Coffee Region Research Articles

The Agrotourism and an Approach to the Ecuadorian Regulation About Tourist Farms

Objective: This essay attempts to contextualize the current reality of tourist haciendas and farms in Ecuador, based on an analysis of agrotourism experiences and an approach to Ecuadorian regulation. Theoretical Framework: A literature review is carried out on agrotourism and its practices worldwide, also referencing case studies related to rural tourism and agrotourism experiences such as, for example: the coffee region and other experiences close to the Ecuadorian reality. Method: The theoretical information is organized as a funnel, with the purpose of analyzing agrotourism from international experiences to addressing Ecuadorian regulations. Then, through the review of Ecuadorian regulations and the official database of the Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador, results can be illustrated through thematic cartography and comparative tables. Results and Discussion: The results show a diversity of approaches to the virtues of agrotourism worldwide, which start from improving the quality of life of the receiving communities, to the inclusion of new techniques that raise the level of experience in agrotourism farms such as storytelling that uses historical elements to establish a narrative that accompanies the guidance of visitors. Research Implication: In Ecuador, although it is true that agrotourism is promoted, aspects that could lead farms or Agricultural Production Units (UPA) to be a registerable tourist category like large haciendas are not fully included in the regulations. This limits the tourist development of potential areas due to the size of their properties and the simplicity of their facilities. Originality/Value: The concept of a tourist farm is not included in the catalog of services of the Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador, but it is a term that is beginning to be used by academics and tourism operators, especially on the Ecuadorian coast, where it is cataloged in this way. to the possession of small arable lands, especially of small size. There is a large field of knowledge that can begin by studying the potential that these tourist farms have to offer for new market niches, so exploring these new trends is a great opportunity for Ecuadorian tourism.

Prevalence of injuries and intimidation in schoolchildren in the Coffee Region

La intimidación escolar se refiere a comportamientos agresivos, humillantes o excluyentes, dirigidos constantemente a personas en condición de vulnerabilidad. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue estimar las prevalencias de lesiones e intimidación escolar de una muestra de escolares del Eje Cafetero. Para ello se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con alcance descriptivo, en el que se desarrolló un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar - ENSE 2017. Participaron 4.353 adolescentes del Eje Cafetero entre 12 y 17 años, de los cuales 51.8% son mujeres y 47.8% hombres, de los grados séptimo a undécimo. Los resultados establecen que el 24.8% de los escolares encuestados reportaron lesiones serias y el 14.2% indicaron que fueron intimidados el último mes. El 23.5% afirman que participaron en una pelea física, y el 17% que han sido víctimas al menos una vez. El 37.9% han sido agredidos verbalmente en los últimos 30 días, y el 6.6% han sido rechazados en el último mes. Se concluye que es importante prevenir situaciones de violencia en los contextos escolares del Eje Cafetero, así como acentuar la necesidad de fortalecer la atención con propuestas en el ámbito educativo.

Projected rising temperatures and vapour pressure deficit threaten Arabica coffee production Tanzania's burgeoning coffee region: Empirical insight from Mbinga district, Tanzania

Tanzania is emerging as a key coffee producer, but climate change poses a serious threat to coffee production in the country. While extensive literature addresses climatic variables’ trends and variability in coffee-growing regions globally, elevation, a crucial factor in coffee cultivation, is often overlooked. This paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the future trends and variability of climatic variables identified in previous studies being crucial for Arabica coffee (rainfall, temperature, and vapor pressure Deficit (VPD)) during different phenological stages of Arabica coffee growth across three elevation zones (lowland, midland, and highland). We study the Mbinga district, now a major Arabica-producing area and the forefront of hopes for expanding production in Tanzania. We used a Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) of two Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to estimate the future trends and variability of rainfall, temperature, and VPD under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios from 2023 to 2064. We analyzed these data using non-parametric trend analysis (Mann-Kendal and Sen's slope test estimation) and standardized anomalies. Our results suggest that both temperatures (minimum and maximum) and VPD during critical flowering and growing seasons are projected to increase significantly over the next 42 years across all elevation zones under both emission scenarios. The mean annual temperatures across elevation zones in Mbinga are projected to surpass the optimal temperature envelope (23 °C) for producing quality Arabica, challenging the notion that the highlands might serve as a refuge for future production. The mean annual VPD in the lowlands are projected to surpass the optimal envelope (0.82 kPa) for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios, while midlands are projected to surpass the optimal VPD envelope from mid-2040s onwards. In constrast, the highlands are projected to stay within the optimal VPD envelope for Arabica productivity from 2023 to 2064 under both emission scenarios. Nevertheless, as highlands are projected to get more warmer in the future because of rising temperatures, this hope might not be feasible in the post-2064. To secure Mbinga's future in global coffee value chains, the Tanzanian government and stakeholders must support adaptation measures, enhancing smallholders’ resilience against climate-induced disruptions.

Preparing Colombian coffee production for climate change: Integrated spatial modelling to identify potential robusta coffee (Coffea canephora P.) growing areas

Meeting future demand for coffee under climate change is a challenge. Approaches that can inform where coffee may grow best under current and future climate scenarios are needed. Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora P.) is planted in many tropical areas and makes up around 40% of the world’s coffee supply. However, as the climate shifts, current robusta areas may become less productive, while in other areas new growing regions for robusta may emerge. Colombia is one of the world’s most important Arabica coffee producer, famous for its high-quality coffee. Although robusta coffee is not yet a commercial crop in Colombia, it could be one of the future bastions for robusta coffee in South America contributing to meeting the increasing demand, but this remains unexplored. We aimed to identify areas with highest biophysical and socio-economic potential to grow robusta coffee in Colombia. An integrated modelling approach was used, combining climate suitability and crop-yield modelling for current and future climate scenarios, soil constraints, pest risk assessment and socio-economic constraints to identify the regions with the highest potential productivity and the lowest pest and climate change risks with good market access and low security risks which don’t further expand the agricultural frontier. Our results showed that parts of the foothills along the eastern Andean Mountain ranges, the high plains of the Orinoquía region and the wet parts of the Caribbean region are the best candidates for the potential development of robusta coffee plantations in Colombia. The crop-yield model indicated highest yields of green coffee on the foothills of the eastern Andean Mountain range with an estimated average yield of 2.6 t ha−1 (under rain-fed conditions) which is projected to occur at elevations below 600 m avoiding interference with the traditional and established Arabica coffee regions in Colombia. Under a 2 °C global warming scenario climate change is projected to have the largest impacts on the Caribbean region. Therefore, larger scale irrigated production system could be an appropriate option in the Caribbean region, while diversified smallholder robusta coffee agroforestry systems are considered more favourable in the Orinoquía region.

Boron Nutrition in Coffee Improves Drought Stress Resistance and, Together with Calcium, Improves Long-Term Productivity and Seed Composition

Coffee production around the world is under threat due to climate variability and change, and drought stress will increase in many coffee regions; nutrient management practices can enhance the adaptation capacity of coffee production. Considering that coffee is a crop sensitive to boron (B) deficiency, this research investigated how B nutrition improves resistance to drought stress in coffee under controlled conditions as well as how the interaction with calcium (Ca2+) influences productivity, seed composition, and soil fertility during a production cycle of 5 years. Under controlled conditions for seven months, coffee plants were submitted to water stress with and without B nutrition. In the field, the coffee plantation was exposed to two B rates (0.6 and 1.1 kg.ha−1-year−1) with a fixed calcium (Ca2+) rate and a control without Ca2+ and B. After 9 months of growth and seven months of water deficit, under controlled conditions, the application of B significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the negative effect of water stress on coffee growth. Under field conditions, after a production cycle of 5 years, the application of 0.6 kg B and 77 kg CaO. ha−1.year−1 yielded 14% more than the control without B and Ca2+. An increase in the B rate to 1.1 kg.ha−1.year−1 with the same Ca2+ rate increased the productivity significantly (p < 0.05) by 37% compared to the control. The B application also improved significantly (p < 0.05) the B content in the soil at 0–30 cm. The B treatments influenced the biochemical composition of the green coffee beans, with a significant (p < 0.05) inverse correlation between the B content of the green coffee beans and caffeine and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), mainly, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, which are considered negative descriptors of the coffee quality.

Molekularno određivanje Leptospira spp. u uličnim psima i psima iz skloništa u kolumbijskoj Regiji kave

Leptospirosis is considered a zoonotic disease with a substantial impact on animal and human health. It is distributed in tropical and subtropical climates, which improves the survival of these bacteria for a long time, affecting domestic and wild animals that act as a reservoir. Canine leptospirosis has obtained great clinical relevance, due to the susceptibility of this species to infection and the frequent exposure to leptospirosis from the environment. Canines from the street and animal shelters constitute a high-risk population due to the proximity to sources of infection. This paper describes a cross-sectional study that involves sampling dogs from shelters located in the departments of Risaralda, Valle del Cauca, and Caldas, known as the Coffee Region, located in the centre-west of Colombia. Blood samples were taken from 140 canines and analysed in the laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Technological University of Pereira. DNA was extracted, and the LipL32 gene was amplified by conventional PCR. A 15% prevalence for Leptospira sp. was found in dogs from the Coffee region. No correlation was found between the variables such as sex, age, origin, and socioeconomic status. However, a tendency for infection was observed with several cases of diagnosis in female dogs older than six years in low strata. This study constitutes the first report of canine leptospirosis in this region of Colombia, which will allow the design of strategies aiming to mitigate the disease in this region.

Chemical Characterization of Coffee from Several Region of Indonesia (Cafein value, pH and Total Acid)

Coffee contains an active compound derived from the alkaloid group called caffeine. The content of active chemical compounds and various chemical properties of coffee are influenced by the area of the coffee is grown, the height of the plantation land, the type of coffee, and the processing process. In this research, a quantitative analysis of the chemical compounds and chemical properties of coffee from various regions in Indonesia was carried out with the aim of determining the caffeine content and acidity level (pH) as well as the total acid contained. This parameter is important to analyze due to it could influence the level of consumer acceptance. The method used in this research is the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method using one research factor, the origin of the coffee area including Aceh coffee, Papua coffee, Wonosalam coffee, Sidikalang coffee and Ngawi coffee with the parameters observed being caffeine content, pH value and total titrated acid. The results showed that the caffeine content in Arabica Aceh, Excelsa Ngawi, Arabica Papua, Robusta Sidikalang and Excelsa Wonosalam meets the provisions of SNI 01-3542-2004, not more than 2% from 0.2% - 1.78%, the pH of these five coffee regions has significant differences from 5.69-6.55. These pH value has still considered safe for human consumption. Furthermore, the total acid value of these five types of coffee ranges from 0.97 to 1.36, with the total acid value of Sidikalang robusta being different from coffee from other regions.

Environmental impacts of certification programmes at Colombian coffee plantations

Certification programmes are often promoted as a sustainable solution for the negative environmental and socio-economic effects generated by agricultural activities. This scope review assesses the seven most adopted certification programmes in Colombian coffee plantations and their ecological, economic and social impacts. In addition, this scope review characterises the coffee regions where the studies are conducted and the main methodological approaches that are used. The review revealed that the main methodological approach used in the studies is the mixed approach and that the largest number of studies is not conducted in the departments that report the highest coffee production rates. The main certification program assessed in this review is the Rainforest Alliance. However, this study also reports the existence of several gaps caused by multi-certification effects. In total, 87 reports of ecological, economic, and social impacts were identified. Out of the 87 environmental impact reports of the certifications identified in this study, 66 were positive and only 21 were negative.

Relationship between organizational culture and school performance. A study in elementary, middle and high school institutions

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of organizational culture, cultural types, and cultural strength on school effectiveness, as the literature has demonstrated that social processes within schools influence academic outcomes. Prior research highlights the significance of culture in school effectiveness. However, this topic has not been extensively explored, necessitating a closer examination of various organizational cultures and the strength of these cultures. Method: These relationships were investigated using the population of schools in the Colombian coffee region. A total of 698 instructors, along with school boards from 25 educational institutions at the primary, middle, and high school levels, were involved. A regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results: The findings suggest that organizational culture and cultural strength have a significant influence on school effectiveness, with the levels of cultural strength corresponding to the levels of school effectiveness. However, no evidence was found of differences in impact based on cultural typology. Clan and hierarchical cultures, which have an internal orientation and are the most prevalent in Colombian organizations, exhibited a greater number of positive and significant relationships. Conclusions: School boards should familiarize themselves with the norms, values, and customs prevalent in educational institutions, particularly those that align most closely with their objectives. This can lead to improvements in school effectiveness and, consequently, educational quality.

Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in canines from animal shelters in the Colombian coffee region (Eje Cafetero)

In Colombia, there are reports of approximately 6.4 million pets, making this the fourth country in Latin America and leading the pet sector with an annual growth of 13%. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, a parasitic nematode, in 170 canines from the municipalities of Pereira, Santa Rosa de Cabal, and La Virginia, located in the department of Risaralda and the municipalities of Calarca and Armenia in the department of Quindio. A cross-sectional study was carried out on canines from animal shelters during the period 2021–2022. Blood samples were taken, and in vitro immunochromatography was performed to detect specific lesions for Dirofilaria immitis. A peripheral blood smear confirmed positive patients, and a chest x-ray was performed to show changes in the morphology of the heart and blood vessels. Seroprevalence was determined by calculating proportions with the 95% confidence interval determined by the exact or Clopper-Pearson method for a proportion based on sample size and the number of positive cases. The seroprevalence of the test for Dirofilaria immitis was 0.62% (95% CI = 0.016–3.42%). This parasite is a nematode of low distribution in areas of the coffee region. However, surveillance programmes that help control and reduce its transmission should be established.

Evaluación agronómica de quinua intercalada con café a una altitud de 1.800 msnm

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) exhibits great potential for adaptation to various agroecological conditions, making it a diversification option for different production systems. In this regard, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the agronomic characteristics of different progenies intercropped with coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivation under Popayan (Colombia) conditions, in order to determine their adaptation potential in coffee regions of Colombia. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm "La Prosperidad", located in the municipality of Popayan, Colombia, at an altitude of 1,800 m. Ten genotypes were evaluated: five selected from BRS Syetetuba (Brazil), three from Colombia (San José, Aurora, and Blanca Dulce de Jericó), and two from Ecuador (Piartal and Tunkahuan). The planting was done between the coffee rows in the zoca stage, in an experimental area of 406 m2, following a completely randomized block design with four replications. Characteristics such as plant height, panicle size, central panicle perimeter, weight of 1,000 grains, grain yield, dry mass yield, harvest index, and phenological stages were evaluated. All quinoa materials showed an early cycle with a maximum value of 118 days, with ‘San José’, ‘Aurora’, ‘BCX1’, and ‘BCX4’ standing out with averages below 110 days. Grain yields ranged from 1,120 to 2,900 kg ha-1, with the genotype BCX6 standing out with 2,900 kg ha-1 and ‘Piartal’ with 2,883 kg ha-1. The weight of 1,000 grains averaged 2.62 g, and the harvest index was 27.96%. Meanwhile, the contribution of dry matter to the intercropped system was 7,799.50 kg ha-1. The genotypes showed adaptation potential in the intercropping system with coffee. A high variability of quinoa genotypes was observed, which is an interesting characteristic for specific selection processes in diversified production arrangements.

Impact of the lockdown by the COVID-19 pandemic on suicidal trend in the Colombian Coffee Region

Suicide is considered a Public Health issue. In 2019 the Colombian suicide rate was 5.8 per-100.000 inhabitant. Likewise, the Colombian Coffee Region has doubled the national average on these rates. On the other hand, the Pandemic COVID 19 socio-economic consequences are aggravating the risk factors that we've known about suicide. ObjectiveTo evaluate the suicidal trend in the population of the Colombian Coffee Region during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it with a non-pandemic period. MethodsThe data were taken from the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science for the suicidal events during the 2016–2020 period in the Colombian Coffee Region, and the Montecarlo Regression was applied using the JoinPoint Regression Program. ResultsWe found 1022 cases, most of them were men. The mean age was 34 years. The most used method was hanging in both sexes. Half of them had at least a high school degree. Half of the suicides were committed by single people. One-third of the cases had a previous mental illness. There are significant differences in the suicidal trend between the lockdown period and the non-lockdown period with a P value < 0.05. ConclusionsWe found most suicidal cases between older men and an inversely proportional relationship between education and suicidal rate. Is interesting that the most applied method for suicide for both sexes was hanging. The suicidal trend was increasing until 2020, although in the lockdown we found a decrease. In the post-lockdown period for men was a posterior increase and for women the trend has a continued decrease.

Synchronous climate hazards pose an increasing challenge to global coffee production

Global coffee production is at risk from synchronous crop failures, characterised by widespread concurrent reductions in yield occurring in multiple countries at the same time. For other crops, previous studies have shown that synchronous failures can be forced by spatially compounding climate anomalies, which in turn may be driven by large-scale climate modes such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We provide a systematic analysis of spatially compounding climate hazards relevant to global coffee production. We identify 12 climate hazards from the literature, and assess the extent to which these hazards occur and co-occur for the top 12 coffee producing regions globally. We find that the number of climate hazards and compound events has increased in every region between 1980 and 2020. Furthermore, a clear climate change signature is evident, as the type of hazard has shifted from overly cool conditions to overly warm. Spatially compounding hazards have become particularly common in the past decade, with only one of the six most hazardous years occurring before 2010. Our results suggest that ENSO is the primary mode in explaining annual compound event variability, both globally and regionally. El Niño-like sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean are associated with decreased precipitation and increased temperatures in most coffee regions, and with spatially compounding warm and dry events. This relationship is reversed for La Niña-like signatures. The Madden Julian Oscillation also shows a strong association with climate hazards to coffee, with increased activity in the Maritime Continent related to a global increase in the number of cold or wet hazards and a decrease in the number of warm or dry hazards. With climate change projections showing a continued rise in temperatures in the tropics is likely, we suggest that coffee production can expect ongoing systemic shocks in response to spatially compounding climate hazards.

Efecto de la terapia combinada en la vaginosis bacteriana recurrente en mujeres del Eje Cafetero, Colombia

Objective: To evaluate the effect of combined therapy in recurrent bacterial vaginosis in women from the Coffee Region (Colombia). Methods: Observational study, in 189 women over 18 years, diagnosed with recurrent bacterial vaginosis following the Nugent score. They were given combination therapy (oral induction with 500 mg metronidazole for seven days plus 600 mg vaginal boric acid once daily for twenty-one days, followed by 500 mg nifuratel and 200,000 IU vaginal nystatin for six days, every month, for six months); who attended consultation between 2017 and 2020. Clinical and laboratory follow-up was performed using Nugent’s score, one week after the end of oral treatment, at one month, three, six, nine and twelve months. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: The mean age of participants was 34.17 ± 5.31 years. The cure rate after initial therapy was 80.42% (at week), at month: 82.01 %, three months: 91.53 %, six: 90.47 %, nine: 90.47 % and at twelve months: 86.24 %. At the end of the study, the failure rate was 9.52%. There were no serious adverse events; the satisfaction rate was high (90.47 %). Conclusions: Combination therapy in recurrent bacterial vaginosis improved clinical and microbiological cure and decreased the risk of recurrence at twelve months follow-up. Validation of the present results is required in a randomized controlled clinical trial.

CHALLENGES AND MANAGERIAL STRATEGIES OF COFFEE COOPERATIVES FROM THE HUATUSCO REGION IN MEXICO: A LEADERS' PERSPECTIVE

Coffee cooperatives from the Huatusco region in Mexico have played an important role in helping coffee farmers in this region maintain economic viability in the midst of Mexico’s economic crisis and the international crisis of the coffee sector over time. While these types of organizations have played an important role, not all of these organizations have survived over time. Using information from interviews with leaders of five longeval coffee producer cooperatives in the Huatusco coffee region, this study tries to identify factors that could explain the longevity and long-term sustainability of these organizations. Additionally, using information from these interviews, we evaluate challenges that could put at risk the long-term sustainability of these associations and strategies to overcome these challenges from the cooperative’s leadership perspective. Findings from this study suggest the motivations behind the creation of these producer associations that goes beyond accessing government resources, an institutional structure where there is a democratic process behind the election of leaders, leadership positions have a definite term, and association strategies to increase member engagement could explain the longevity of these organization. Regarding challenges the cooperatives would be facing in the future, the aging population of growers is perceived by cooperative leaders as one of the major challenges they will be facing in the future. Increasing youth involvement in the cooperatives through training and educational activities was perceived by cooperative leaders as a strategy to overcome this challenge.

Ground-Motion Model (GMM) for Crustal Earthquakes in Northern South America (NoSAm Crustal GMM)

ABSTRACT Crustal earthquakes are some of the main contributors to the seismic hazard in northern South America (NoSAm). There is evidence of historical crustal events with epicenters near populated cities, such as the 1999 Mw 6.2 Coffee Region earthquake, whose damages added up to 1.9% of Colombia’s gross domestic product and reported about 1200 deaths. Because the global crustal ground-motion models (GMMs) routinely used in seismic hazard assessments of the region are biased with respect to the available ground-motion records, this article presents a regional GMM developed using local data from earthquakes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The filtered database contains 709 triaxial records from 56 earthquakes, recorded at 92 stations between 1994 and 2020 by the Colombian Geological Survey. The moment magnitudes of the events range between 4.5 and 6.8, with hypocentral depths ≤60 km. The model covers rupture distances ≤350 km. The model site amplification is based on a categorization approach relying on the predominant site period, identified through the horizontal-to-vertical response ratios of 5%-damped response spectra. The proposed GMM is developed as a regionalization of the global Next Generation Attenuation-West2 Project ASK14 model. Our model corrects the misfit of the ASK14 GMM with respect to the observed ground-motion data in NoSAm for moderate magnitudes and intermediate to large distances while keeping the extrapolation capabilities. The proposed GMM considers the added attenuation for ray paths crossing the volcanic arc. Analysis of the variance components allows approximating plausible reductions of the standard deviation in future nonergodic models.

New coffee varieties as a climate adaptation strategy: Empirical evidence from Costa Rica

Adapting to climate change in vulnerable coffee regions is crucial to maintain rural livelihoods. Among the solutions, coffee breeding strategies aim to produce coffee varieties with higher output performance than traditional varieties while reducing competition for land. This paper investigates the output performance of hybrid coffee (e.g., Starmaya and Centroamericano – H1), introgressed (e.g., Marsellesa and obatá) and traditional coffee (e.g., Caturra and Villa Sarchi) varieties. By using plot-level panel data among commercial farms in Costa Rica, we estimate the output performance of the three coffee varieties using pooled ordinary least squares and random effects models. We find that hybrid coffee varieties give 29–61% higher output than traditional coffee varieties. The results remain robust even after controlling for factor and climate inputs. Notwithstanding the larger productivity, hybrid coffee varieties demand more labor and inorganic fertilizers. While pesticide use may be reduced by hybrid's pest resistance, agroecological approaches for nutrient management are still needed to improve livelihoods and environmental outcomes. Headed towards longer-term studies, our paper presents the first evidence on the output performance of hybrid coffee varieties outside on-farm trials or experimental plots. These results suggest the potential of hybrid coffee varieties in promoting sustainable agriculture by improving the livelihood of coffee farmers, enhancing their adaptation against climate change and decreasing competition for land.

Viver na cidade e produzir no campo: o crescimento de um novo tipo de agricultor e de agricultura no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Living in rural neighborhoods has always been a characteristic of small and medium-sized Brazilian farmers. However, when observing the agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2017, carried out in Brazil, there is a tendency to separate the place of work and residence of farmers. This articleanalyzed the double residence and the phenomenon of pendular displacement of farmers in the municipalities of Zona da Mata Mineira (ZMM), an important coffee region in Minas in Brazil, and to discuss its possible causes and impacts in the region. The research used data from the 2006 and 2017 Agricultural Censuses of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression models in order to better understand the factors that correlate with the percentage of owners living in cities in the municipalities of region. The results showed that, in the case of the ZMM, the growth of urban residence of farmers more expressive than the other regions of the country is mainly due to the predominance of small coffee producers. Furthermore, living in the city does not mean abandoning agricultural establishments, since living in the city does not prevent daily work in the countryside. It was concluded that the urban residence of the farmers constituted a reproductive strategy that made it possible for them to carry out other activities as well as the receipt of retirement and pensions that complement the agricultural income and, consequently, the maintenance of the agricultural establishment.

Tomada de crédito e busca por proteção da produção na cafeicultura brasileira.

Due to the importance of rural credit in stimulating investments, funding and marketing in coffee production, and the strategic relevance of rural insurance to investment protection and business competitiveness, this study analyzes the percentages of use of credit and insurance, in relation to the levels of management of companies, size and adoption of agricultural certification, aiming to support the decisionmaking of institutions linked to the provision of services or establishment of incentive programs and access to credit and rural insurance. Information on 1,136 production units in the main Brazilian coffee regions was used. We used the Management Degree Identification Method - MIGG-Café. It was observed that the adoption of credit above 70.0% and rural insurance close to 50.0%. Their joint use is positively correlated to establishments with higher levels of management. It was concluded that there is ample opportunity for evolution in business credit management and risk management in coffee.

A review of local-scale agricultural sustainability in the coffee regions of Mexico

The concept of sustainability aims to integrate diverse aspects of human needs through the analysis of the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Although there is a marked consensus on the concept of sustainability, there are local conditions that define the production patterns and their actual sustainability conditions. This paper aims to integrate a research review of sustainability in the agriculture systems of Mexico with a localscale approach, highlighting the local perspectives of each region to provide a clear view of the whole country’s agriculture systems and to find the thresholds of sustainability research in the coffee regions of Mexico. To integrate the review, several databases and quotes from selected papers were used from 2012, with some baseline references from 2002, and the paper structure was developed under a narrative technique. As a result, we show a view of the sustainability research approaches at different local scales in the agriculture systems of Mexico, emphasizing coffee systems and showing the thresholds of sustainability research with these approaches.