Coffee Fruits Research Articles

The assistance of Pesanggem in the Prevention of Coffee Pests through Vegetable Pesticides Coffee from Amethyst Mountain (Brugmansia Suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl) at Taman Kehati Sapen Nusantara Mount Arjuno Pasuruan

Pesanggem Taman Kehati Sapen Nusantara (TKSN) is a farming community in the Sapen Forest Area of ​​Mount Arjuno, Pasuruan. Coffee agroforestry is the main commodity for forest farmers in the TKSN area. For pest prevention, they have been using chemical pesticides to prevent the Coffee Fruit Borer. Through the Community Based Research approach, the companion team together with the community have succeeded in innovating vegetable pesticides coffee by utilizing Brugmansia Suaveolens Bercht. & J. Presl and Swietenia macrophylla King. as the main ingredients that are easily found in Taman Kehati Sapen Nusantara into environmentally friendly coffee pesticide products.

Effects of coffee maturation regulators

The maturation of coffee fruits is a concern of coffee growers, as it directly influences the efficiency of the harvest and can interfere with the quality of the product. Therefore, the use of maturation regulators that act by controlling the speed of maturation are being increasingly used. As such, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the regulators Ethrel® and MathuryTM, in 4 treatments composed by the control, application of Ethrel®, application of MathuryTM, application of the combination of Ethrel® followed by the application of MathuryTM. Thus, the maturation stage of the fruits, the type, and the final grade regarding the quality of the drink were evaluated. After that, the data of the evaluated characteristics were submitted to statistical analysis by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The maturation regulators used in this experiment did not interfere with the quality of the product and the classification of the coffee. However, treatments with application of Ethrel® alone or combined with MathuryTM provided anticipation and uniformity of coffee fruits.

Diagnosis of the nutritional status of coffee tree according to fruit phenology

The appropriate time for leaf collection to evaluate the nutritional status of the coffee tree should be carried out when the nutrient is in higher levels in the leaves, which may vary according to the phenological stage of the fruits. Macro and micronutrients do not show the same pattern regarding the period of highest leaf content. Therefore, it is coherent to define different times of leaf collection for each nutrient. The objective of this study was to verify the most suitable times for collecting leaves to evaluate the nutritional status of coffee plants based on the phenological development of coffee fruits. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field, in which six coffee cultivars were used (Acauã Novo, Bourbon Amarelo, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144, Catucaí 20/15, IAC 125 RN and IPR 100). The collections were carried out in four phenological phases of coffee fruit development (floral bud maturation, chumbinho, fruit expansion, and fruit granulation). The periods with the highest concentrations varied based on the phenological stages of the fruits, and differences in concentrations were also observed between the cultivars examined. The highest zinc concentration in the leaves was observed in the maturation phase of the floral bud. Foliar collection for the diagnosis of the nutritional state of the coffee plant should be done for each nutrient based on the phenology of the fruits.

Attack Intensity Variety of Robusta Coffee Bean Borer (Hypothenemus Hampei Ferrari) on Four Types of Shade Plant

Coffee bean borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) is the primary pest of coffee plants that can cause damage and decrease the quantity and quality of production up to 20 -30%. The aim of the study was to determine the diversity of attacks of robusta coffee powder pests on four types of shade plants. The study was conducted in Tanggamus Regency, from May to August 2021. Sampling was carried out randomly based on the type of plant given as treatment, namely (1) mixed single stem coffee plants with pepper plants, shaded single Erythrina subumbrans plants, (2) mixed stem coffee plants with cacao under the shade of Glyricidae, (3) single-stem coffee plants with mixed shade of E. subumbrans and Glyricidae, and (4) single-stem coffee with mixed shade of E. subumbrans and mindri plants. The results showed that the level of coffee fruit pests on the four types of shade plants ranged from 15.28 -15.66 % and was not significant, while the average temperature under the shade was between 25 - 26.1 °C. The results of the regression analysis that air temperature has a negative and strong effect on the intensity of H. hampei pest attack with a regression coefficient value of 0.6231. If the temperature increases by 1°C then the intensity of H. hampei attack decreases by 0.44%

Experimental Assessment of the Elastic Properties of Exocarp–Mesocarp and Beans of Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo Using Indentation Tests

The development of selective coffee harvesting technologies requires detailed knowledge of the geometrical, physical, and mechanical properties of the subsystems of the coffee bush, including the elastic properties of the substructures of fruit and the coffee bean, which are directly related to the selectivity problem. The elastic properties of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean are not described in the literature due to the difficulty of characterizing these locally, since measuring each component of the coffee fruit structure (mesocarp–exocarp and bean) is not an easy task. However, determining the elastic properties (of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean) could help create realistic simulations as an initial estimation for selective coffee harvesting studies. The present work aims to bridge the gap in the mechanical characterization of the sub-structures of the coffee fruits by assessing the elastic properties of the mesocarp–exocarp and bean. Indentation tests were performed on eighty Coffee arabica L. var. Castillo fruits and beans, which were previously classified into four ripening stages using fruit color data in the CIELab color space. Young’s modulus and indentation hardness of the mesocarp–exocarp structure and beans were calculated, applying the Oliver and Pharr indentation model and Hertz contact theory.

Benefits of freeze dried arabica coffee peels (Coffea arabica) as an oral antimicrobial

Background: Oral infections are currently treated with synthetic drugs, namely antimicrobials (antibiotics and antifungals) that can cause resistant bacteria, so alternative antimicrobials from herbal groups are needed. Arabica coffee peel contains phytoche-mical compounds (polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins) which have potential as natural antibacterial. Purpose:To examine the benefits of waste of arabica coffee rind in inhibiting growth of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans. Methods: This experimental laboratory with the post test only group design was started with making of freeze dried coffee peels 25%, 50% and 75%; positive control used chlorhexidine and nystatin. The antimicrobial test method was performed by the diffusion method and the growth of microbial colonies was calculated using a colony counter. Result: Antimicrobial effect increased at all concentration of test solutions to the three microbes. This shows that there is a strong positive relationship between concentration and the number of microbial colonies. The higher concentration of dried arabica coffee peels, the greater the effect of microbial killing power. The biggest effect is on C.albicans, P.gingivalis, S.mutans, consecutively. Conclusion: arabica coffee fruit skin can be used as an antimicrobial oral cavity against the growth of S.mutans, P.gingivalis and C.albicans.

EVALUATION OF A NEW METHOD FOR TREATING COFFEE EFFLUENT

Coffee fruits are processed by either wet method or dry method at the estate level to obtain the coffee bean. Of these two methods, coffee processing by wet method requires large amount of water and thus generates enormous amount of effluent which needs to be treated extensively before discharge. Currently, the effluent treatment plant (ETP) module developed by Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI) in collaboration with National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) during 1980 is employed for treating the coffee effluent. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has recommended CCRI-NEERI ETP module for adoption at the estate level to treat the coffee effluent. In the present investigation, a new method viz., Acidification-Neutralization-Sedimentation-Filtration (ANSF) developed recently by CCRI was evaluated for treating the coffee effluent for four consecutive seasons (2017-2018 to 2020-2021) under field conditions. The results indicated that the BOD reduction by ANSF method is comparatively higher than the BOD reduction by CCRI-NEERI method. Further, ANSF method is relatively simple, as it does not require any chemical (or) biological inputs for treating the coffee effluent, excepting calcium oxide and biochar.

Methodology to Test Control Agents and Insecticides Against the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei.

Prior to recommending insecticides to treat the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, it is valuable to know the mortality and repellency of these insecticides against adult insects or their impact on reproductive output. However, currently available methods assess adult mortality only, limiting the selection of novel insecticides with a different mode of action. In this work, different experimental methods were examined to identify the diverse effects on the CBB under laboratory conditions. For this, green coffee fruits (GFs) were collected and disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution followed by UV light irradiation. In parallel, CBB adults from a colony were disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution. To assess fruit protection (preinfestation), the fruits were placed in plastic boxes, and the insecticides were applied. Then, the CBB adults were released at a rate of two CBBs per GF. The GFs were left under controlled conditions to evaluate CBB infestation and survival after 1, 7, 15, and 21 days. To evaluate insecticide efficacy after CBB infestation (postinfestation), CBB adults were released to the GFs in a 2:1 ratio for 3 h at 21 °C. Infested fruits showing CBB adults with their abdomens partially exposed were selected and placed in 96-well racks, and the CBBs boring into the fruits were treated directly. After 20 days, the fruits were dissected, and the CBB biological stages inside each fruit were recorded. The GFs served as substrates that mimic natural conditions to evaluate toxic, chemical, and biological insecticides against the CBB.

Coinoculation of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts increases the quality of wet fermented Arabica coffee

Wet coffee fermentation is widely used in coffee-producing regions such as Colombia and Hawaii, but it is not widespread in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate inoculating the lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides CCMA1105 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCMA 1065 and the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMA0543 and Torulaspora delbrueckii CCMA0684 as starter cultures on wet coffee fermentation using the SIAF method (self-induced anaerobiosis fermentation). The microbial activity resulted in high consumption of the carbohydrates glucose (98.6%), fructose (97.6%), and sucrose (100%), in addition to the production of lactic and acetic acids, impacting the final quality of the beverage. A total of 108 volatile compounds belonging to 17 classes were identified in the green and roasted coffee samples, including 2,3-butanediol produced by lactic acid bacteria, contributing to coffee's aromatic profile. The final scores for the coffees from the different fermentations ranged from 79.0 to 83.25. The inoculated fermentations were classified as specialty according to the Specialty Coffee Association. Therefore, whole coffee fruit processed via wet using SIAF method and yeast and lactic acid bacteria starter is an alternative for improving wet fermented coffee quality and obtaining coffee beverages with a different sensory profile.

THE EFFECT OF COFFEE PULP BOKASHI AND LOCAL MICROORGANISMS OF STALE RICE ON THE GROWTH OF ARABICA COFFEE (COFFEA ARABICA L) SEEDLINGS

This study aims to determine the effect of coffee pulp bokashi and stale rice local microorganisms on the growth of Arabica coffee plant seedlings. This study used a factorial experiment, which tested two factors; namely bokashi coffee fruit skin in 5 dose levels, each: without treatment, 100 g/plant, 200 g/plant; 300 g/plant, and 400 g/plant; and local microorganisms of stale rice in 3 concentration levels, respectively: without treatment; 100 ml/L water; and 200 ml/L of water. The study results concluded that: Bokashi of coffee fruit skin at a dose of 400 g/plant had a good effect on plant height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, root volume, plant dry weight, and net assimilation rate on arabica coffee plant seeds. Local microorganisms of stale rice with a concentration of 200 ml /L of water have a good effect on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, plant dry weight, and net assimilation rate on arabica coffee seedlings. There was no interaction between the coffee fruit skin bokashi and stale rice local microorganisms on the coffee plant seeds.

Coffea arabica and C. canephora as host plants for fruit flies (Tephritidae) and implications for commercial fruit crop pest management

Because of the economic importance of fruit flies throughout the world, increased knowledge of alternative hosts of these pests is essential for integrated pest management in economically valuable fruit crops grown in regions where other host plant species such as coffee are also commonly cultivated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the cultivated coffee species Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner as hosts of fruit fly species in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, where both coffee species are widely grown in close proximity to a variety of economically valuable, and fruit fly susceptible, commercial fruit crops. Mature fruits of both coffee species were collected from 681 farms in 54 municipalities of Espírito Santo to identify the fruit fly species infesting coffee fruits and determine fruit fly infestation levels. Field and laboratory experiments were also conducted to study the relationships between coffee species and fruit fly infestation and development. Field infestation of coffee fruits by fruit flies was higher in C. arabica than in C. canephora (‘Conilon’). A total of 136.7 fruit fly pupae per kg of C. arabica fruits were found, in comparison to 5.4 pupae per kg of C. canephora fruits, and 97.1% of the adult fruit flies reared from coffee fruits emerged from C. arabica fruits. Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) were the most common fruit fly species associated with fruits of both coffee species. The quantity of C. capitata reared from C. arabica fruits (55.2 adults kg−1) was 15.3 times higher than the quantity reared from C. canephora fruits. Coffea arabica was also a much better host for A. fraterculus than C. canephora based on the number of adults reared from fruits. Results of this study indicate that C. arabica is a potential reservoir host of fruit flies, and therefore may play a significant role in fruit fly pest survival when preferred host fruits are lacking in winter months. This is the first study that compares the two major cultivated coffee species as potential hosts and sources of fruit flies, and indicates that integrated pest management (IPM) should be utilized to inhibit dispersal of fruit flies from C. arabica to nearby areas where commercial fruit crops are grown.

Coffee-Derived Phenolic Compounds Activate Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway in I/R Injury In Vitro Model: A Nutritional Approach Preventing Age Related-Damages.

Age-related injuries are often connected to alterations in redox homeostasis. The imbalance between free radical oxygen species and endogenous antioxidants defenses could be associated with a growing risk of transient ischemic attack and stroke. In this context, a daily supply of dietary antioxidants could counteract oxidative stress occurring during ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R), preventing brain damage. Here we investigated the potential antioxidant properties of coffee-derived circulating metabolites and a coffee pulp phytoextract, testing their efficacy as ROS scavengers in an in vitro model of ischemia. Indeed, the coffee fruit is an important source of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acids, present both in the brewed seed and in the discarded pulp. Therefore, rat brain endothelial cells, subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and recovery (ogR) to mimic reperfusion, were pretreated or not with coffee by-products. The results indicate that, under OGD/ogR, the ROS accumulation was reduced by coffee by-product. Additionally, the coffee extract activated the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway via Erk and Akt kinases phosphorylation, as shown by increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels. The data indicate that the daily intake of coffee by-products as a dietary food supplement represents a potential nutritional strategy to counteract aging.

Safety of dried coffee husk (cascara) from Coffea arabica L. as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on dried coffee husk (cascara) from Coffea arabica L. as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF comprises the skin (exocarp), pulp (mesocarp), mucilage (pectin), parchment (endocarp) and a portion of the silver skin of the coffee fruit, and consists mainly of digestible carbohydrates, dietary fibre and water. The Panel considers that there are no safety concerns regarding the stability of the NF if the NF complies with the proposed specification limits during its entire shelf‐life. The NF as such will not be consumed, instead, beverages produced with the infusion of the NF in water will be available to consumers. Considering an 100% extraction of caffeine from the NF to the beverage, the specification limit set for caffeine and the proposed use levels, the maximum concentration of caffeine in infusions produced using the NF could be up to 600 mg/L of drink, a concentration comparable to those in coffee beverages. The Panel notes that consumption of beverages produced using the NF will add significantly to the total dietary intake of caffeine of the general population. The consumption of beverages containing caffeine is not recommended for children, pregnant or breast‐feeding women if the caffeine content exceeds 150 mg/L. Taking into account the nature of the NF, the history of use of the NF as food and the proposed uses and use levels, the Panel considers that no toxicological studies are required on the NF. The risk of allergic reactions to the NF is considered low. The Panel concludes that the NF, dried husk of the fruit of Coffea arabica L., is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Physical-mechanical characterization of coffee fruits Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo classified by a colorimetry approach

Colombian coffee is internationally recognized for its quality and flavor, reflected in its natural acidity, medium body, and intense aroma. These features require predominately harvesting ripe fruits (only 2% of unripe fruits are allowed) which is carried out manually by several topographic restrictions. To overcome this difficulty, the study of coffee fruit physical and mechanical characteristics is essential for designing and improving machinery and equipment for selective coffee harvesting. In this paper, the physical and mechanical properties of Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo fruits have been experimentally measured and classified by its ripening. Applying a colorimetry methodology based on CIELab color space, 211 fruits have been categorized into four ripening states. Physical properties measurements include mass, volume, density, geometry, pH, and mechanical properties as detachment loads and firmness indexes. Mainly all properties showed a dependence degree on the ripening stage of the fruits. The measurements presented in this work are essential to use in simulations tools which allows to understand several aspects related with selective coffee harvesting.

Export of macronutrients for coffee fruits submitted to different doses of formulation 20-00-20

The objective of this study was to quantify the export of macronutrients by coffee fruits Coffea canephora “Conilon - BRS Ouro Preto,” under different doses of the fertilizer formulation 20-00-20 under rainfed conditions, in the Western Amazon. The treatments were six doses of fertilizer 20-00-20, in the proportions: 0; 250; 500; 1,000; 2,000; 3,000 kg ha−1 year−1 and the experimental design was completely randomized with 15 replications. There was a difference for the accumulation of dry mass, content and export of nutrients when comparing straw and grain. The export of nutrients by the grain follows a decreasing order: N > K> Mg > P> Ca > S and the export by straw follows the order: K > N> Ca > Mg > S> P. The doses of the formulation not influence the levels of nutrients in the fruits but promoted an exponential increase in dry mass of grains and straw, with a maximum accumulation of 6,413 kg ha−1 of dry mass of grain and 5,455 kg ha−1 in straw at a dose of 3000 kg ha−1. It is concluded that the doses of fertilizer formulation 20-00-20 do not promote changes in the concentrations of nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in the fruits of the coffee tree “Conilon - BRS Ouro Preto.” However, it promotes greater accumulation of dry mass in both grains and straw and greater export of nutrients by the fruits.

Coffee Maturity Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning

This work presents a framework for coffee maturity classification from multispectral image data based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The system leverages the use of multispectral image acquisition systems that generate large amounts of data, by taking advantage of the ability of CNNs to extract meaningful patterns from very high-dimensional data. We validated the use of five different popular CNN architectures on the classification of cherry coffee fruits according to their ripening stage. The different models were trained on a training dataset balanced in different ways, which resulted in a top accuracy higher than 98% when applied to the classification of 600 coffee fruits in 5 different stages of ripening. This work has the potential of providing the farmer with a high-quality, optimized, accurate and viable method for classifying coffee fruits. In order to foster future research in this area, the data used in this work, which was acquired with a custom-developed multispectral image acquisition system, have been released.

Incidence Attacks of Coffee (Coffee arabica L.) Pest on Agroforestry System in Liquica Regency, Timor Leste

Coffee is the main tropical commodity traded in the world with its contribution is half of the total tropical commodity exports. Pest attacks on coffee (Coffee arabica) cause a decrease in productivity. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyze the incidence attacks of coffee (C. arabica) pests, 2) to identify components and dominant species in agroforestry systems in Liquica Regency, Timor Leste. The method used was purposive sampling around 45 plots. The results showed that the incidence attacks of coffee pests were dominated by Hypoteneus hampei in coffee fruit (7,8%) and Zeuzera coffeae as a stem borer (0,13%). Coffee was planted in the agroforestry patterns with some species, such as sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), avocado (Persea americana), vanili (Vanilla planifolia), cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum), pepper (Piper nigrum), mango (Mangifera indica), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), orange (Citrus sp.), porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) and banana (Musa spp.). Important value index showed the dominant species at seedling and sapling levels was C. arabica, while at pole and tree levels was P. falcataria. The most dominant shade tree on coffee was P. falcataria. Incidence attacks of coffee (C. arabica) were affected by components in agroforestry systems.

Extração de adultos e larvas da broca-do-café de frutos

Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a new method for extracting Hypothenemus hampei adults and larvae from coffee (Coffea arabica) fruits. The extractor consists of a set of two plastic containers, with one fit on top of the other: the one on top is used to place the fruits inside and the one on the bottom, as a base to capture adults and larvae. The efficiency of the extractor was compared with that of the dissection method (control). The number of live adults, dead adults, and larvae does not differ significantly between the two evaluated methods. The developed extractor reduces hand labor, is affordable, and is effective in capturing larvae and adults of H. hampei.

The Used of Attractants From Coffee at Various Heights Traps to Control Coffee Berry Borer and Quality Test of Coffee Berry

The coffee plant is a commodity that is widely grown in Toba Regency, Province of North Sumatera. Coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is an essential pest in coffee plants which can reduce the quantity and quality of coffee fruit up to 50%. This research was to study the use of attractants derived from extract coffee bean and outer skin (pericarp) at various height traps to control CBB in Parsaoran Sibisa Village, Lumban Julu District, Toba Regency. This research method uses a factorial randomized block design with two treatments and three replications. For the first factor is the type of attractants (aqua-des, coffee beans and pericarp). The second factor is the height of the trap (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 m). The results showed that the interaction of attactant type and trap height had no significant effect, but the attractiveness of coffee beans significantly affected CBB population trapped. The attractant of coffee beans caught 16.40 adults, 6.57 adults pericarp and 0.04 adults of distilled water. The best trap height is at 0.5 m with 8.50 adults followed by a height of 1.0 m and 1.5 m each with 8.28 adults and 6.24 adults.

Shade influence of the temporary canopy of an agroforestry system on coffee fruit ripening

Shade influence of the temporary canopy of an agroforestry system on coffee fruit ripening