Coffee Seedlings Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF COFFEE PULP BOKASHI AND LOCAL MICROORGANISMS OF STALE RICE ON THE GROWTH OF ARABICA COFFEE (COFFEA ARABICA L) SEEDLINGS

This study aims to determine the effect of coffee pulp bokashi and stale rice local microorganisms on the growth of Arabica coffee plant seedlings. This study used a factorial experiment, which tested two factors; namely bokashi coffee fruit skin in 5 dose levels, each: without treatment, 100 g/plant, 200 g/plant; 300 g/plant, and 400 g/plant; and local microorganisms of stale rice in 3 concentration levels, respectively: without treatment; 100 ml/L water; and 200 ml/L of water. The study results concluded that: Bokashi of coffee fruit skin at a dose of 400 g/plant had a good effect on plant height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, root volume, plant dry weight, and net assimilation rate on arabica coffee plant seeds. Local microorganisms of stale rice with a concentration of 200 ml /L of water have a good effect on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, plant dry weight, and net assimilation rate on arabica coffee seedlings. There was no interaction between the coffee fruit skin bokashi and stale rice local microorganisms on the coffee plant seeds.

Boron deficiency affects ATP hydrolysis of plasma membrane and nutrients uptake in coffee: Consequences for plant growth

Boron (B) shapes the plasma membrane structure and modulates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity stimulating nutrients uptake by the plant root system. However, the influence of B-nutritional status on plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity of some plants remains unclear, especially in dicots with higher B requirement, such as coffee. This study investigated the effects of B-nutritional status on ATP hydrolysis of plasma membrane and nutrients uptake in coffee. Coffee seedlings were grown in substrate with six B levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg dm−3, as H3BO3) for 153 days and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity was evaluated in the roots, as well as nutrient concentration and accumulation in leaf tissues and plant growth. The B nutritional status greatly influenced plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in roots. At 1.0 mg dm−3, the ATPase hydrolysis activity was six times greater and H+ transport two times higher compared to the lowest level of 0.1 mg dm−3. The B supply increased significantly leaf concentrations of B, K, P, Mg, and Ca; nevertheless, accumulation of these nutrients did not vary in the leaves because leaf biomass decreased at high B levels.

Influence of chromium and sodium on development, physiology, and anatomy of Conilon coffee seedlings.

Some components found in the composition of the tannery sludge are nutrients for the plants; it can be considered an alternative source of fertilization as they have favorable agronomic characteristics. However, it is reported in some studies that the presence of chromium and sodium in this residue causes physiological and anatomical disturbances that inhibit the development of the plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chromium and sodium on the physiology, anatomy, and development of Conilon coffee seedlings grown on substrates produced with tannery sludge and equivalent doses of chromium and sodium. The experiment was carried out in nursery using randomized block design, containing 5 treatments and 7 repetitions. The treatments consisted of the application of a 40% tannery sludge dose and equivalent doses of chromium and sodium mixed with a conventional substrate. Notably, the presence of sodium in the substrate caused greater damage to the plants, negatively influencing the physiology, anatomy, and, consequently, development of the plants, while the presence of chromium suggests that it does not influence much the evaluated characteristics. The treatment with tannery sludge, on the other hand, despite containing the same chromium and sodium contents, revealed a more pronounced negative influence on the physiology, anatomy, and development patterns of the seedlings. This shows that sodium and chromium alone are not the only factors responsible for the lowest growth indicators studied.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANTING MEDIA AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (POC) ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea Robusta L.)

Efek berbagai media tanam dan pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kopi robusta (Coffea robusta L.). Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 minggu (3 bulan) terhitung bulan Maret – Juni 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Agroteknologi Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan di ulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor pertama ialah Media Tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu, M1 = Tanah, M2 = Tanah+Sekam Padi (2:1), M3 = Tanah+Serbuk Kayu (2:1), M4 = Tanah+Sabut Kelapa (2:1). Faktor kedua ialah Pupuk Organik Cair (P) terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu : P0 = Top soil (kontrol), P1 = POC Air Limbah Tahu Sereh Wangi 50% (ALTSW) (500 ml ALTSW + 500 ml air), P2 = POC Ekstrak Daun Gamal (EDG) (500 ml EDG + 500 ml air). Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah Memberikan informasi tentang media tanam yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat. Memberikan informasi tentang pupuk organic cair yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat.
 Keywords: Daun Gamal, Limbah Ampas Tahu, Serbuk Kayu

Modified hydroponics and phenolic foam as technological innovations in the production of coffee seedlings from cuttings

Brazilian coffee production represents an important activity in the country’s agricultural sector and, for this reason, it requires innovative technologies for the production of seedlings, which is one of the most important inputs in crop implantation. Thus, plant cloning by cutting, mineral nutrition via modified hydroponics and the use of alternative substrates appear as technological innovations for seedling production. This study evaluated the production of clonal coffee seedlings in a modified hydroponic system in comparison to the conventional climate-controlled greenhouse system, using vermiculite and phenolic foam as alternative substrates. At the end of the experiment, the seedlings were analyzed for growth (height, stem diameter, number of total leaves, leaf area, root area, shoot and root dry matter) and physiological (chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance) characteristics. For the statistical analysis, a completely randomized design was used in a factorial scheme 2 (types of substrate) x 2 (cultivation systems) with six replications and ten plants per plot. The innovative modified hydroponic system leads to a greater growth of coffee seedlings produced by cuttings in tubes with vermiculite compared to those produced in conventional systems. The substrate phenolic foam can be used alternatively in the air-conditioned greenhouse system. However, in the modified hydroponic system, it is not indicated, as it causes total seedling mortality.

Kaolin Film Increases Gas Exchange Parameters of Coffee Seedlings During Transference From Nursery to Full Sunlight.

Increases in water use efficiency (WUE) and the reduction of negative impacts of high temperatures associated with high solar radiation are being achieved with the application of fine particle film of calcined and purified kaolin (KF) on the leaves and fruits of various plant species. KF was applied on young Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora plants before their transition from nursery to full sunlight during autumn and summer. The effects of KF were evaluated through the responses of leaf temperature (Tleaf), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), WUE, crop water stress index (CWSI), index of relative stomatal conductance (Ig), initial fluorescence (F0), and photosynthetic index (PI) in the first 2–3 weeks after the plant transitions to the full sun. All measurements were performed at midday. In Coffea plants, KF decreased the Tleaf up to 6.7°C/5.6°C and reduced the CWSI. The plants that were not protected with KF showed lower A, gs, E, and Ig than those protected with KF. C. canephora plants protected with KF achieved higher WUE compared with those not protected by 11.23% in autumn and 95.58% in summer. In both Coffea sp., KF application reduced F0, indicating reduced physical dissociation of the PSII reaction centers from the light-harvesting system, which was supported with increased PI. The use of KF can be recommended as a management strategy in the transition of Coffea seedlings from the nursery shade to the full sunlight, to protect leaves against the excessive solar radiation and high temperatures, especially in C. canephora during the summer.

Increase of coffee tree susceptibility to stem canker disease mediated by glyphosate application

Stem canker is a major disease of coffee in Indonesia, caused by Fusarium solani. Previous studies showed a correlation between stem canker incidence and glyphosate application. The study aimed to determine the effect of glyphosate application on coffee stem canker and the underlying physiological mechanisms. The research used glyphosate treatments with the concentrations of 0, 4, 8, and 16 ml.L−1. In vitro experiments were carried out by measuring the growth of F. solani colony after glyphosate treatment. In planta, tests were conducted by artificial inoculation on glyphosate-treated coffee seedlings. The severity of stem canker was assessed. In a separate test, coffee seedlings were treated with glyphosate without pathogen inoculation. In the second experiment, physiological change was determined by measuring photosynthetic pigments, gas-exchange properties, lipid peroxidation, and activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. In vitro tests showed that glyphosate had antifungal activity against F. solani. In planta, the test showed that glyphosate treatment caused higher susceptibility to stem canker in coffee seedlings, indicated by the increase of canker wound depth. Glyphosate treatment on coffee decreased the chlorophyll, carotene contents, and reduced photosynthesis rate, caused oxidative stress depicted by higher lipid peroxidation and increased enzyme APX and CAT activity.

Effect of different growing media for elite seedlings production in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

Study on identifying the suitability of different growing media for seedling establishment and elite seedling production in Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cv. Chandragiri was conducted with an objective to evaluate the suitability of different growing media for raising the seedlings and to find out most suitable media for better rooting and growth of coffee seedlings. Coffee seedlings were grown in different media for a period of 6 months in nursery. It was revealed from the study that, the growth and vigour of coffee seedling was greatly influenced by different growing media used. Coffee seedlings grown in growing media containing Soil + Sand + Vermicompost (6:2:1) recorded maximum germination (64%), seedling vigour (2125), seedling height (51.7 cm), number of leaves (8.3), leaf area index (71.17 cm2), diameter of stem (2.18 cm), seedling fresh weight (16.79 g) and higher seedling dry weight (3.09 g) when compared with control and other treatments.

Hormetics effects of glyphosate on coffee plants – guidelines for coffee

Glyphosate stands out among non-selective herbicides used for management of weeds in coffee crops due to its favorable physical-chemical, economical, and environmental characteristics. The hormetic effect is the tonic effect of low doses of toxic substances, such as herbicides, on plants. The present study was conducted at the IFSULDEMINAS, Muzambinho campus, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to identify the hormetic effect of glyphosate on coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho 144), using different low doses of the herbicide. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of 8 glyphosate herbicide low doses (0, 22.5, 45, 90, 180, 360, 720, and 1,440 g ha-1) distributed in three blocks, containing ten plants per plot, using a two-plant border between treatments, totaling 240 plants. The plant development over time was simulated using non-linear models. Growth models were adjusted using the Lorentz model to analyze the regression with four parameters. Stem diameter, plant height, and total leaf areawere evaluated from 7 to 63 days after the herbicide application. Hormetic effect on the coffee seedlings evaluated was found when using the low doses of 22.5 g ha-1 and 45 g ha-1, and the best effect was found with the low dose of 22.5 g ha-1. Low doses of 300 g ha-1 glyphosate stimulated the sprouting of coffee plants, and this dose is interesting for clonal seedlings. Key words: Chemical control; Coffea spp.; herbicide; phytotoxicity; low doses.

Vertical farming application with several growing media for coffee nurseries

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that play an important role as a source of foreign exchange for the country. One alternative to overcome the land decrease in rural area is to utilize urban farming in the form of a vertical planting system. This study aimed to obtain alternative techniques for planting coffee seedlings using vertical farming and to determine the effect of vertical planting with several growing media on the growth of coffee seedlings. The study was arranged in a non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four treatments, namely: 1) conventional nursery; 2) topsoil verticulture nursery; 3) topsoil and compost media verticulture, and 4) topsoil, compost, and husk charcoal media verticulture. The data were analyzed using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The observed variables included observations of the morphology of coffee seedlings and verticulture environmental factors. The results showed that vertical planting on the vegetative growth of coffee seedlings was not significantly different from conventional planting. Topsoil planting media and husk charcoal in vertical planting did not significantly affect the morphological growth of coffee seedlings. The combination of topsoil, husk charcoal and compost gave the best plant height of 12.4 cm at 13 weeks after planting.

Effect of phosphate solubilizing bio-inoculants and vermicompost application on mineral uptake and growth of coffee (Coffea arbica L.) seedlings under greenhouse condition

Arabica coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) is an economically important crop with the highest export revenue in Ethiopia. This study was designed to evaluate the bacterial and fungal phosphate solublization efficacy and to determine yield attributes of coffee seedlings under glasshouse conditions. The study was conducted at Jimma Agricultural Research Center. The experiment was done with completely randomized design (crd) in three (3) replications. Three potent bacterial isolates viz., rchvcb1, RScB1.19 and RMaB2.11 and three potent fungal isolates viz., rscf1.19 rlvcf2 and rchvcf2 were obtained from Jimma University, Veterinary Medicine, Microbiology Laboratory. The three bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial resistance pattern and for their potential to serve as bio-control agents. All the bacterial isolates showed 100% resistance to all the six antimicrobials tested. The growth of pathogenic Fusarium xyloriodes was slightly inhibited by rscf1.19. Single inoculation of rscf1.19+Phosphate fertilizer and dual inoculation of rscf1.19 and rchvcb1 with P fertilizer significantly (p<0.05) increased plant height, root length, stem girth, leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of coffee seedlings. However, all the treatments combined with vermicompost showed suppressive characteristics with no seedlings emergency at all. rscf1.19 and rchvcb1 can be recommended as bio-fertilizers after conducting necessary field trials in order to reduce the cost required for chemical fertilizers.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea arabica L.) PADA BERBAGAI PEMUPUKAN DAN URINE SAPI

Seedling on Arabica coffee plants (Coffea Arabica L.) is a stage that will determine plant productivity in the field, therefore it needs to be supported by quality seeds (superior seeds), resistant to pests and diseases and response to fertilization. So it is necessary to do research on the growth of coffee seedlings on various fertilizers and cow urine. This study aims to determine the number of fertilizers (SP-36, KCl, cow manure) and cow urine on the best growth of coffee seedlings in nurseries. The research was conducted at Sempaja Village, North Samarinda District and at the Agronomy Laboratory of Faperta Unmul Samarinda in 2017. This study consisted of 4 experiments where each experiments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4x4 factorial experiments with two replications. The first experiment was the dose of SP-36 ) fertilizer (P) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 g polybag-1 , 5 g polybag-1 , 7 g polybag-1 , 9 g polybag-1 and cow urine concentration (S) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 mL L-1 , 250 mL L-1 , 300 mL L-1 , 350 mL L-1. The second experiment was the dose of KCl fertilizer (K) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 g polybag-1 , 4 g polybag-1 , 5 g polybag-1 , 6 g polybag-1 and cow urine concentration (S) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 mL L-1 , 150 mL L-1 , 200 mL L-1 , 250 mL L-1. The third experiment was the dose of cow manure (A) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 g polybag-1 , 250 g polybag-1 , 500 g polybag-1 , 750 g polybag-1 and cow urine concentration (S) consisted of four levels, namely, 0 mL L-1 , 75 mL L-1 , 150 mL L-1 , 225 mL L-1. Parameters observed in each study at four months after treatment included: increase in plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, dry weight of plants, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root crown ratio. Data were analyzed using variance and continued with the least significant difference test at 5% level. The results of the study on the application of various fertilizers (SP-36, KCl and cow manure) showed a very significantly difference to the increase in seedling height, number of leaves and stem diameter but not significantly different to plant dry weight, shoot dry weight, root weight and ratio root crown at three months after treatment. The application of cow manure can increase the yield of plant dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root crown ratio. Meanwhile, the concentration of cow urine and the interaction between each fertilizer ( SP-36, KCl and cow manure) and the concentration of cow urine were not significantly different for all parameters. Giving cow urine can increase the yield of plant dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root crown ratio.

Growth Response of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.) Seedlings to Exogenous Salicylic Acid Application

To accelerate growth performance of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) seedling could be conducted through the application of exogenous plant hormone.Salicylic acid is one of plant hormones that widely applied to increase the plant growth for several plants, however, for coffee was still relative limited. This studywas aimed to determine the effect of salicylic acid on the growth of Robusta coffee seedlings which research was conducted at Indonesian Coffee and CocoaResearch Institute (ICCRI), Jember, East Java. This experiment was set using split plot design with three replications. The main plot was clones, which were BP 308and Sintaro clones. The seedlings were propagated from rooted cuttings. The subplot was the concentration of exogenous salicylic acid, that were control,0.6 mM, 1.2 mM, and 1.8 mM. The result demonstrated that BP 308 clone had higher rooting performance than Sintaro clone that shown by the higher rootvolume, root dry mass, and root/shoot ratio. In general, the application of salicylic acid could enhance the growth of Robusta coffee seedling. The application of 0.6 mMsalicylic acid increased plant growth of coffee seedlings. There was different response to concentration of application salicylic acid for both clones. The application of 0.6 mM salicylic acid could increase plant growth of BP 308, includeplant height, leaf area, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, root/shoot ratio and total dry mass. Meanwhile, on Sintaro clone, application of 1.2 mM salicylic acid couldincrease leaf area, stem, leaf and total dry mass. The application of salicylic acid more than 1.2 mM led to detrimental effect of coffee seedlings.

Growth and physiological parameters in conilon coffee seedlings fertilized through foliar application of tannery sludge

Growth and physiological parameters in conilon coffee seedlings fertilized through foliar application of tannery sludge

First Report of Paramyrothecium breviseta Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Coffea canephora in China.

Coffee is a tropical plant with two widely cultivated species, namely Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. A leaf spot disease causing brownish and necrotic lesions was broken out on the C. canephora coffee seedlings in a nursery in Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China, during 2018 to 2019. The incidence of the disease was 15% ~ 20%. Ten diseased leaf samples from five diseased plants were collected for pathogen isolation by tissue separation method. Leaf pieces were cut from the margin of the necrotic lesions (4 × 6 mm), surface-sterilized for 30 s in 75% ethanol, followed by 0.1% arsenic mercury solution for 15 s, then washed 3~4 times with sterilized distilled water and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in petri plates. Four morphologically similar isolates were obtained from lesions and cultivated on PDA at 25°C. Initial colonies of isolates were round, neat edge, white, floccose mycelium and developed dark green-to-black concentric rings that were sporodochia bearing viscid spore masses after 5~7 days. Conidia were acetates, hyaline and cylindrical with both rounded ends and 4.8 to 6.4 µm long × 1.6 to 2.6 µm wide. Koch's test were conducted on three healthy plants leaves of original source variety C. canephora No.2 and C.arabica Catimor CIFC7963 (control plants) with spore suspension (1 × 106/mL), respectively. Meanwhile, equal numbers of healthy plants were inoculated with water as controls. After inoculation, the plants were transferred into an incubator at 25℃ with saturated humidity. After 10 days of inoculation, all the tested plants presented similar typical symptoms with the diseased leaves under natural conditions; whereas the controls remained healthy. Koch's postulates were performed by re-isolating the fungus from the inoculated leaves and verifying its colony and morphological characters. Two single spore isolates cultured on PDA medium were selected for DNA extraction. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was PCR amplified by using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al., 1990), β-tubulin gene by Bt2a and Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson, 1995), the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) by RPB2-5F2 and RPB2-7cR (O'Donnell et al, 2007), calmodulin (cmda) gene by CAL-228F and CAL2Rd (Groenewald et al., 2013). The sequences of ITS (MT853067 ~ MT853068), β-tubulin (MT897899 ~ MT897900), rpb2 (MW256264~ MW286265) and cmda (MT897897~ MT897898) were deposited in GenBank databases. BLAST analysis revealed that the representative isolates sequences shared 99.31%~99.65% similarities to the ITS sequence of Paramyrothecium breviseta (Accession Nos. NR_155670.1), 99.43% similarities to the β-tubulin sequence of P. breviseta (Accession Nos. KU846406.1), 98.98% similarities to the rpb2 sequence of P. breviseta (Accession Nos. KU846351.1), and 98.54%~98.71% similarities to the cmda sequence of P. breviseta (Accession Nos. KU846262.1). As it shown in the phylogenetic tree derived from combined ITS, β-tubulin, rpb2, and cmda gene sequences, the two representative isolates were clustered together with P. breviseta CBS 544.75 with 98% strong bootstrap support, which confirmed that P. breviseta is the causal agent of leaf spot of Coffea canephora. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a leaf spot disease caused by P. breviseta on C. canephora in China, which raised the caution that P. breviseta is also pathogenic to Coffea Arabica.

Dry Matter Yield and Nutrient Uptakes of Arabica Coffee Seedlings as Influenced by Lime and Coffee Husk Compost Amendments at Western Ethiopia

Nursery experiment was conducted at Haru Agricultural Research Sub Center (HARSC) of Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Western Ethiopia, to investigate dry matter yield and its nutrient uptake of Arabica coffee seedlings under different lime and coffee husk compost rates and establish optimum combination of theseagricul tural inputs that produce seedlings with better dry matter yield for field planting. The experiment was laid out in a factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included four levels of lime (0, 1.6, 3.2 and 4.8 t ha-1) and coffee husk compost (0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1). Nutrient uptake and dry matter yield data of coffee seedlings were collected and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS package and treatment means were compared at 0.05 probability using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results revealed that lime and coffee husk compost rates significantly (P< 0.01) affected NPK uptake and total dry matter yield of coffee seedlings. The highest NPK uptake and total dry matter yield of coffee seedling were obtained from the application of 15 t.ha-1 coffee husk compost and combined lime and coffee husk compost at the modest levels of 3.2 t.ha-1 lime and 10 t.ha-1 coffee husk compost with a nonsignificant variation. From the study, it can be concluded that application of 15 t.ha-1 coffeehusk compost or combining 10 t.ha-1 of coffee husk compost and 3.2 t.ha-1 of agricultural lime could be a promising alternative amendment for acid soil management and production of vigorous coffee seedlings with high nutrient uptake and high dry matter yield in HARSC areas.

PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN KOPI ARABICA (Coffea arabica,L) PADA BERBAGAI DOSIS KOMPOS KULIT GELONDONG KOPI DAN SP-36

"Growth of Arabica Coffee Seeds (Coffea arabica L.) At Various Doses of Coffee Lob Skin Compost and SP-36" The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost, to determine the effect of SP-36 fertilizer, to determine the effect of giving bark compost. SP-36 fertilizer coffee on the growth of arabica coffee plant seeds.
 This research was conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gajah Putih University in Blang Bebangka Pegasing, Central Aceh. The research was carried out from August to November 2017, with an altitude of 1200 m above sea level, having a pH of 6.5. This study aims to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost, to determine the effect of SP36 fertilizer on the growth of coffee seedlings, to determine the effect of giving coffee bark compost and SP-36 fertilizer to the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings.
 The treatment of coffee log skin compost and SP-36 fertilizer had a significant effect on coffee plant height at the age of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting. The stem diameter at the age of 30, 60 and 90 days after planting had a significant effect, while the number of leaves at 90 days after planting had no significant effect.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMPOS KULIT BUAH KOPI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora)

Coffee is a estate commodity that plays an important role in the economy of Indonesian. Plant nursery with proper planting medium is one of the important cultivation efforts to produce optimal coffee production. The objectives of this research were to study the effect of coffee rind compost on the growth of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) seedlings and to obtain the best dose of it on the growth of robusta coffee. This research was conducted for 4 months at the experimental field of 3rd Campus, Andalas University where located in Dharmasraya District at altitude of 131 m above sea level. Experiment was arranged according to a completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of 5 treatments and repeated 5 times, in order to obtain 25 experimental units, each of it contained 2 sample plants, so that there were 50 plants in total. The results showed that the application of coffee rind compost had a significant effect on the growth of robusta coffee (C. canephora) seedlings on the variables of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width. The best dose of coffee rind compost to support the growth of robusta coffee seedlings was 300 g / polybag.

Changes in soil profile hydraulic properties and porosity as affected by deep tillage soil preparation and Brachiaria grass intercropping in a recent coffee plantation on a naturally dense Inceptisol

Soil management operations change soil porosity, affecting water infiltration, redistribution, storage, availability, and uptake by plants. Assessing how soil management may affect pore size distribution and hydraulic conductivity is thus highly relevant for rainfed agriculture coping with water shortage. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of tillage treatments, designed to deepen coffee plants root system, on improving structure and physical-hydric attributes of an Inceptisol with a shallow solum. The study was conducted in an experimental area in the municipality of Nazareno, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected 18 months after coffee plantation, at different depths (0, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.66, and 0.75 m) and they were used to determine pore-size distribution, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Samples were also collected in surface crusts or in the 0−0.005 m soil layer for detailed grain size analysis. Field water infiltration was measured at different water tensions. Coffee seedlings were planted in rows furrowed to depths depending on tillage treatment: 0.4 m depth, made by a furrow ridger (FP40); 0.6 m depth, made by a subsoiler coupled to a soil preparer mixing the soil to a depth of 0.6 m (FP60); 0.8 m depth, made by a subsoiler and, after mixing the soil to a depth of 0.6 m, by the soil preparer (FP80). The soil between the planting rows was covered by Brachiaria-grass. Soil sampling and field tests were performed in the coffee plants row mechanically treated, in the Brachiaria-grassed inter-row (IR) lane and in a nearby area under natural vegetation (NC). Treatments effects, either mechanical in the coffee rows (FP40, FP 60 and FP80), or biological in the inter-row lane (IR) were compared to reference (NC), representing soil conditions prior to coffee plantation. The FP60 and FP80 treatments improved water infiltration, storage and hydraulic conductivity in the planting rows to a depth of 0.5 m. A more favorable pore size distribution was obtained following these treatments, which improved the soil physical environment. Conversely, furrowing promoted compaction at each implement working depth due to the pressure applied by the rods in the subsurface soil layers, combined with subsoil moisture condition at the time of operations. Root activity of intercropped Brachiaria-grass (IR) improved soil structure, expressed by a favorable pore-size distribution and a faster hydraulic conductivity in the inter-row lane. Similar effects were obtained with FP 60 and FP80 for the coffee rows, where deep furrowing during soil preparation reduced the natural density of the Inceptisol. Therefore, the management strategies tested allowed root deepening and access to soil moisture stored in deeper layers.

Adoption of garden coffee production technology package by smallholder farmers in Ethiopia

This study investigated the level and determinants of garden coffee production technology package adoption in Ethiopia. The analysis was based on survey data collected from 293 garden coffee-growing households. The findings show that garden coffee production technology package adoption status in Dale districts was various across the smallholders’ growers. The productivity of improved coffee varieties at farm plots was less than at research plots in Dale due to low coffee production technology package adoption. The use of improved coffee varieties, weed control practices, compost application, pruning practices, shade tree management, intercropping practices, and coffee seedling planting spacingisthe main garden coffee production technology package practiced by smallholder coffee growersinDale. Thus, the garden coffee production technology package adoption index score ranged from 0.43 to 1.00. Adoption index scores were categorized into high (0.71 to 1), medium (0.5 to 0.7) and Low (0.43 to 0.49) adopters. Only 57% of farmers reached high coffee production technology adoption status but the remaining30% and 13% of garden coffee farmers attained medium and low adoption status. The mean adoption index score was found to be 0.66, which implies the overall adoption status was found under the medium technology adoption category. The maximum likelihood estimates of Tobit model result shows that gender of household head (-0.261), education level (0.09),the annual income of the household (0.003), farm size (0.031), availability of labor (0.155), credit facilities (0.087), coffee extension services (0.047) and farmer perception of improved coffee varieties (-0.024) were significant determinants of garden coffee production technology package in Dale district. Hence, for farmers to adopt new technology they must know it well. Adopting all components of the coffee production technology package simultaneously as recommended by the research center enhances coffee productivity at farm plots level. Moreover, building better coffee production extension services, institutional arrangement, and access to new technology information can possibly increase coffee production technology package adoption in Ethiopia.