to develop this coffee plantation area. In the development of planting areas, knowledge of critical land optimization is needed, which is a principal factor as the basis for implementing critical land extensification. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of farmers on optimizing critical land into strategic land and efforts to develop coffee agribusiness in critical land. This study used a quantitative descriptive method and used the SmartPLS3 analysis tool. The results showed that internal factors, external factors, and motivation of farmers affect the level of knowledge about optimization of critical land, critical land management must meet ecological conservation and improve the community's economy in a structured manner, the extensification of critical land using coffee plants is one of the strategic steps for critical land optimization, as well as the development of coffee agribusiness, both seeds and waste as an effort to increase farmers' income.</p>

Pengaruh Perendaman Benih dengan Air dan Air Cucian Beras pada Pertumbuhan Benih Kopi (Coffea sp.)

Coffee seeds are an important planting material in coffee cultivation. Coffee germination is a complex process. One of the efforts to germinate coffee seeds is by soaking the seeds in water. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the length of time soaking seeds in water on the germination of coffee seeds, knowing the effect of the length of time soaking in rice washing water on the germination of coffee seeds, and knowing the interaction between soaking with water and soaking with rice washing water on coffee seed germination. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, and was repeated three times. The results showed that water immersion had no effect on coffee seed germination, rice water immersion for 6 hours had an effect on plant height at planting age of 4 WAP and 11 WAP, and there was an interaction between water immersion time and rice water immersion time at 12 WAP planting age. The best combination is 12 hours of water immersion + 12 hours of rice washing water on wet weight of shoot and dry weight of shoot.

SPECIES COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE, AND MANAGEMENT IN GAYO COFFEE-BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

Gayo coffee has many benefits in terms of the environment, economy, and socio-cultural aspects, especially for the Gayo tribe. Recently, Gayo coffee has been the main commodity for the plant cultivation of the Gayo tribe, including the Mude Nosar as local farmers. One of the ways to cultivate Gayo coffee is through an agroforestry system. However, limited reports on the tree species composition and its management in Gayo coffee-based agroforestry needs to be explored. This study aims i) to identify the tree species composition and structure, as well as 2) to analyze the management of Gayo coffee-based agroforestry system in Mude Nosar Village. The study method used plot establishment for vegetation analysis, and interviewed the Gayo coffee farmers. The results showed that the number of tree species at all growth stages was 26 species. The highest Important Value Index (IVI) at the understory and sapling level in order was rumput kerbau (Paspalum conjugatum) and Gayo coffee (Coffea arabica), while at the seedling, pole, and tree levels were dominated by lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). The local farmers often use lamtoro as a shade tree for Gayo coffee in agroforestry system. The species diversity index (H') showed low values at all growth levels, except for understory plants with moderate values. The horizontal structure of the tree stand showed an inverted J curve, meaning that the regeneration rate is normal. The vertical structure of the tree stand belongs to strata C and D. The local farmers have applied good Gayo coffee management practices through an agroforestry system including land and seed preparation, planting, maintenance, and harvesting techniques. Coffee seeds and seedlings are from natural regeneration. Plant maintenance techniques are carried out by weeding, pruning, organic fertilization, and controlling pests and diseases. The harvest coffee season is generally twice a year. The management of Gayo coffee using an agroforestry system impacts the ecological, economic, and social aspects.

Extraction of Gallic Acid and Ferulic Acid for Application in Hair Supplements

Food supplements based on antioxidants and vitamins are often prescribed to correct inefficiencies in the human diet and delay diseases such as premature aging and alopecia (temporary or permanent hair loss), given the free radical scavenging activity of these biomolecules. By reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote abnormal hair follicle cycling and morphology, follicle inflammation and oxidative stress are reduced, minimising the effects of these health issues. Gallic acid (GA), which is significantly present in gallnuts and in pomegranate root bark, and ferulic acid (FA), commonly found in brown rice and coffee seeds, are very important antioxidants for the preservation of hair colour, strength and growth. In this work, these two secondary phenolic metabolites were successfully extracted in the Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS) {ethyl lactate (1) + trisodium citrate (2) + water (3)} and {ethyl lactate (1) + tripotassium citrate (2) + water (3)} at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa, moving towards the application of these ternary systems in extracting antioxidants from biowaste and their a posteriori processing as food supplements for hair fortification. The studied ATPS provided biocompatible and sustainable media for the extraction of gallic acid and ferulic acid, yielding low mass losses (<3%) and contributing to an eco-friendlier production of therapeutics. The most promising results were obtained for ferulic acid, which attained maximum partition coefficients (K) of 15 ± 5 and (3 ± 2) · 101 and maximum extraction efficiencies (E) of (92.7 ± 0.4)% and (96.7 ± 0.4)% for the longest tie-lines (TLL = 69.68 and 77.66 m%) in {ethyl lactate (1) + trisodium citrate (2) + water (3)} and {ethyl lactate (1) + tripotassium citrate (2) + water (3)}, respectively. Moreover, the effect of pH on the UV-Vis absorbance spectra was studied for all the biomolecules to minimise errors in solute quantification. Both GA and FA were found to be stable at the used extractive conditions.

Pematahan Dormansi Benih Kopi Arabika Kerinci dengan Berbagai Bahan Perendaman

Coffee seeds take a long time to germinate, as the tough seed coat can cause dormancy. This is because water absorption and gas exchange are disturbed and the seed coat is a mechanical barrier. Breaking of dormancy to maximize germination needs to be done before sowing the seeds. The aim of this study was to obtain an appropriate and effective soaking agent for breaking the dormancy of Kerinci arabica coffee seeds. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with various treatments for coffee seed immersion, namely: without immersion (p0), immersion with coconut water (p1), immersion in hot water (p2), and immersion with alang-alang root extract (p3). Parameters observed in the study were: maximum growth potential, germination and abnormal sprouts. The results of this study were (1) Proper and effective soaking materials were obtained for breaking the dormancy of Kerinci arabica coffee seeds, (2) Soaking Kerinci arabica coffee seeds with coconut water was more effective for maximum growth potential, germination and abnormal germination.

Critical Land, Environmental Damage, and Revitalization Efforts through the Development of Coffee Agriculture

The Dieng Plateau which is on the slopes of Mount Sindoro and Sumbing, Wonosobo Regency is very crucial as a water catchment area in Central Java Province. The Dieng Plateau as a protected function forest area should be an area that is protected from production activities and human activities that have potential to damage its protected function. These protected areas are massively exploited for the sake of fulfilling human needs, resulting in environmental damage in various areas. One effort to restore this situation is by revitalizing land through the development of coffee farming. The purpose of this paper is to discuss efforts to revitalize land through the development of coffee farming in Dieng Plateau area. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a character study approach. The development of coffee plants can be an effort to conserve forests, maintain water absorption, and reduce natural disasters. Tambi Coffee Plantation is a coffee plantation area located in Tambi Village, Wonosobo Regency. Coffee root can prevent erosion. In addition to revitalization to reforest deforested land in the Dieng Plateau, farmers can benefit from the coffee seeds planted. The development of coffee farming is now making Dieng Plateau farmers more empowered and prosperous.

A Novel Point-Based Indexing Strategy for Biospeckle Sensors

In this letter, a novel point-based algorithm is presented for biospeckle sensors by combining random temporal history, robust normalization, and absolute value difference technique. Performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated and compared with existing strategies in simulation domain in terms of different analysis parameters (viz. frame invariance, correlation linearity, characterization of heterogeneity, and efficient computation). For experimental verification, biospeckle frames corresponding to coffee seeds ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">coffea arabica</i> ) and maize seeds ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">zea maize</i> ) were utilized. From obtained results it can be inferred that, the proposed strategy possesses high accuracy in terms of all the analysis parameters. In future, the strategy can be widely utilized for industrial automation and quality inspection.

The Potentials of Robusta Coffee Seed Extract as Antioxidant on Kidney Histopathology in Mice Exposed to Monosodium Glutamate

The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of administration robusta coffee extract as an antioxidant on the renal histopathology in mice exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG) orally. This study used 20 adult male rats with Balb C strain divided into 5 experimental groups, namely K + (MSG 0.12 mg / head and Vitamin C 6 mg/mice), K- (MSG 0.12 mg/mice and Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC Na) 0,1 ml/mice), P1 (MSG 0.12 mg/mice and Robusta coffee extract 0.1 mg/mice), P2 (MSG 0.12 mg/mice and Robusta coffee extract 0.2 mg/mice), and P3 (MSG 0.12 mg/mice and 0.4 mg Robusta coffee extract mg/mice). The experimental group was treated every day at intervals between MSG and Vitamin C, CMC Na, and Robusta coffee extract for 60 min, the treatment was carried out for 42 days. Kidney histopathology scores were analyzed using the Saphiro-Wilk and Levene test to evaluate homogeneity, followed by the Kruskal Wallis test. The results of the Saphiro Wilk and Levene statistical analysis obtained p&lt;0.05, thus the data continued with the Kruskal Wallis test scores of kidney cell damage obtained 0.043 which showed that the data were significant. The mean score of kidney cell damage in the treatment groups was K+ 1.60; K- 1.63; P1 1.70; P2 1.63; and P3 1.73. The conclusion is that Robusta coffee bean extract did not show a decrease in kidney cell damage that was different between treatment groups. Further research is needed to find out about the effect of different dosages of Robusta Coffee Extract to different organs