Coffee Hulls Research Articles

Management of Agropastoral Waste in Ivory Coast: Case of the Sassandra Agricultural Basin

Agropastoral waste constitutes real bio-resources whose valorization could contribute to improving the living conditions of populations, reducing pressure on forest resources, slowing down deforestation and reducing GHG emissions. This study made it possible to examine the management of agropastoral waste in the Sassandra agricultural basin. The survey and field observation carried out made it possible to note that in the agricultural basin of Sassandra we find coffee hulls, bunches, fibers, hulls from oil palm, cassava stems, ears, stems, corn cobs and straw, rice husks and stalks as well as livestock residues such as slurry, manurebones, feathers and animal droppings. Regarding the management method, it appears that straws, husks, ears, stalks and stems are mainly used for livestock feed. Regarding the pods, these are either used for composting. As for the stems, hulls, fibers and bunches, they are also abandoned in the fields. Thus 85% of planters use agricultural residues to feed livestockwhile 12% of planters compost it. A proportion of 3% use them for other purposes. As for waste from livestock farming, waste from cattle, sheep and poultry farming is either sold or used for spreading. As for pig waste, it is sold. A share of 80% of breeders sell their waste. In addition, a proportion of 15% spread it in the fields. Another 5% of breeders use them for other purposes.

Substitution Effect of Rice Bran with Coffee Pulp Meal on Feed Efficiency and Percentages of Viscera Organs of Broilers

Research on animal feed has often focused on finding alternative feed ingredients to replace conventional ones in order to reduce feed costs. By-products from processing crops and food products have received much attention as feed alternatives because of their consistent and mass production, one of them is a waste of coffee. This research was conducted to evaluate the substitution effect of rice bran with coffee pulp meal on feed efficiency and viscera organs of broiler. The 100 broilers (Hubbard strain) and placed randomly into 4 treatments (R0 = ration with rice bran 21% + 0% coffee pulp meal; R1 = ration with 14% rice bran + 7% coffee pulp meal; R2 = ration with 7% rice bran + 14% coffee pulp meal; R3 = ration with 0% rice bran + 21% coffee pulp meal and each treatment consisted of 5 replications, five broilers each. The broilers were arranged by completely randomized design; a Tukey test was used to compare mean different of the treatments. Substitution effect of Rice Bran with Coffee Pulp Meal on ration had significant effect on decreasing feed efficiency and significantly increase the weight percentage of heart, gizzard, pancreas, and intestine (P<0.05) but had no significant on the weight percentage of caecum in broiler (P>0.05) Tukey test showed that the higher proportion of coffee hull meal the feed consumption and body gain non-significant to R0, R1 and R2. On the other hand feed efficiency of R3 significantly lower compared to R0, R1and R2. The higher the percentage of liver, gizzard, pancreas and intestine weight. However, there was no significant effect on caecum weight percentage. The conclution was: Utilization coffee pulp meal had significant effect on decreasing feed efficiency and significantly increase the weight percentage of heart, gizzard, pancreas, and intestine

Recycling of bottom sediment to agriculture: effects on plant growth and soil properties

PurposeThe use of bottom sediments in agriculture reduces the storage of excavated material and allows the nutrients it contains to be applied for soil fertilisation and improvement. However, the direct application of sediments to soil may cause numerous problems. Therefore, the addition of other waste materials may be a promising and useful method in the production of bottom-sediment-based growing media. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of growing media prepared on the basis of bottom sediments and various waste materials on the properties of soil as well as on the yield and chemical composition of courgette biomass.MethodsThe growing media were prepared with substrates in the form of mixtures with bottom sediments taken from the Rożnów reservoir. The effect of mixtures on plant growth was determined in a laboratory pot experiment. Air-dry mixtures (M1—bottom sediment with water treatment sludge (BS + SW); M2—bottom sediment with biomass ash (BS + BA); M3—bottom sediment with coffee hulls (BS + CH)) were mixed with soil (S) in the following proportions: combination I—25%, combination II—50%, combination III—75%, and combination IV—100% mixture.ResultsThe media did not have harmful effects on the plant or the soil environment. They had deacidifying properties; high contents of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus; low total trace element content; and posed little risk of metal mobility. Heterocypris incongruens was the organism most sensitive to the substances contained in the studied media. The use of bottom-sediment-based media reduced the biomass of the test plant and, at the same time, limited the accumulation of trace elements in its aboveground parts.ConclusionMost of the analysed media were low-toxic to the test organisms and can potentially be used in agriculture, horticulture, or the reclamation of degraded land.

Fiber-rich ingredients obtained from agroindustrial residues through combined hydrothermal-chemical processes

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the composition and techno-functional properties of fiber-rich ingredients that were obtained from three agroindustrial residues (oat, soybean, and coffee hulls) through a one-step hydrothermal-chemical combined process. The residues were subjected to an alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment (2%, pH 11.5) combined with a hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave (121 °C/30 min/1.5 atm). Ash, protein, and lipid contents decreased for all residues, and total (up to 86 g/100 g) and insoluble dietary (up to 83 g/100 g) fiber contents increased for all processed residues. All treated samples exhibited an increase in hydration capacity, with values ranging from 5.2 to 6.6 g/g of water absorption capacity and 5.6 to 5.7 g/g of swelling capacity. The one-step process was efficient in improving the nutritional and techno-functional quality of the residues of oat, soybean, and coffee, and it can be considered a promising alternative for future obtaining of new fiber-rich ingredients.

IS MERCERIZATION THE ONLY FACTOR FOR (PARTIAL) POLYMORPHIC TRANSITION OF CELLULOSE I TO CELLULOSE II IN CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS?

"The present study aims to investigate the influence of factors such as the source of cellulose and cellulose extraction and acid hydrolysis conditions on the partial polymorphic transition of Cellulose I to the allomorphic form Cellulose II in cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs were obtained from cellulose fibers extracted from four agro-industrial residues in Ethiopia: teff straw (TS), enset fiber (EF), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee hull (CH). The cellulose fibers were extracted under chlorine-free extraction conditions, comprising alkaline pretreatment (with 17.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide), then hydrolyzed with 64% (w/w) sulfuric acid to synthesize the CNCs. The as-obtained CNCs were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD results revealed the CNCs isolated from cellulose fibers of EF and SB contained Cellulose I and II allomorphs like their cellulose precursors, but no Cellulose II was found in CH-CNCs. Morphological and dimensional studies of the CNCs by TEM showed shorter needle-shaped nanoscale structures. Higher alkaline conditions, with 17.5% sodium hydroxide, might not necessarily contribute to the polymorphic transition in lignocellulosic materials with higher lignin content, as evidenced in CH. Generally, the formation of Cellulose I and II allomorphs in the as-obtained CNCs was dependent on the cellulose source and cellulose extraction conditions, and less influenced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis."

Coffee (Coffea sp.) hull waste fermentation with the addition of banana sucker microorganism activator for physical quality of Ruminantia feed

This research aims to determine the physical quality of coffee hull waste fermentation using a banana sucker microorganism activator. It aims to determine the best composition of banana sucker local microorganism (MOL) activator. Method used in this research was complete randomized design consisting of 6 levels and 4 replications which are, F1 = 10 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull, F2 = 15 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull, F3 = 20 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull, F4 = 25 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull, F5 = 30 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull, F6 = 35 ml MOL / 1 kg coffee hull. Silage fermentation physical characteristics observed are acidity/PH, aroma/smell, color, and texture. These characteristics were examined in this research to determine the effect of treatment. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and further HSD test. The results of the research that the addition of banana sucker microorganism activator to the fermentation of coffee hull waste (coffea sp) on physical quality for ruminant feed showed no significant effect (P> 0.05) on pH, color, and texture and had a very significant effect (P <0, 01) on the aroma. It can be concluded that the addition of banana sucker microorganism activator in the fermentation of coffee hull gave the best aroma results in the F4 treatment (3.29) and gave equally good results on physical properties such as pH, color, and texture of the fermented coffee hull.

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Different Lignocellulosic Residues: A Comparative Study

Recently, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have captured the interest of researchers and industries. In this study, CNCs were isolated from four abundant lignocellulosic byproducts: teff (Eragrostis tef, Poaceae) straw, enset (Ensete ventricosum, Musaceae) fiber (EF), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae) bagasse and coffee (Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae) hull (CH). Cellulose fibers were obtained using chlorine-free extraction with 5% sodium hydroxide pretreatment followed by delignification (with formic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) and bleaching (with alkaline hydrogen peroxide). CNCs were then isolated following hydrolysis of the cellulose fibers with 64% sulfuric acid. The as-obtained CNCs were investigated and characterized in terms of yield, crystallinity, chemical functionality, morphology, particle size, zeta potential (ZP) and thermal stability. The CNCs displayed a typical crystal lattice of Iβ-type based on XRD patterns, d-spacings and Z-values. The highest yield (~ 70%), CrI (~ 86%), and crystal size (~ 6 nm) were observed in EF–CNCs, and the least in CH–CNCs (yield: ~ 25%, CrI: ~ 77%, crystal size: ~ 4 nm). FTIR spectra of all CNCs indicated typical chemical composition of cellulose. TEM observations revealed that the CNCs were needle-shaped nanoscale structures with different aspect ratios (17.32–36.67) and dimensions (average length: 154.28–193.06 nm; diameter: 5.16–11.79 nm), while the DLS measurements provided the hydrodynamic sizes, 96.96–184.90 nm. The thermal studies by TGA/DTG revealed the CNCs had a two-step decomposition process at Tmax 215–225 °C and 340–355 °C. This study showed that the CNCs isolated exhibited high crystallinity, aspect ratio, colloidal and thermal stability although differences were observed due to variations in cellulose sources.

Amendments with pyrolyzed agrowastes change bromacil and diuron's sorption and persistence in a tropical soil without modifying their environmental risk

Knowledge of pesticides fate in tropical soils and how it could be affected by pyrolyzed biomass as amendment is limited. Combining conventional and radiotracer methods, as well as risk assessment tools, the effects of several charred agrowastes on the sorption, persistence, and ecological risk of the herbicides bromacil (BMC) and diuron (DRN) were evaluated in a tropical agricultural soil under laboratory conditions. Pineapple stubble (PS), palm oil fiber (PF), and coffee hull (CH) were charred at 300 (torrefied) and 600 °C (biochar) and applied to the soil at 10 and 20 t ha−1 rates. The sorption coefficients (Koc) in unamended soil for BMC and DRN were 18.4 and 212.1 L kg−1, respectively. The addition of torrefied PS and PF caused a 3 to 4-fold increment in BMC sorption and a 3 to 6-fold change in DRN's sorption. The only biochar that affected the sorption was PS that increased DRN's sorption 3.5 times. The application of coffee hull materials had no significant effect. In terms of degradation (half-life, DT50), for unamended soil BMC's degradation (300 days) was limited compared to DRN (73 days). Alternatively, biodegradation (mineralization half-life time, MT50) was 1278 d for BMC and 538 for DRN. While only PF and CH torrefied increased BMC's persistence, all the torrefied affected DRN's persistence. However, despite the observed effects, the predicted ecological risk was not mitigated. Our results highlight the need for scientific evidence on the use of pyrolyzed organic amendments to assess potential benefits and prevent unintended impacts in tropical agroecosystems.

Thermal and Physicochemical Characterization of Fibers from Coffee Hulls as Filler for Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE)

This work presents the thermal, physical and chemical characterization of Coffee canephora, from littoral region of Cameroon, for their use as reinforcement for polymeric materials. The infrared of coffee hulls shows the presence of a large peak intensity at 3299 cm-1 that can be attributed to O-H stretching group of alcohol (cellulose content in coffee pulp). The intensity 2926 cm-1 can be attributed to C-H stretching group of alkanes or the vibration of methoxy group of lignin. Thermo gravimetric analysis shows that around 440°C, the biomass has been completely consumed; the temperature profiles show a peak at 86°C that could correspond to the loss of water as evaporation at a percentage of 8%; the peak at 321°C is accompanied by a water loss of 64.50%; this temperature is assimilated to the degradation of hemicelluloses; the temperature range from 321°C to 401°C is accompanied by a loss of mass of 22.80%, which would be due to the degradation of cellulose. SEM images of the surface of raw coffee hulls, coffee hulls treated with caustic soda respectively clearly reveal gaps between the fibers. The results showed that the incorporation of coffee hulls fiber in LLDPE matrix might result in composites with suitable property application for various industrial fields; especially those that were mechanical features are crucial, such as the replacement of engineering plastics.

Treatment of equine beds for composting and vermicomposting processes

Equine breeders seek alternatives to properly allocate saturated beds produced during the confinement and composting and vermicomposting can be viable alternatives. However, it is not elucidated what material used as bed provides better conditions for the waste treatment. This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of five equine beds during composting and vermicomposting made of: T1 - coffee hull; T2 - sawdust; T3 - sawdust and Brachiaria; T4 - rice straw; T5 - rice straw and Brachiaria. The waste was pre-composted in pile for 42 days. After this period, 15 vermireactors (triplicate) were mounted and the rest of the material remained in piles, to continue the process of composting for 58 days. Vermicomposting of T1 is not recommended because it wasn't tolerated by the earthworms but showed good compost quality in composting. Equine beds with Brachiaria improve the conditions for waste treatment, as it increases aeration, provides easily degradable carbon and assists in the mineralisation of nitrogen.

Ecotoxicological and chemical properties of the rożnów reservoir bottom sediment amended with various waste materials

In the study, an attempt was made to create innovative mixtures based on bottom sediment and various types of waste to be tested for use as a substrate in the cultivation of consumer and non-consumer plants. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical and ecotoxicological properties of the growing medium prepared on the basis of bottom sediment (BS) and different carbon rich waste (cellulose waste (CW), biomass ash (BA), coffee hulls (CH), and sludge from water treatment (SW)) with a combination of 75% bottom sediment and 25% waste material. The mixtures had deacidifying properties, significant content of total organic carbon (TOC), the total quantities of macro- and micronutrients, and good sorption properties. The study showed a low total content of heavy metals in the mixtures. Moreover, a low share of the mobile fraction (F1) of metals indicated a low risk related to the metals mobility and potential bioavailability. The highest toxic effect was found in the mixture of bottom sediment and cellulose waste. Heterocypris incongruens was the most sensitive organism to substances present in the tested mixtures. Due to its low toxicity, the mixture of bottom sediment and water treatment sludge (BS+SW) constituted a potentially suitable substrate for its environmental application in agriculture, horticulture (for consumer crops) or land reclamation. Other mixtures exhibited valuable chemical properties (BS + BA, BS + CH BS + CW), but ended up being eco-toxic to the organisms, excluding them from agricultural or horticultural use for consumer crops. The proposed technology, which includes the production of growing medium based on the use of bottom sediment, is a promising way of transforming the sediment from a waste material to a valuable resource, thus enhancing the environmental benefits.

Rumen degradation kinetics of coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

espanolAntecedentes: la cascara de cafe obtenida por procesamiento en seco presenta potencial de uso en la alimentacion de rumiantes. Objetivo: Evaluar la composicion quimica, la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DM) y de la fibra detergente neutra (NDF) de la cascara de cafe tratada con oxido de calcio (CaO) en diferentes condiciones ambientales (EC). Metodos: la cascara de cafe fue sometida a tratamientos distribuidos en un diseno factorial 2 x 2, dos dosis de CaO (0 a 5% en base seca), y dos condiciones ambientales (aerobica y anaerobica) en un diseno completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, totalizando dieciseis unidades experimentales. Las muestras de cinco gramos se incubaron en el rumen de dos bovinos machos durante 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas. Resultados: para los parametros cineticos de degradacion de la DM, a excepcion de la fraccion b, la degradabilidad potencial y efectiva fueron afectadas (p EnglishBackground:Coffee hulls obtained from dry processing, have the potential to be used in ruminant diets. Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide (CaO) in different environmental conditions (EC). Methods: Coffee hulls were subjected to treatments distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two levels of CaO (0 and 5%, on a DM basis) and two environmental conditions (aerobiosis and anaerobiosis) in a completely randomized design with four replicates, totaling sixteen experimental units. Five-gram samples were incubated in the rumen of two male cattle for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. Results:Regarding dry matter degradation kinetic parameters, except for fraction b, the potential and effective degradability was affected (p portuguesAntecedentes: cascas de cafe obtidas pelo processamento a seco tem potencial de serem usadas na alimentacao de ruminantes. Objetivo: avaliar a composicao quimica, a degradabilidade in situ da materia seca (DM) e da fibra em detergente neutro (NDF) da casca de cafe tratada com oxido de calcio (CaO) em diferentes condicoes de ambiente (EC). Metodos: a casca de cafe foi submetida aos tratamentos, distribuidos em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, sendo duas doses de CaO (0 e 5% base da materia seca) e duas condicoes de ambiente (aerobico e anaerobico), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeticoes, totalizando dezesseis unidades experimentais. Amostras de cinco gramas foram incubadas no rumen de dois bovinos machos, nos tempos 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Resultados: para os parâmetros cineticos de degradacao da DM, a excecao da fracao b, a degradabilidade potencial e efetiva foram afetados (p

Extraction and characterization of celluloses from various plant byproducts

Celluloses were extracted from teff straw (TS), enset fiber (EF), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee hull (CH), agro-industrial byproducts generated in large quantities in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to explore these plant byproducts as alternative sources of cellulose for potential industrial applications, using various eco-friendly chlorine-free treatment conditions to obtain an optimum cellulose extraction condition. The byproducts and the as-extracted celluloses were analyzed for chemical compositions, yield, chemical functionality, crystallinity, thermal stability and morphology. EF yielded the highest cellulose content (60.0%), whereas CH the least (35.5%). FTIR spectra and ESEM morphological studies of the celluloses indicated progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. XRD analyses showed EF cellulose had the highest crystallinity index (CrI) (85.56%), crystallite size (5.52 nm), and proportion of crystallite interior chains of 200 plane (0.629), exhibiting unique physicochemical properties. The byproducts and the as-extracted celluloses showed Cellulose Iβ crystal lattice, while celluloses from EF and SB also displayed (partial) polymorphic transition into Cellulose II. TGA studies revealed enhanced stability of the as-extracted celluloses. On the basis of the physicochemical characteristics of the celluloses, all the byproducts studied could be considered as alternative sources of cellulose for potential value-added industrial applications.

Widespread tropical agrowastes as novel feedstocks for biochar production: characterization and priority environmental uses

Biochar, a carbon-rich pyrolytic product, has demonstrated positive results as a soil improver and carbon sequestration agent. Its production could be an appropriate and innovative practice for agricultural waste management in the context of environmentally smart agriculture. However, considering the relevant effect of the production conditions on the final biochar properties, its characterization is a necessary step, moreover, if an unknown feedstock is being used. Coffee hulls (CH), pineapple stubble (PS), and palm oil fiber (PF) are typical tropical agro-industrial wastes, and biochar from the first two are not reported before. In this work, biochars from them were obtained after 1 h of pyrolysis at 600 °C. Surface area and pH of biochars were close to 60 m2g−1 and 9, respectively (except for PF which was 29 m2g−1), while torrefied biomass (charred material prepared at 300 °C) presented a surface area close to 1 m2g−1 and neutral pH. Fixed C was approximately 80% (PF and CH) and 59% (PS) for biochars and close to 40% in torrefied biomass. It was concluded that key properties of biochars were mostly determined by the feedstock’s origin. Due to its high ash content and surface area, PS biochar was identified as a suitable soil amendment, while PF and CH biochars showed a higher potential for carbon sequestration in soil due to their high fixed carbon content, demonstrating that the production of biochars from widespread tropical wastes tailored for specific environmental uses is possible.

Performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs fed coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing corn silage by coffee hulls treated with calcium oxide (CaO) on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality parameters of lambs. Twenty-eight crossbred, non-castrated male lambs, weaned at three months of age with average initial body weight of 20.24 ± 2.40 kg were housed in individual pens. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental treatments, which consisted of increased feeding levels of treated coffee hulls (TCH) (0, 80, 160 and 240 g/kg on DM basis). The forage concentrate ratio was 50:50 on dry matter (DM) basis and the diets were formulated to supply nutrient requirements of growing lambs with average daily gain (ADG) of 200 g. After 66 days of experimental period, lambs were slaughtered for further carcass traits and meat quality evaluations. As results, increased feeding levels of TCH in the diets led to a quadratic effect on intake of DM and its components (P < 0.05), values were highest at the intermediate addition level. Moreover, as level of TCH increased in the diets, both DM and crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility declined linearly (P = 0.001). However, apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein contents (apNDF), ether extract (EE) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were not influenced by treatments (P > 0.05). Values of final body weight and ADG were similar up to 160 g/kg of corn silage replacement. A quadratic effect was observed for shear force (WBSF) (P = 0.029), the only meat quality parameter that showed significant effect. Lower values of WBSF were observed at the intermediated levels of corn silage replacement. Coffee hulls treated with CaO can be used as corn silage substitute at levels up to 160 g/kg because lambs performance and meat quality are not affected.

Blood lipid profile of broiler chicken as affected by a combination of Feed restriction and different crude fiber sources

The aim of this study was to elaborate the effect of feed restriction and different crude fiber sources on blood lipid profiles of broiler chicken. This research was using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in Factorial pattern of 2x4 with 3 replications. The ‘A’ factor was restricted feeding which consisted of no restrictions (A0), and 20% restricted feeding (A1). While ‘B’ factor was source of crude fiber which consisted of: commercial feed (B0), commercial feed + coffee hull meal (B1), commercial feed + rice bran (B2), and commercial feed + coconut oilcake (B3). Parameters observed were serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL level. The results showed that the combination of feed restriction and source of crude fiber in the diets did not affect (P > 0.05) serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL level. The ‘A’ factor gave a significant effect (P < 0.01) on serum cholesterol and LDL level, meanwhile ‘B’ factor gave a significant (P < 0.05) on serum cholesterol, LDL, and HDL level. It can be concluded that feed restriction up to 20% and source of crude fiber from coconut oilcake gave a better results on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL level.

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Buah dan Fermentasi terhadap Warna Kulit Tanduk dan Citarasa Kopi Robusta

&lt;em&gt;Pulping and fermentation of coffee cherry determine the quality of green beans and coffee flavors. Delay in pulping will cause the slime stick to the hull skin hence decreasing the bean quality and flavor. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soaking before pulping and fermentation time to the color of coffee hull skin and the cup quality. The research was carried out at the experimental station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute in Malang Regency (ICCRI) and ICCRI laboratory in Jember Regency from July 2018 to January 2019. Experiments used factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was cherry soaking duration (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours) and the second factor was fermentation duration (0, 24, and 48 hours) and then combined into 12 treatments, with three replications. Ten kilograms of coffee cherries were soaked prior to pulping then fermented in a plastic bag and added with &lt;/em&gt;Lactobacillus casei&lt;em&gt; 2,5 x 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; cfu/ml as starter. Parameters observed were color of hull skin &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; value&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;a*&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;, dan b*) and the cup quality. The results showed that soaking the cherry decreased the green beans quality which is indicated by less brightness (L), high a* value, and decreasing b* value of hull skin color. While the fermentation treatment can increase the value of L, decrease the a* value, and increase the b* value. The interaction of treatment of soaking and fermentation time significantly affected the lightnessl a* and b* value. Soaking and fermentation treatments did not significantly affect to the flavor, salt/acid, balance, and total score of coffee flavor. Soaking is not recommended for more than 48 hours and fermentation should be carried out 48 hours.&lt;/em&gt;

PENGARUH PEMBATASAN PAKAN DAN SUMBER SERAT KASAR BERBEDA TERHADAP BOBOT HIDUP, BOBOT KARKAS DAN POTONGAN KOMERSIAL KARKAS AYAM BROILER STRAIN LOHMAN

THE EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AND DIFFERENCE SOURCE OF CRUDE FIBER ON LIVE WEIGT, CARCASS WEIGHT AND COMMERCIAL PIECES OF BROILER WITH LOHMAN STRAIN. The objective of research was to determine the effect of feed restriction and source of different crude fiber on live weight, carcass weigth and commercial pieces of broiler with Lohman strain. The material used was 24 broilers. This research was using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in Factorial pattern of 2x4 with 3 replications. Feed restrictions were carried out at the age of 21 to 28 days old, after restrictions on broilers were fed commercial ration ad libitum feed until a time periode of 42 days. As a factor A was restricted feeding consisted of without restrictions (A0), and 20 percents restricted ration (A1). A factor B was source of crude fiber consisted of commercial feed (B0), commercial feed with coffee hull meal (B1), commercial feed with rice bran (B2), and commercial feed with coconut pulp (B3). The data analyzed used variance analysis and Tukey test to determine which one of treatment was significantly different from each other. The variables measured were live weight, carcass weight and percentage of commercial pieces consist of breast, thigh, drumstick, wing and brisket. The results showed that the combination treatment of feed restriction and source of crude fiber in feed gave a very significant different effect (P &lt;0.05) on live weigth, carcass weight and commercial pieces of broiler with Lohman strain. The 20 percents restriction feeding with coconut pulp as a source of crude fiber gave best results on live weight, carcass weight, and commercial pieces of broiler with Lohman strain.Keywords: Feed restriction, crude fiber source, broiler commercial pieces

POTONGAN KOMERSIAL KARKAS AYAM BROILER STRAIN COBB YANG MENGALAMI PEMBATASAN PAKAN DAN PEMBERIAN SUMBER SERAT KASAR BERBEDA PADA PERIODE GROWER

Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed restriction and source of different crude fiber on carcass weight and commercial pieces of broiler with Cobb strain. Study was using 24 broilers with Cobb Strain. Restriction of 20 percent feed and different sources of crude fiber were applied to broilers at age of 21to 28 days old. Ration was fed ad libitum to broilers until birds reached age of42 days old. . This research was using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in Factorial pattern of 2x4 with 3 replications. As a factor A was restricted feeding consisted of without restrictions (A0), and 20 percents restricted ration (A1). A factor B was source of crude fiber consisted of commercial feed (B0), commercial feed with coffee hull meal (B1), commercial feed with rice bran (B2), and commercial feed with coconut pulp (B3). There were treatment combinations including A0B0, A0B1, A0B2, A0B3, A1B0, A1B1, A1B2 and A1B3. The variables measured were percentages of commercial pieces consist of breast, thigh, wing and brisket. The data analyzed used variance analysis. The honestly significance difference test was used to determine which one of treatment was significantly different from each other. The results showed that the combination treatment of feed restriction and source of crude fiber in feed gave a very significant different effect (P &lt;0.05) on carcass weight of broiler with Cobb strain. Sources of fiber crude affected significantly (P&lt;0.05) percentages of thigh, breast, brisket and live weight. Treatment of feed restriction affected significantly (P&lt;0.05) percentage of wing. Restriction of 20 percents with coconut pulp as source of crude fiber produced better commercial carcass of broilers withCobb strain. Keywords: Feed restriction, crude fiber source, broiler commercial pieces, Cobb strain

Preparation and characterization of coffee hull fiber for reinforcing application in thermoplastic composites

ABSTRACT Nowadays, there is an increasing concern toward substituting the scarce wood fibers with alternative lignocellulosic fibers that originate from crop residue to reinforce biocomposites. In this paper, the potential application of coffee hull (CH) of the reinforced polyethylene (PE) matrix composites was studied for the first time. Experiments of composite that enhanced with CH on mechanical properties, hydroscopicity, thermogravimetric analysis, fiber treatment, and microstructures were tested in this study. The PE matrix was reinforced with varying volume fractions of CH and was studied. The results show that incorporation of coffee hull markedly improved the mechanical properties of the reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix composites. Micrographs show a strong interfacial adhesion between the CH fiber particles. This property may be the main reason for the stability between composites. At the same time this work investigated the effect of different treatments on the mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of composites. The fiber surface treatments were done using active chemicals such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), silane coupling agent (SCA), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP), stearic acid (SA), ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) and the combination (MA-g-PP, SA, EBS). The results show that (Ca(OH)2)treatment is the best way to improve its properties. Probably because attributed to removal of surface active functional groups (-OH) from the CH fiber and induction of hydrophobicity that in turn improved the compatibility with the polymer matrix. As a result, the use of coffee hull in composites could have great significance for the industry.