Coffee Orchards Research Articles

Host status of cover crops for the management of Meloidogyne izalcoensis in coffee orchards infested with root-knot nematodes

Summary The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne izalcoensis was described parasitising coffee trees and causing damage in the Izalco volcano region, Sonsonate, El Salvador. In Brazil, it was detected in coffee roots in the municipality of Indianópolis, Minas Gerais state (MG). Intercropping cover crops is a traditional practice in Brazilian coffee orchards, and the use of plants that are non-hosts or antagonistic to the nematodes is a very promising strategy for coffee in infested areas. Due to the scarce information on the host status of M. izalcoensis, the aim of this study was to evaluate 24 plants of different species of cover crops and select the non-hosts or poor hosts. Two assays were conducted at different times, and all plants were inoculated with 10 000 eggs. After 90 days, the following parameters were determined: fresh root weight, reproduction factor (RF) and final reaction. Plants with RF < 1.0 were classified as non-hosts (NH), those with RF > 1.0 were classified as hosts and using statistical analyses as: good host (GH), intermediate host (IH) and poor host (PH). Most of the botanical species tested were classified as NH or PH to M. izalcoensis: cotton, rice, white oat, black oat, ryegrass, corn, three species of grass, two cultivars of millet, two wheat cultivars, Crotalaria breviflora, C. ochroleuca, C. spectabilis, jack bean, gray mucuna bean and two species of rice grass. Only tomato and bean were classified as GH, and C. juncea and soybean were classified as IH. The plants identified as non-hosts or poor hosts can be recommended for intercropping or for crop rotation in Brazilian coffee orchards in regions infested by M. izalcoensis.

Notes on the Parasitoid Fauna (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Coffee Orchards in Saudi Arabia, with the Description of Three New Species

Notes on the Parasitoid Fauna (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Coffee Orchards in Saudi Arabia, with the Description of Three New Species

Using the von Bertalanffy Model to Describe Ammonia Volatilization from Conventional and Stabilized Nitrogen Fertilizers in Coffee Crop System

ABSTRACT It has been increasingly important to control N-fertilizers, seeking high efficiency. This study aims to describe, using the von Bertalanffy model, the cumulative losses of nitrogen (N) by ammonia volatilization (NH3-N) from conventional and stabilized N-fertilizers applied in coffee orchard. The experiment was performed in Lavras municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil during the 2015/2016 coffee growing season. A randomized block design was used, with seven treatments (stabilized and conventional N-fertilizers) and three fertilizer applications. The evaluated stabilized and conventional N-fertilizers were: 1) prilled urea; 2) ammonium sulfate; 3) urea dissolved in water; 4) ammonium nitrate 5) urea + Cu + B; 6) urea + anionic polymer and; 7) urea + NBPT. Volatilization losses were evaluated, and the highest percentage of NH3-N losses occurred with prilled urea and urea + anionic polymer, with losses greater than 30% of N-applied depending on the number of installments. However, in the 2nd nitrogen fertilization, the von Bertalanffy model did not reach convergence for these treatments, which may have been influenced by the rainfall volume in the period. The lowest NH3-N losses were found for ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, with losses that did not exceed 0.6%. The parameters were all significant and had biological interpretation, and the results will contribute to the development of more efficient fertilizers technologies for farmers. The von Bertalanffy model was adequate to describe the cumulative loss of N by volatilization of ammonia from conventional and stabilized N-fertilizers for coffee crop areas.

Effect of Pruning on Growth, Yield and Quality of Coffee

The experiment was carried out at the existing plantation of Hill Agricultural Research Station at Khagrachari during 2021-22 to find out the pruning method for maintaining tree size and impact of pruning on yield and quality of coffee. Coffea canephora (syn. Coffea robusta) commonly known as robusta coffee from the existing coffee orchard of HARS, Khagrachari was selected for the study. All treatments produced higher yield than control treatments. Maximum yield was found in P3 (9.14 kg/plant) followed by p5 (8.86 kg/plant). On the other hand, control treatments produced lowest amount of coffee per plant. All treatments showed higher yield than control treatment. Yield increased maximum 49.7% found in P3 treatment over control. In a nutshell the present finding shows that pruning increase yield potentiality of old coffee orchard.

Performance Evaluation of Coffee Coffea canephora (syn. Coffea robusta) Germplasm in the Hilly Region

The study was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Khagrachari during the year 2017 to 2019. Thirty (30) genotype of Coffea canephora (syn. Coffea robusta) commonly known as robusta coffee from the existing coffee orchard of HARS, Khagrachari was selected for the study. The average height of evaluated line (CC Kha 001) was medium (4.31 m) and regular bearing shrub of small tree. The average width and length of leaf was 9.2 cm & 20.86 cm respectively with 1.6 cm of leaf petiole length. The average width and length of individual fruit was 1.28 cm & 1.16 cm respectively with 1.06 cm of thickness. Harvesting duration of fruit berry was mid-January to mid-February. The seed colour of evaluated coffee plant (CC Kha 001) was greenish brown with roundish shape. The average length and width of individual seed was 1.09 cm & 0.99 cm respectively with 0.75 cm of thickness. Average weight of 100 been was 100.33 gm. Average berry weight (kg) per trunk was 8.08 (kg/tree).

Advancing Coffee Leaf Rust Disease Management: A Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Detection and Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR), caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, poses a severe threat to global coffee production. Timely detection is critical for effective control measures. This study employs Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to enhance CLR detection accuracy. Traditionally, this task relies on expert assessment. DL emerges as a promising approach, capable of autonomously extracting salient features. Our model, trained on a diverse dataset, accurately identifies CLR. Using 1365 meticulously curated images, the model undergoes rigorous preprocessing and augmentation. The DL-based approach achieves remarkable accuracy (98.89%), precision (99.00%), recall (98.07%), and an F1 score of (98.55%). These outcomes establish the CNN model as a proficient system for precise, real-time CLR diagnosis. This study contributes to the creation of an efficient system, safeguarding coffee orchard vitality and productivity.

New additions to the crabronid fauna of the Arabian Peninsula and Saudi Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea (Spheciformes): Crabronidae), new distribution records and new species.

The present study is based on specimens collected in coffee orchards on the mountains in the Jazan Province (southwestern Saudi Arabia) using Malaise traps. The genera Carinostigmus Tsuneki, 1954, and Polemistus de Saussure, 1892 are first recorded for the Arabian Peninsula, each with a single species. Three new species: Bembecinus similis Gadallah & Edmardash, Crossocerus arabicus Gadallah & Edmardash, and Oxybelus coffeae Edmardash & Gadallah are described and illustrated. The previously unknown female of Nysson ohli (Schmid-Egger 2011) (UAE) is discovered, described and illustrated.

Description of Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae), associated with coffee plantations in Central Highland of Vietnam.

A new species of the genus Aporcella, collected in replanted coffee orchards in Central Highland of Vietnam, is described and illustrated. Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. is characterized by its 1.63-1.98 mm long body, lip region offset by weak constriction and 14-15 μm broad, odontostyle 13-15 μm long or equal to lip region diameter, neck 400-565 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 205-335 μm long and occupying 51-60% of the total neck length, female genital system diovarian with very poorly developed genital tract and transverse vulva (V = 53-59), tail conical with rounded terminus (31-39 µm, c = 43-57, c' = 1.0-1.4), visibly subdigitate and bearing cuticular irregularities at its ventral side, and male absent. The new species is compared with its closest Aporcella representatives.

Host Status of Cover Crops for the Management of Pratylenchus Jaehni on Coffee.

The lesion nematode Pratylenchus jaehni occurs at low frequency in Brazilian coffee orchards but could provoke extensive root damage. Intercropping cover crops is a traditional practice in Brazilian coffee orchards, and the use of non-hosts of P. jaehni as cover crops may be a useful management method. In this work, 10 cover crops were tested concerning reproduction of P. jaehni. Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, and Mucuna deeringiana are cover crops commonly used as intercropping in coffee orchards, but they must not be used in orchards infested with P. jaehni, because they are good hosts of this nematode. Brachiaria ruziziensis, Crotalaria juncea, Dolichos lablab, and Pennisetum glaucum were considered poor hosts. Helianthus annuus cv. Catissol and cv. Uruguai and Crotalaria spectabilis proved to be non-hosts to P. jaehni, and therefore, they are the cover crops recommended in coffee orchards infested with this nematode.

Coffee Landscape of Banyuwangi Geopark: Ecology, Conservation, and Sustainable Tourism Development

Coffee landscape is one of the crucial elemnt of Banyuwangi Geopark, East Java. Coffee landscape plays an essential role in supporting the sustainable ecosystem in Banyuwangi Geopark. A number of studies have already examined ways to develop and preserve the coffee landscape and its biodiversity, especially in coffee cultivated under agroforestry system. This paper aims to describe the ecology of coffee landscapes in Banyuwangi, identify the problems and opportunities for preservation and biodiversity conservation, explore the possibilities of integrating coffee and tourism, and provide recommendations to preserve the coffee landscape and its biodiversity. Field survey, literature studies and interviews with farmers, tourism consultants, local travel planner, and local guides were conducted to get comprehensive data and information of the tourism potential of coffee landscape ecosystems. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Result of the study shows that Banyuwangi is home to numerous state-, private-, and peasant-owned coffee orchards. Coffee agroforestry has already been established for a long time, contributing to biodiversity conservations. Coffee cultivation is a common practice among communities, which later inspired the creation of a coffee festival. With the high number of tourism attractions located in the geopark area coupled with the trend in tourism development, there is potential in integrating coffee into tourism. Important actions have to be done first, and these are as follows: mapping and describing coffee orchard distribution, enhancing peasant capacity in coffee cultivation, introducing and strengthening sustainable tourism principles, and establishing regulation to ensure the preservation and conservation of coffee cultural landscapes. Result of the studies reported here can be used to provide guidelines for the management of coffee landscape in the Banyuwangi Geopark area.

Searching for indigenous rhizobacteria from Solok Radjo coffee orchard at Aie Dingin, West Sumatera

The coffee plant has been cultivated for a hundred years and is known for its use as a beverage that is widely accepted around the globe. Most of the coffee orchard in Indonesia has been managed conventionally and need to be improved to get a better quality of growth and yield. This experiment was conducted from July to November 2020 and aimed at identifying rhizobacteria associated with coffee plant rhizosphere that later can be applied to stimulate the early growth of coffee seedlings. The soil sample was collected from the Solok Radjo coffee orchard [var. Sigagar Utang] of Nagari Aie Dingin, Alahan Panjang, Municipality of Solok, the Province of West Sumatera Four different conditions of coffee orchard were chosen for this experiment according to plant ages and soil fertility. They were 2-year-old and 6-year-old coffee plants with health and less healthy plant growth. One gram of soil was mixed with distilled water and was diluted prior to being cultured in Nutrient Agar media for 48 hours at ambient temperature. Bacterial colonies went through series of re-culture until pure isolate was obtained and were observed for their morphological and physiological characters. Most of the isolates responded negatively to a hypersensitive reaction test that brings about their potential to promote the growth of coffee plants. In contrast, phytotoxic activity was observed in 2 isolates of rhizobacteria collected from the 6-year-old coffee orchard with less healthy plant growth. This experiment found 46 isolates of rhizobacteria indigenous to coffee orchard var. Sigagar UtangFuture research needs to be directed to investigate the physiological characters of the rhizobacteria before application to the coffee plants.

Dispersion and Optimization of Sequential Sampling Plans for Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Infestations in Hawaii.

Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a serious pest of coffee in most coffee-growing areas of the world. This beetle was first detected in Big Island of Hawaii in 2010 and has since spread to other islands. Being an invasive pest that causes serious economic damage, efforts are in progress in Hawaii to develop an integrated approach to manage this pest. In this study, we sampled commercial coffee orchards from representative coffee-growing regions in the Big Island, Hawaii, to understand dispersion of the pest in the field and develop a reliable sampling plan based on the dispersion characteristics. Analysis of data collected from 12 commercial fields over three growing seasons suggests an aggregated pattern of dispersion of the pest in the field. Two fixed-precision sequential sampling plans based on berry cluster and branch as sample units were modeled and validated using Resampling for Validation of Sampling Plans software. The models suggest that infestation density can be estimated reliably for integrated pest management (IPM) practices with minimal sampling effort by sampling berry clusters or branches using sequential sampling plans. Sequential sampling plan based on berry cluster requires detection of fewer infested berries compared to branch sampling for a reliable estimation of mean density of infested berries and IPM decision making.

Assessment of mite fauna in different coffee cropping systems in Brazil

ABSTRACTAgro-ecological diversification may increase natural biodiversity and decrease environmental impacts caused by the intensification of management practices, especially with respect to pest control. This study aimed to evaluate mite populations from surveys in commercial coffee (Coffea arabica) orchards managed in different ways. Four different cropping systems were compared: a conventional system (CS), non-pesticide system (NPS), organic system (OS) and organic agroforestry system (OAS). Mite samples were taken from 24 coffee plantations (n = 6 for each management strategy). Six leaves per plant were collected from five sampling sites totalling 30 leaves from each plantation. Mites were removed from individual leaves, counted and identified to family level. Amongst the predatory mites, two families were detected; the Phytoseiidae was the most abundant family while the Stigmaeidae, generalist predatory mites, were only found in two management systems (NPS and AOS). Of the two families of phytophagous mites, the family Tenuipalpidae was the most abundant, but rarely found in AOS. The other phytophagous family, Tetranychidae, was less abundant in coffee crops than Tenuipalpidae, but the most abundant phytophagous family in CS. Understanding the relationship between mite populations and management practices can aid in choice of spraying strategies for different coffee management systems.

Spatial Genetic Structure of Coffee-Associated Xylella fastidiosa Populations Indicates that Cross Infection Does Not Occur with Sympatric Citrus Orchards.

Xylella fastidiosa, an economically important plant-pathogenic bacterium, infects both coffee and citrus trees in Brazil. Although X. fastidiosa in citrus is well studied, knowledge about the population structure of this bacterium infecting coffee remains unknown. Here, we studied the population structure of X. fastidiosa infecting coffee trees in São Paulo State, Brazil, in four regions where citrus is also widely cultivated. Genotyping of over 500 isolates from coffee plants using 14 genomic microsatellite markers indicated that populations were largely geographically isolated, as previously found with populations of X. fastidiosa infecting citrus. These results were supported by a clustering analysis, which indicated three major genetic groups among the four sampled regions. Overall, approximately 38% of isolates showed significant membership coefficients not related to their original geographical populations (i.e., migrants), characterizing a significant degree of genotype flow among populations. To determine whether admixture occurred between isolates infecting citrus and coffee plants, one site with citrus and coffee orchards adjacent to each other was selected; over 100 isolates were typed from each host plant. No signal of natural admixture between citrus- and coffee-infecting isolates was found; artificial cross-infection assays with representative isolates also yielded no successful cross infection. A comparison determined that X. fastidiosa populations from coffee have higher genetic diversity and allelic richness compared with citrus. The results showed that coffee and citrus X. fastidiosa populations are effectively isolated from each other and, although coffee populations are spatially structured, migration has an important role in shaping diversity.

Environmental benefits of reducing N rates for coffee in the Cerrado

An intensification of agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado during the last four decades has resulted in unintended consequences such as increased groundwater and surface water pollution due to excessive N fertilization. To address these problems within a coffee (Coffea arabica L.) orchard, the process-based ANIMO model was used to simulate nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching and plant nitrogen (N) uptake for several rates of N (200–800kgh−1y−1). Effects of splitting N applications from three times per year to every other day were also evaluated for a Typic Hapludox within the Cerrado. Statistical analysis of ANIMO outputs showed that simulated soil solution NO3-N concentrations were in agreement with experimental measurements collected for an entire year. Simulated annual N uptake was also in agreement with average measured N uptake by the coffee plants. An evaluation of the simulation scenarios showed that: i) the most efficient N recovery was associated with N rates between 200 and 400kgNha−1y−1 that were split into at least seven applications per year; ii) N recovery at rates between 200 and 300kgNha−1 y−1 were efficient with or without split application; and iii) the most environmentally friendly N management strategy was the application of between 200 and 300kgNha−1y−1 using at least seven splits. Reducing the N rate from 600 to 400kgNha−1y−1 increased plant N recovery efficiency by 8–12% and reduced NO3-N leaching by 28 to 47%. Predicted NO3-N leaching and N plant uptake results confirm that better N management strategies can be developed for coffee plantations and other crops grown in the Cerrado.

Nitrogen loss by volatilization of nitrogen fertilizers applied to coffee orchard

ABSTRACT Ammonia volatilization (N-NH3) is one of the main pathways of Nitrogen loss reducing nitrogen use efficiency in coffee orchard. This work aimed at quantifying ammonia volatilization (N-NH3) losses from N-sources to be used in coffee plantations fertilization in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the field on a dystrophic red latosol (Ferralsol in FAO's classification) at the Coffee Research Sector, University of Lavras, MG, Brazil. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with three repetitions of the following treatments: conventional urea, ammonium nitrate and urea + 0.15% Cu and 0.4% B, urea + anionic polymers, urea + elementary sulfur (S0) + polymers, and urea + plastic resin. These N sources were split into three doses of 150 kg ha-1 and band applied. The N-NH3 losses by volatilization and variations of pH (H2O) were measured, before and after N application. The N-sources contributed to reduce the soil pH, measured after the third nitrogen fertilization. The N-NH3 losses by volatilization (average from three applications) was as follows: urea + anionic polymers (35.8%) > conventional urea (31.2%) = urea + S0 + polymers (31.0%) > urea + 0.15% Cu + 0.4 % B (25.6%) > urea + plastic resin (8.6%) = ammonium nitrate (1.0%).

Intercropping perennial legume interference on growth and yield coffee

Intercropped legumes in coffee rows are nutrients sources, providing soil coverage, reducing weed infestation, however, they can negative interfere on coffee. This study evaluated interference of forage peanuts and perennial soybean on growth and yield of coffee plants. The experiment was carried out in Patrocinio/MG, in a 11 years old producing coffee orchard, cultivar Catuai Vermelho IAC-99, spaced by 3,80 x 0,70 m. Nine treatments were evaluated as a 23+1 factorial, in randomized blocks, with 4 replicates, with two perennial legumes: forage peanuts (Arachis pintoi) and perennial soybean (Neonotonia wightii); two types of side management: without side management, or with side management with glyphosate at 50 cm from canopy projection; two types of vertical management: no vertical management, or with vertical management at 5 cm above soil level. The additional treatment, the control, was done with the herbicide glyphosate (1.0 kg ha-1 of acid equivalent) in the whole plot (row). Perennial soybean, regardless of management, reduced the average number of nodes and coffee yield. Legume growth with no side management also affected coffee yield negatively, with greater interference during the high yield year. Forage peanut, with side management, did not affect the vegetative and yield characteristics of coffee.

Effect of Botanical Pesticides on Soil Fertility of Coffee-Orchards

Coffee (Coffea arabica; Rubiaceae) is a potential and emerging commercial crop. Coffee is planted in the midhills of Nepal (800 to 1250 meter above mean sea level) in Gulmi and Lalitpur districts. To control the major insect pests of coffee plant, locally prepared ‘jaibik bishadi’ (botanical pesticides) are used as alternatives of the synthetic insecticides. This study was undertaken to see the contribution of ‘jaibik bishadi’ in the fertility of the coffee orchards soil, for which soil samples from botanicals used and not used coffee orchards were collected to see the level of soil characteristics and soil nutrients such as soil texture, organic matter, soil nutrients (phosphorous and potassium). There was some difference in the soil texture of topsoil, but no difference could be seen in sand, silt and clay content of the subsoils from botanical used and not used orchards. The pH was significantly different between botanical used and not used soils, but such difference could not be observed between the topsoil and subsoil from the same sites. Jaibik bishadi used to control the coffee pests significantly contributed in the soil fertility, which could be seen in high positive correlation (r=0.9886) between organic matter and nitrogen in the soil.Keywords: Coffee, jaibik bishadi, topsoil, subsoil, soil fertilityThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 page: 16-22

Macronutrient Accumulation in Coffee Fruits at Brazilian Zona Da Mata Conditions

ABSTRACT Macronutrient accumulation in fruits and concentrations of these nutrients in leaves of fruit-bearing branches of arabica coffee were studied between anthesis and maturation. The experiment was carried out in a 2.0 × 1.0 m spacing of an arabica coffee orchard, collecting fruits and leaves of 18 randomized parcels at 12 sampling times, using a split-plot design. The largest accumulation rates of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) were observed at the rapid expansion fruit stage, among 79 to 85 DAA (Days after the anthesis). Compared to the other nutrients, Ca and Mg accumulation occurred quickly in the 1st suspended growth stadium.

Nutrient and Nematode Status of Coffee and Soils from Orchards in Hawaii

Suboptimal nutrition and plant-pathogenic nematodes are two factors that are limiting coffee production in commercial orchards in Hawaii. A survey of the major coffee (Coffea arabica) production areas of the state was conducted in 2000–2001. Deficiencies of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn), and toxicity of manganese (Mn) were the main nutritional factors limiting coffee production. Nutritional levels in leaves averaged 8.1 g kg−1 Ca and 10 mg kg−1 Zn. Leaf Mn varied widely from 95 mg kg−1 for Andisol-grown coffee (Hawaii Island) to 363 mg kg−1 for Oxisol-grown coffee in the other islands. On average, Mehlich-3 extractable Ca (in mg kg−1) was 900 in many soils on Oahu and Maui, 1200 in soils from Hawaii Island, and 2000 in soils on Kauai and Molokai. Extractable Zn averaged 5 mg kg−1 in soils from Oahu and 15 mg kg−1 in soils from the other islands. In contrast, Mehlich-3 extractable Mn averaged 500 mg kg−1 from the Oxisols and Ultisols on Oahu, Kauai, and Molokai, but only 25 mg kg−1 from the Andisols on Hawaii. (The reported critical values of nutrient deficiencies in coffee were 12 g kg−1 for Ca, 15 mg kg−1 for Zn in leaves, and 1900 mg kg−1 Ca in Hawaiian soils as extracted with the Mehlich-3 solution.) As with the nutrients, plant-parasitic nematodes varied among the five islands, especially the highly pathogenic species. Spiral and pin nematodes were recovered from several islands. Reniform nematode occurred in coffee orchards in Hawaii, Kauai, and Oahu. Burrowing nematode was recovered only from the island of Hawaii. Meloidogyne incognita, common in two coffee germplasm collections, was found only in one commercial orchard sample. A highly damaging root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne konaensis) was present in 34% of samples of the coffee roots and soils collected on the island of Hawaii but was absent from the other four islands. A variant of M. hapla was present in a large Maui coffee orchard.