Coffee Seedlings Research Articles

Aplikasi Kompos Limbah Kulit Kopi Terhadap Bibit Kopi Arabika Var. Komasti (Coffea arabika L.)

This activity was carried out to determine the optimal dose of application of coffee husk waste compost on Arabica var. Komasti (Coffea arabica L.) coffee seedlings. It was carried out at the Jember State Polytechnic Collection Garden from November 2018 to April 2019. The research method used was a non-factorial randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment A0 = 0 gr/seed (without coffee husk compost), A1 = 150 gr/seedling compost, A2 = 300 gr/seedling, A3 = 450 gr/seedling, A4 = 600 gr/seedling. From the results of data analysis carried out, the application of coffee husk waste compost on the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings had a significant effect on the parameters of seedling height at 146 HSP, wet weight of seeds, and dry weight of seeds. The result of the research activity was that A4 treatment gave the best results with a dose of 600 g of compost fertilizer/seedling. Furthermore, the parameters of the number of leaves and seedling diameter showed no significant (non-significant) results.

Evaluation of carbon capture in coffee production systems in the department of Nariño

One of the biggest environmental problems that has affected the planet is global warming, due to high concentrations of carbon (CO2), which has led to crops such as coffee being affected by climate change caused by greenhouse gases (GHG), especially by the increase in the incidence of pests and diseases. However, carbon sequestration contributes to the mitigation of GHG emissions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbon stored in above and below ground biomass in four six-year-old castle coffee production systems. In a trial established under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with the treatments Coffee at free exposure (T1), Coffee-Lemon (T2), Coffee-Guamo (T3) and Coffee-Carbonero (T4), at three altitudes: below 1,550 masl, between 1,550 and 2,000 masl and above 2,000 masl. Data were collected corresponding to the stem diameters of coffee seedlings and shade trees with which allometric equations were applied to obtain the carbon variables in the aerial biomass and root and the carbon variables in leaf litter and soil obtained from their dry matter. Highly significant differences were obtained in the four treatments evaluated, with T4 being the one that obtained the highest carbon concentration both in soil biomass with 100.14 t ha-1 and in aerial biomass with 190.42 t ha-1.

The application of a Combination of Coconut Water and a Growth Regulator as (Effective Microorganisms) for Boosting Arabica Coffee Seedlings’ Growth

The objective of the study was to obtain information regarding the effects of adding an accurate dosage ofcoconut water and EM4 mixture to Arabica coffee seedlings’ growth. The research design used was acompletely randomized design, which comprised of two factors and five repetitions. Of the two factors, thefirst factor comprised of treatment with coconut water (K1) and without coconut water (K2), while thesecond factor involved the application of dosages of EM4, whereby E1 for 0 ml dosage, E2 for 5ml dosage,E3 for 10 ml dosage, and E4 for 15 ml dosage. The observation results were analyzed using ANOVA (Analysisof Variance). Upon finding a real difference between treatments. The findings show that there were increasesin growth rate, the number of leaves, and canopy width in sample plants treated with coconut water andEffective Microorganisms at 15ml dosage, which was not significantly different from the results obtainedin sample plants treated with coconut water and Effective Microorganisms at 5 ml dosage. However,observation of destructive effects, which is indicated by plant total weight, root weight, root length, andleaf width, shows that there was no difference between sample plant treated with no coconut water and15ml Effective Microorganisms and sample plant treated with coconut water and 15ml EffectiveMicroorganisms.

Reducing Pratylenchus Population in Coffee Seedling with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria

The attack of Pratylenchus coffeae nematode on coffee seedlings can limit coffee growth. The use of beneficial microbes as biofertilizer and bioprotectant is suggested to reduce the nematode attack on coffee seedlings and improve growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to observe the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. and mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) P. diminuta and B. subtilis on coffee seedling growth and P. coffeae populations in the soil and roots. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The coffee seedlings were grown in potting soil and inoculated with Glomus spp. combined with 20 g or 30 g of MHB solid inoculant. Seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 10 weeks. The experiment verified that AMF inoculation combined with MHB did not affect the plant height, leaf number, or plant dry weight but decreased the P. coffeae population in the soil and roots of the seedlings. Inoculation of 20 g of MHB solid inoculant with AMF was more effective in reducing nematode population in soil and roots than 30 g of MHB. This experiment verified that Glomus spp., as well as P. diminuta and B. subtilis enable the control of P. coffeae in coffee seedlings.

Selenium enhances chilling stress tolerance in coffee species by modulating nutrient, carbohydrates, and amino acids content.

The effects of selenium (Se) on plant metabolism have been reported in several studies triggering plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, yet, the effects of Se on coffee plants under chilling stress are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar Se application on coffee seedlings submitted to chilling stress and subsequent plant recovery. Two Coffea species, Coffea arabica cv. Arara, and Coffea canephora clone 31, were submitted to foliar application of sodium selenate solution (0.4 mg plant–1) or a control foliar solution, then on day 2 plants were submitted to low temperature (10°C day/4°C night) for 2 days. After that, the temperature was restored to optimal (25°C day/20°C night) for 2 days. Leaf samples were collected three times (before, during, and after the chilling stress) to perform analyses. After the chilling stress, visual leaf injury was observed in both species; however, the damage was twofold higher in C. canephora. The lower effect of cold on C. arabica was correlated to the increase in ascorbate peroxidase and higher content of starch, sucrose, and total soluble sugars compared with C. canephora, as well as a reduction in reducing sugars and proline content during the stress and rewarming. Se increased the nitrogen and sulfur content before stress but reduced their content during low temperature. The reduced content of nitrogen and sulfur during stress indicates that they were remobilized to stem and roots. Se supply reduced the damage in C. canephora leaves by 24% compared with the control. However, there was no evidence of the Se effects on antioxidant enzymatic pathways or ROS activity during stress as previously reported in the literature. Se increased the content of catalase during the rewarming. Se foliar supply also increased starch, amino acids, and proline, which may have reduced symptom expression in C. canephora in response to low temperature. In conclusion, Se foliar application can be used as a strategy to improve coffee tolerance under low-temperature changing nutrient remobilization, carbohydrate metabolism, and catalase activity in response to rewarming stress, but C. arabica and C. canephora respond differently to chilling stress and Se supply.

Copper formulations in bacterial blight control and toxic effects on coffee seedlings

Bacterial blight of coffee (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae) is an important coffee disease and can be controlled using antibiotics and copper-based compounds. However, copper-based compounds raise doubts among coffee growers regarding bacterial blight control efficiency and phytotoxic potential. In this work, coffee plants were sprayed with different copper molecules in order to study their efficiency on bacterial blight control and the phytotoxic potential. Seven copper formulations, cuprous oxide, copper oxychloride, copper nitrate, copper hydroxide 1 (water-dispersible granules) and 2 (concentrated suspension), copper sulfate 1 (complexed with gluconic acid) and 2 (Bordeaux mixture) were studied. The copper formulations efficiency was compared with the antibiotic kasugamycin, saline solution, and control. In controlled environmental conditions of temperature, relative humidity, and photoperiod, coffee seedlings were sprayed with the treatments and after 24 hours they were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae suspension. Disease incidence and severity assessments were performed in a 2-day interval during a 16-day period. Phytotoxicity incidence and severity, mapping, and quantification of copper on the leaf tissue surface, dried leaves weight, and total copper leaf content were assessed 16 days after pathogen inoculation. Data were submitted to the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). Cuprous oxide and copper sulfate 2 proved most efficient to bacterial blight control, causing lower phytotoxicity effect, best covering, and persistence on leaf tissues. Copper nitrate and copper sulfate complexed with gluconic acid were more phytotoxicity compared to other copper formulations.

Acclimatization of coffee seedlings obtained from zygotic embryos of aged seeds

Coffee seeds rapidly lose viability during storage, which hinders the development of vigorous seedlings for crop establishment. There are reports that seed endosperm is more sensitive to deterioration than embryos, which can be excised and cultivated in vitro. However, a substantial number of plants grown in vitro do not survive during transfer to a greenhouse or field environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acclimatization of coffee seedlings of cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, developed from zygotic embryos obtained from aged seeds in different substrates and environments, for the production of well-developed seedlings suitable for planting. For this purpose, seedlings were obtained from the in vitro cultivation of embryos obtained from seeds of two quality levels: freshly harvested seeds and artificially aged seeds. Zygotic embryos were extracted from the seeds and cultivated in MS medium. At 60 days, the percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were evaluated. The good-quality seedlings grown in vitro for 60 days were transplanted into two different substrates (Tropstrato and coconut fiber) and acclimatized in two environments (growth room and greenhouse with a misting system). The plants were evaluated for height, stem diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, and growth rate. The greenhouse environment was better for seedling growth, possibly due to its higher sunlight and temperature. The best substrate was coconut fiber, as it ensured better development of plants from freshly harvested seeds and those from aged seeds. It is possible to develop healthy seedlings from seeds with low viability

Influence of Biological Agents in Controlling Nematodes and Improving Growth of Coffee Seedling and Soil P-Availability

Pests and diseases cause significant yield losses in coffee cultivation in Indonesia. In particular, Pratylenchus coffeae is the most common nematode in Indonesia known to harm coffee plants. In dealing with the threat of P. coffeae, mycorrhiza is used as a biological agent to increase the growth of coffee plants as well as control the nematode. This experiment was conducted to determine the formulation of biological agents in the form of mycorrhizae enriched with mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) to control nematodes and increase the growth of coffee seedlings and soil P-availability. The mycorrhizae used in this experiment were Glomus spp., while the liquid MHB formula used Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis. The randomized block design was used with treatments consisting of control (without biological agents); inoculation of P. coffeae; Glomus + P coffeae; Glomus + MHB 108+ P coffeae; Glomus + MHB 109+ P coffeae. Observations were made on the growth of coffee seedlings and the nematode population of P. coffeae 10 weeks after administered treatments. Results revealed that inoculation of biological agents Glomus spp. + the liquid MHB formula increased the growth of coffee seedlings, soil P-availability, and reduced the population of P. coffeae. The best treatment was Glomus spp. + MHB 108 which can reduce the population of P. coffeae by 65%.

Study on Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Seed Emergence and Seedling Growth Rate Response to Different Sizes of Pot and Biochar Based Rooting Media Preparation at a Nursery Condition of Awada South Ethiopia

Therefore, biochar based nursery media preparation is the best option to accelerate the coffee seedling emergence and seedling relative growth rate at a lower ratio of biochar that provides alternative enhancement media options to speed up coffee seedling growth rate.

Pertumbuhan Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea Arabica L.) melalui Aplikasi Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteri (PGPR) dari Perakaran Bambu

<p><em>Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteri</em> (PGPR) that sourced form bamboo roots applied to Arabica coffee seeds to find out the effect of PGPR from the roots of yellow bamboo and green bamboo through maseration method with different types of doses on the growth of Arabica coffee seeds. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design as PGPR concentration as the first factor that consist of four (4) levels, that is P0 (control), P1 (PGPR 10 ml L<sup>-1</sup> of water), P2 (PGPR 20 ml L<sup>-1</sup> of water), and P3 (PGPR 30 ml L<sup>-1</sup> of water). The second factor is the type of bamboo roots, that is B1 (yellow bamboo) dan B2 (green bamboo). The result showed that the application of PGPR with a concentration of 30 ml L-1 of water gave the best effect on the growth of arabica coffee seedlings. Otherwise, the type of bamboo roots as PGPR sourses did not have a different effect on growth of coffee seedlings, but given better results on PGPR that made from yellow bamboo roots compare to the green one.</p>

Arabica Coffee Growth Response on Composting Time Treatment and Coffee Skin Biochar Dosage

This study aims to determine the effect of composting time, biochar dose, and the interaction between composting time and biochar dose on the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings. This research was conducted at UPP Arabica Coffee Plantation. Catur Paramitha in Catur Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali Province. The altitude of the place is between 1,250 meters above sea level. The time of the research was carried out from September to December 2021. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 factors arranged in a factorial manner. The first factor is the time of composting of wet coffee skin waste material which consists of 2 levels, namely P1 = 2 weeks of composting and P2 = 4 weeks of composting. The second factor is the dose of biochar as raw material for dried coffee cherries, consisting of 4 levels, namely, B0 = control, B1 = 5 tons/ha, B2 = 10 tons/ha and B3 = 15 tons/ha thus obtained 8 repeated combination treatments. 3 times so 24 plants are needed. The variables observed were plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, plant leaf area, root fresh weight per plant, stem fresh weight per plant, leaf fresh weight per plant, stem, and leaf fresh weight per plant, and total fresh weight per plant. and total oven-dry weight per plant. The treatment with 4 weeks of composting gave the highest total fresh weight per plant, which was 10.43 g, which increased by 11% when compared to the treatment with 2 weeks of composting, which was 9.44 g. The treatment with a dose of 15 tons/ha of biochar gave the highest total fresh weight per plant, which was 10.45 g, which increased by 13% when compared to the treatment without biochar, which was 9.27 g. The interaction of 4 weeks of composting with a dose of 15 tons/ha of biochar (P2B3) gave the highest total fresh weight yield per plant of 11.73 g which increased by 24% when compared to the interaction of 2 weeks of composting without biochar (P1B0) which was 9.4g.

DSS for Mobile-Based Determination of the Quality of Gayo 1 Coffee Seedlings by Combining the AHP-WP Method

Determining the quality of Gayo 1 coffee seeds with manual calculations can affect time efficiency because manual calculations often result in inconsistent and time-consuming calculations. A decision support system is needed to determine the quality of Gayo 1 coffee seeds with consistent and accurate calculations and processed through computational speed. Applying the AHP-WP method can determine the quality of coffee seeds of the Gayo 1 variety at IP2TP Gayo. The discussion that becomes the focus is the application of the AHP method to determine the weight of the coffee seed criteria. The resulting weight can be continued in the calculation of the WP method to determine the quality of the Gayo 1 coffee seed based on the alternative preference value or vector S. The results of the study provide information regarding the quality of coffee seeds that have been tested for quality.

Effect of genotype and NPK fertilizer on seedlings of Arabica coffee and its genetic variability

Genetic make-up and maintenance of seedlings are influencing factors for cultivation of arabica coffee. The goal of this experiment was to study the effect of genotypes of arabica coffee and NPK fertilizer on seedlings performance and genetic variability of seedlings. A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at experimental garden of Agriculture Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen in Medan. Thirtytwo genotypes of arabica coffee and four levels of NPK fertilizer was tested. The result revealed that genotype differences were highly significant in plant height, the age at which the cotyledons open, and phenotype ratios. Genotype G3 from District Dairi performed the earliest age at the cotyledon opening (13.67 days). NPK fertilizer differences were significant to highly significant. Variance component of genotypes (VG) contributed 17.76% to total variance (VT) in ratio of plant height to age at the opening of cotyledon. Genotype showed greater variance than NPK fertilizer. Genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) varied from 1.13% to 8.17% and from 10.75% to 18.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that the role of genotype is more decisive than the role of NPK fertilizer, and genotypes showed genotypic and phenotypic variability.

Plant growth and phosphorus uptake of coffee seedlings through mycorrhizal inoculation

Soil phosphorus (P) availability is a limiting factor for coffee seedling growth. Usually, large amounts of P fertilizers are required, generating nutritional imbalance, increasing production costs, and raising environmental concerns in water pollution. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant P uptake and growth and reduce the dose of P fertilizers. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a substrate containing Paleudult soil and quartz sand, with low level of soluble P (1 mg kg-1), to establish the effect of AMF inoculation with Rhizoglomus fasciculatum on coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Colombia) seedlings growth and P uptake under three levels of P in soil solution (0.002, 0.02, and 0.2 mg L-1). AMF colonization was significantly reduced when contents of P in solution increased. Shoot dry weight and P foliar concentration were increased by the AMF inoculation when soil P in solution was 0.02 mg L-1; these effects were lower at 0.2 mg L-1 and null at 0.002 mg L-1 P. Results showed that AMF inoculation can play an important role in the growth of coffee seedlings as long as the content P in soil solution maintains intermediate level. At the lowest P level, the response of coffee seedlings to AMF inoculation was ineffective, while at the highest level, AMF application was unnecessary for coffee growth.

Low water availability has a greater influence on the development of coffee seedlings than an increase in temperature

Coffee is an important product in the world, essential for thousands of producing families. However, climate change has generated variations in temperature and precipitation that negatively impact the maturation of crops. To quantify the combined effect of drought stress and elevated temperatures, plants of Coffea arabica cv. Ouro Verde IAC H5010-5 were evaluated under the climatic conditions of La Molina, Peru, with four treatments (WT: 100% available water + air temperature (22.7°C); -WT: < 50% available water + air temperature (22.7°C); W+T: 100% available water + elevated air temperature (22.7 + 2.5°C), and –W+T: < 50% available water + elevated air temperature (22.7 + 2.5°C)). In general, morphological indices were decreased by -WT and –W+T (P≤0.05). Plants subjected to -W+T, significantly affected quality indices like root:shoot ratio, robustness, and Dickson (P≤0.05). The -WT plants had a nitrogen content of 2.46%, the highest nitrogen content compared to other treatments. Isolated and combined stress had negative differential effects on plant development, and water scarcity (as an individual factor) was the repercussion, in most cases, that was more prominent than the effect of high temperature.

First Report of Coffee Canker Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in China.

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world market. As an important cash crop in China, coffee is cultivated mainly in Yunnan and Hainan provinces. During October 2013 and September 2020, coffee trees showing typical dieback and wilt symptoms were found in Nanping town (N 22° 38', E 101° 0'), Pu'er, and Puwen town (N 22° 32', E 101° 4'), Xishuangbanna in Yunnan province, China. Symptomatic trees initially exhibited yellowing of foliage, expanding in size along the leaf margin, then became blighted and dry, and the internal xylem in main stem discolored brown to black. Infected trees eventually developed dieback and wilt. Disease incidence ranged from 10% to 22% and 25% to 40% of crown symptoms in the affected coffee trees. In extreme cases, 50% out of 380 trees were affected. The stems of coffee trees with typical symptoms were collected, and then the diseased tissues were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) solution for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated at 25°C. After 6 days, fungal mycelium was observed growing from the tissue. Three isolates (C3-1, C3-2, and C3-2-1) were obtained by picking spore masses from the apices of perithecia and transferring them to malt extract agar (MEA) medium and incubated at 25°C for 10 days to observe the cultural features. In culture, colonies reaching 65 mm within 10 days, mycelium initially white, then becoming light blue-green. After 6 days of formation, perithecia were black, globose (123.8 - 173.4 μm × 138.2 - 180.6 μm), and showed a long black neck (414.2 - 650.0 μm). Ascospores with outer cell wall forming a brim, hat-shaped, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass at the tips of ostiolar hyphae (4.3 μm × 6.0 μm). Cylindrical endoconidia (14.1 - 45.2 μm × 3.5 - 5.7 μm) were hyaline. Chain of barrel-shaped conidia (6.6 - 10.2 μm × 6.8 - 8.8 μm) were found. Aleuroconidia (10.8 - 16.9 μm × 9.1 - 13.0 μm) were olive-brown, ovoid or obpyriform, and smooth. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the description of Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. (Engelbrecht and Harrington 2005). The three isolates were used for molecular identification, and their genomic DNA was extracted using the chelex-100 method (Xu et al. 2020). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was sequenced using the procedures of Thorpe et al. (2005). Analysis of the ITS sequence data (GenBank accessions KY580836, KJ511480, and KJ511479) showed that the isolates were 100% homologous to isolates of C. fimbriata from Punica granatum, Camellia sinensis, and Cucumis sativus in China (GenBank accessions KY580891, KY580870, and MH535909, respectively) by BLAST analysis. Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 6.06 based on the ITS sequences. The three isolates were clustered on the same clade with other C. fimbriata isolates with a high bootstrap value (90%). Therefore, the fungus was identified as C. fimbriata based on both morphological and molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity of the three isolates was tested by inoculating one-year-old pot grown coffee seedlings (C. arabica) through drenching the loams with 30 ml spore suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml). Control plants were inoculated with 30 ml of sterile distilled water. The trees were kept in a controlled greenhouse at 25°C and watered weekly. One month after inoculation, all inoculated plants produced typical dieback and wilt symptoms, whereas the control trees showed no symptoms. The same fungus was isolated from the inoculated trees on PDA and identified as C. fimbriata according to the methods described above, and no fungal growth was observed in the controls, thus fulfilling the Koch's postulates. Coffee canker disease caused by C. fimbriata has been reported in Indonesia and Colombia (Marin et al. 2003). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fimbriata causing canker disease of coffee trees in China.

The effects of thiamethoxam on coffee seedling morphophysiology and Neotropical leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella) infestations.

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the main commodities produced in Brazil. Insecticides like the (systemic) neonicotinoid thiamethoxam are widely used to suppress pest populations during coffee production, in particular the Neotropical leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). In addition to its efficacy against this pest species, thiamethoxam is also thought to be a bioactivator of plant metabolism, but has not yet been tested for such activity. Thus, the objectives of the present study were (1) to assess the concentration-response effects of thiamethoxam on the vegetative vigor of coffee seedlings (C. arabica 'Catuaí 144' cultivar) at different concentrations [2, 20, 40, 80 and 200 mg active ingredient (a.i.)kg-1 ] applied via soil drenching and (2) to evaluate if the plant response interferes with the effectiveness of thiamethoxam in controlling leaf miner populations. The morphophysiological traits of the coffee seedlings were evaluated 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after application, and leaf miner infestations were recorded starting 20 days after the insecticide application with the releasing of adults, and every 20 days afterwards. The results indicated that thiamethoxam has a deleterious effect on the morphophysiological traits of the plants compromising their development with increase in concentrations. However, leaf area exhibited a different pattern with a peak at 50 mg a.i.kg-1 consistent with thiamethoxam-induced hormesis (i.e. biphasic response with stimulatory effect at sublethal range of a toxic substance at the higher concentration). Nonetheless, such bioactivator effect did not affect thiamethoxan effectiveness against the leaf miner even at the lowest concentration tested. Thiamethoxan exhibited bioactivation effect on leaf at low concentration, but without compromising efficacy against leaf miner populations. Therefore, its proposed metabolism-boosting properties may encourage the unnecessary use of this insecticide, potentially leading to higher selection for insecticide resistance and an eventual decline in its effectiveness against the Neotropical leaf miner. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

APLIKASI BERBAGAI DOSIS BOKASHI DAN UREA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF BIBIT KOPI ROBUSTA

This study aims to determine the vegetative growth of robusta coffee seedlings applied with bokashi and urea fertilizers. This research was conducted in Manggalung Village, Mandalle District, Pangkajene and Islands Regency, South Sulawesi Province, which took place from November 2020 to April 2021. This study was designed with a two-factor factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor is the dose of bokashi fertilizer (b) 3 levels: 0g (b0), 100 g (b1), and 150 g (b2) and the second factor is the dose of Urea (u): 0 g u0), 10 g (u1), and 15 g (u2). All data obtained in the study were analyzed by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test with a level of accuracy (0.1 and 0.5).
 The results showed that with a dosage of 150 g / plant boca gave much better results and showed a very significant difference in plant height growth and number of leaves after the least significant difference (0.1%). Meanwhile, with the same dose of boca, namely 150 g (b2), it gave a good response to the increase in stem diameter. Therefore, the use of Boca fertilizer at a dose of 150 g gives good results on the vegetative growth of Robusta coffee seedlings.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI ROBUSTA TERHADAP PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK REBUNG DAN PUPUK ORGANIK AZOLLA

This study aims to determine the effect of giving bamboo shoot extract and organic fertilizer azolla and its interaction on the growth of robusta coffee (Coffea robusta L.) seedlings. The design used in this study was a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors with 16 treatment combinations and 2 replications in order to obtain a total of 32 plots of research treatment plots. The results showed that bamboo shoot extracts and the application of Azolla organic fertilizer and their interactions did not affect all observation parameters such as plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), stem diameter (mm), plant wet weight (grams), and dry weight. plant (grams). Where the best bamboo shoot extracts in this study were found in R2 treatment (200 g / plot). The best application of azolla organic fertilizer in this study was found in treatment A2 (10 g / plot).
 
 Keywords: Growth, Coffee, Extract, Bamboo shoots, Azolla

Drenched Silicon Suppresses Disease and Insect Pests in Coffee Plant Grown in Controlled Environment by Improving Physiology and Upregulating Defense Genes.

Plant disease and insect pests are major limiting factors that reduce crop production worldwide. The ornamental indoor cultivation cash crop dwarf coffee Punica arabica ‘Pacas’ is also troubled by these issues. Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements in the lithosphere and positively impacts plant health by effectively mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. Several studies have shown that Si activates plant defense systems, although the specific nature of the involvement of Si in biochemical processes that lead to resistance is unclear. In our study, Si significantly promoted the growth and development of dwarf coffee seedlings grown in plant growth chambers. More than that, through natural infection, Si suppressed disease and insect pests by improving physiology (e.g., the strong development of the internal structures of roots, stems, and leaves; higher photosynthetic efficiency; more abundant organic matter accumulation; the promotion of root activity; the efficient absorption and transfer of mineral elements; and various activated enzymes) and up-regulating defense genes (CaERFTF11 and CaERF13). Overall, in agriculture, Si may potentially contribute to global food security and safety by assisting in the creation of enhanced crop types with optimal production as well by mitigating plant disease and insect pests. In this sense, Si is a sustainable alternative in agricultural production.