Coffee Exports Research Articles

Export knowledge, export commitment and coffee export performance in Ethiopia

Export performance is the success or failure of a company in exporting locally produced goods or services to other countries. This study aimed to analyze the effect of export knowledge and export commitment on coffee export performance with the mediating role of product adaptation in Ethiopian coffee exporting companies. The study employed a quantitative research method, and data were collected from 273 sampled companies engaged in coffee exporting in the country. In addition, this study used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and PLS-SEM version 3.2.8 to test the causal relationships between the constructs. The results revealed that factors such as export knowledge, export commitment, and product adaptation significantly influence the export performance of coffee companies in the country. Moreover, product adaptation also mediated the relationship between export knowledge, export commitment, and export performance. The study’s finding implies that sufficient export knowledge, export commitment, and adapting product can increase export performance. As a result, the research makes three main scientific contributions: first, it explains how export knowledge and export commitment are used to improve export performance. Second, it adds knowledge to the existing export performance literature by examining the mediating role of product adaptation. Third, it presents evidence from a less-studied developing country like Ethiopia. Finally, the study provided strategic recommendations based on empirical evidence. Accordingly, to improve coffee export performance, the management and other employees of a company can benefit from having adequate knowledge of export procedures and commitment to their duties and responsibilities. On top of that, coffee export companies must apply product adaptation strategies to meet their customers' needs.

Analisis Pengaruh Produksi Kopi, Luas Lahan dan Kurs Rupiah Terhadap Volume Ekspor Kopi Indonesia Periode Tahun 2010 – 2020

The volume of coffee exported from Indonesia between 2010 and 2020 will be reviewed in this study along with the influence of the variables coffee production, land area and exchange rate. In this study the influence of independent factors on dependent factors was assessed using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis of this study revealed that Indonesia's coffee exports were negatively affected but not significantly by variables related to coffee production. Indonesian coffee exports were negatively and insignificantly affected by changes in land area. Conversely, the exchange rate (exchange rate) has a positive but also insignificant impact on the volume of coffee exported from Indonesia.

Forecasting Export Volume of Indonesian and Colombian Coffee in the World Market using ARIMA Model

Colombian coffee exports influence Indonesian coffee exports in the short term, so this study aims to forecast the export volume of Indonesian and Colombian coffee in the future. The study used time-series data from 2001 to 2021, further analyzed using the ARIMA model. Based on the projection, Indonesian coffee export is projected to increase with an average value of 1.14 percent and a potential increase of 1.79 percent. However, this result still needed to reach the desired value since the projected coffee export of Indonesia in 2025 only reached 429 172 tons, or lower than the export quantity of Colombian coffee in 2011. This finding indicated that Indonesian coffee export tended to increase stagnantly and was considered low compared to the increasing export of Colombian coffee.JEL Classification: C22, C53, E37, F17, Q13How to Cite:Zuhdi, F., Maulana A. S., & Rambe, K. R. (2023). Forecasting Export Volume of Indonesian and Colombian Coffee in the World Market using ARIMA Model. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i1.25456.

Multidecadal evaluation of changes in coffee-growing areas using Landsat data in Central Highlands, Vietnam

Vietnam is the world’s second-largest coffee exporter. Information on coffee-growing areas is thus important for production estimation. This research developed an approach for coffee mapping and change detection using Landsat and DEM data in Central Highlands, Vietnam. The data were processed for 1995, 2005, and 2020 using random forests (RF). The mapping results, verified with reference data, showed overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient higher than 86.9% and 0.74, respectively. These findings were reaffirmed by a close relationship between the satellite-based coffee area and official statistics, with the root mean squared percentage error (RMSPE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) greater than 9.9% and 7.6%, respectively. From 1995 to 2020, the newly planted coffee area increased by 135,520 ha, due to the conversion of forests to coffee plantations. Such distributions of coffee areas and decadal changes in farming activities are critically useful for policymakers to formulate successful crop planning strategies.

Derajat Integrasi Ekonomi Indonesia Dengan Malaysia Pada Komoditi Kopi

<em>Economic integration </em><em>aims<em> to facilitate the flow of goods and services between integrated countries by reducing trade barriers, both tariff and non-tariff. At the ASEAN level, implementing economic integration is performed by establishing AFTA. For AFTA's performance to be effective, CEPT and ATIGA schemes are formed. Indonesia and Malaysia have a relationship in AFTA, which is applied one of them in the coffee commodity trade. Because Indonesia is in the position of producers and Malaysia is in the position of consumers. This study aims to analyze the degree of economic integration between Indonesia and Malaysia in coffee from 2001-2020. This study uses the Intra-Industry Index (IIT) approach using the Grubel-Lloyd Index (G-L index) model. Data in this research is secondary data from 2001-2020. The research variables are the volume of Indonesian coffee exports to Malaysia and the volume of Indonesian coffee imports from Malaysia. The results show that Indonesia and Malaysia's average degree of economic integration from 2001-2020 is weak. From 2001-2020 the IIT index fluctuated, with the highest in 2017 at 8.6386 and the lowest in 2011 at 0.169184. From 2001-2020 the most types of coffee exported to Malaysia based on the HS Code were 09011110 (Arabica wib or robusta oib, not roasted, not decaffeinated), while the type of coffee most imported by Indonesia from Malaysia based on the HS Code was 090121200 (Coffee, roasted, not decaffeinated, ground).</em></em>

Gendered adaptations to climate change in the Honduran coffee sector

Despite the principal role of coffee exports in rural Latin American livelihoods, the literature on gender and climate adaptation in agriculture has paid little attention to this sector. This paper examines gender differences in on-farm and off-farm climate adaptation measures undertaken by smallholder coffee farmers in Western Honduras. We conducted 29 qualitative interviews with women and men coffee farmers in three coffee-dependent villages in Intibucá. We find that participants, regardless of gender, use few on-farm climate adaptation measures, and increasingly rely on off-farm activities such as waged employment and international migration to complement their coffee-based livelihoods. We also find that women farmers utilize fewer adaptation measures due to a gender asset gap and the gender division of labor in coffee-producing households. We conclude that women's limited access to the means of production in coffee-producing communities and their responsibilities for domestic labor impede community resilience to climate change.

Quality Trends in Cocoa Commodity Exports and Prices from Indonesia Plantations

One of the mainstay products of plantations, cocoa has a significant economic impact on the country, especially in terms of employment, income, and foreign exchange. This research aims to identify the relationships between cocoa exports and global cocoa prices between 1985 and 2020. Granger Causality was the quantitative methodology used in this research. Cocoa export volume and global cocoa prices are the study's factors. The study's findings showed that there was a one-way causal relationship between the variables, with the international cocoa price variable successfully affecting the cocoa export variable but no evidence of a causal relationship between the cacao export variable and the international cocoa price variable. This describes how coffee exports will be impacted by the price of coffee globally.

Optimasi Fungsi Pembelajaran Jaringan Saraf Tiruan dalam Meningkatkan Akurasi pada Prediksi Ekspor Kopi Menurut Negara Tujuan Utama

In the learning process carried out by Backpropagation the learning function is important in finding optimal results. This study aims to optimize the learning function of artificial neural networks in increasing the accuracy of coffee export predictions according to the main destination countries as research objects. This study applies the learning function to weights in Matlab, namely Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate (traingda), Gradient Descent with Momentum (traingdm), and Gradient Descent with Momentum and Adaptive Learning Rate (trainingdx) using several hidden layers, namely 15,30 and 45. Based on a series of trials conducted, the results of the study show that by implementing the Gradient Descent learning function with an Adaptive Learning Rate (trainingda) with a hidden layer of 30 it is capable of training neural networks with a better level of optimization, performing 143 iterations which produces a truth accuracy of 83%. When compared with the use of other learning functions that only last with an accuracy of no more than 78%. In general, it can be concluded that the optimization of the Gradient Descent learning function with Adaptive Learning Rate (trainda) can be applied to predict coffee exports according to the main destination countries, because the iterative process carried out to achieve convergence in increasing accuracy performs well

IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPORTIONAL AND PI ROASTING TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN DRUM-TYPE COFFEE ROASTER

Indonesia ranks as 4th highest coffee exporter by capacity and export value in the world, behind Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. Statistics from The World Bank shows 2841 tons caffeinated roasted bean coffee from both varieties being exported from Indonesia throughout the world, while the National Statistics Board of Indonesia reported 380.173 tons of green bean coffee exported from Indonesia within 2019. Based on previous developments of coffee roasting technology, as this undergraduate thesis will explain about a coffee roaster prototype which is an improvement from previous researches, equipped with centralized temperature control and monitoring system from Artisan roasterscope that eases the operator or user’s workload to monitor the coffee beans’ roast level based on roast temperature and duration. In the experimentation of Ziegler-Nichols proportional control proves to give the best result for Robusta coffee with average rate of rise at 52.1° Celsius/min and average roast temperature of 140.8° Celsius which yields 100% roast uniformity at 95 Agtron roast scale. Following the addition of Astrom-Hagglund’s Proportional-Integral control, the result shows a formidable difference between each coffee bean varieties due to water content difference between both varieties. Keywords: coffee roasting, coffee roaster, proportional control, Artisan RoasterScope

Analisis Daya Saing Kopi Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Perdagangan Kopi Dunia

Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. However, in the period 2018-2021 the value of Indonesian coffee exports decreased in line with the low volume of Indonesian coffee exports that year when compared to the previous period so that Indonesia's position fell from fourth to fifth as a coffee exporter in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the period 2011-2021 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis, Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA), and Trade Specialization Index (ISP). The results showed that there was a decline in the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the international market, even though Indonesia is currently at the maturity stage. One of the efforts to respond to this problem is to strengthen the development of Indonesian coffee agribusiness which is integrated and collaborates with each other between its subsystems by paying special attention to coffee farmers.

The coffee charm: understanding the relationship between product design dimensions and Willingness to buy from Starbucks

The growth of the hospitality industry calls for further understanding. The coffee shop sector is a large part of the hospitality industry in Indonesia, considering coffee consumption, exports, and interest. This study uses PLS-SEM to assess the relationship between product design dimensions in coffee shops and the Willingness to buy using Starbucks as a case. A purposive sampling method was utilized to gather respondents that is a customers of Starbucks, and 119 respondents’ data was used to test the hypotheses in this study. This study found that symbolic design significantly affects WOM (β=0.210, p=0.030) and Willingness to buy (β=0.359, p

Physical and Chemical Properties of Indonesian Coffee Beans for Different Postharvest Processing Methods

The purpose of this study was to identify the physical and chemical properties of Indonesian coffee beans for different postharvesting methods after being roasted. Several types of Indonesian export coffee, i.e., Gayo Luwak coffee, Wamena coffee, Toraja coffee, Gayo coffee, Flores coffee and Kintamani coffee, were used in the present study. Each coffee has its own aroma and taste according to the location, soil type, and land elevation. The roasting process started with preheating the roasting machine, after which the samples were roasted for about 15 minutes at 215℃ to obtain the medium-to-dark (MTD) roasting level. The physical properties measured included density, mass loss, porosity, water content, and morphology using a scanning electron microscope. The transmittance spectrum was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical properties of the coffee were successfully measured. The bulk density varied from 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm3, and particle density was about 0.9 g/cm3 for green beans. The roasting process reduced the bulk and particle density to 0.3 g/cm3 on average and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The fully-washed condition gave an overlapping spectrum for green and roasted beans, which shows that the roasting process did not affect the spectrum. The results can be used to study the coffee quality resulting from different postharvest processing methods.

Kebutuhan Lahan Kopi Minimum untuk Kesejahteraan Petani di Provinsi Lampung

Indonesia, which is known to be an agricultural country and as one of the largest coffee exporters in the world, still has problems with the welfare of farmers. Decreased in agricultural land area can threaten the welfare of farmers. This is one of the concerns of this study by taking a case study of the welfare of coffee farmers in Lampung. This study aims to identify the need for a minimum coffee land area to maintain the stability of the welfare of coffee farmers in Lampung. This research will be conducted using qualitative descriptive research methods to examine efforts in the welfare of coffee plantation farmers, through its key factor, namely land ownership. The research process was carried out by identifying the results of calculating the production value and cost of coffee production in Lampung, which was then continued by calculating the level of welfare of the coffee farming community in order to get the final result of calculating the minimum coffee land area in Lampung. Based on the calculation results, each coffee farmer in Lampung Province needs an average of 4.06 hectares to meet the welfare according to the resident minimum wage. Meanwhile, based on the 2020-2022 National Leading Plantation Statistics, the average land area owned by coffee farmers in Lampung Province is still far from the need to fulfill the welfare of these farmers, which only reaches 27% (1.1 Ha).

A review of the indigenous coffee resources of Uganda and their potential for coffee sector sustainability and development.

Uganda is a major global coffee exporter and home to key indigenous (wild) coffee resources. A comprehensive survey of Uganda's wild coffee species was undertaken more than 80 years ago (in 1938) and thus a contemporary evaluation is required, which is provided here. We enumerate four indigenous coffee species for Uganda: Coffea canephora, C. eugenioides, C. liberica (var. dewevrei) and C. neoleroyi. Based on ground point data from various sources, survey of natural forests, and literature reviews we summarise taxonomy, geographical distribution, ecology, conservation, and basic climate characteristics, for each species. Using literature review and farm survey we also provide information on the prior and exiting uses of Uganda's wild coffee resources for coffee production. Three of the indigenous species (excluding C. neoleroyi) represent useful genetic resources for coffee crop development (e.g. via breeding, or selection), including: adaptation to a changing climate, pest and disease resistance, improved agronomic performance, and market differentiation. Indigenous C. canephora has already been pivotal in the establishment and sustainability of the robusta coffee sector in Uganda and worldwide, and has further potential for the development of this crop species. Coffea liberica var. dewevrei (excelsa coffee) is emerging as a commercially viable coffee crop plant in its own right, and may offer substantial potential for lowland coffee farmers, i.e. in robusta coffee growing areas. It may also provide useful stock material for the grafting of robusta and Arabica coffee, and possibly other species. Preliminary conservation assessments indicate that C. liberica var. dewevrei and C. neoleroyi are at risk of extinction at the country-level (Uganda). Adequate protection of Uganda's humid forests, and thus its coffee natural capital, is identified as a conservation priority for Uganda and the coffee sector in general.

PRODUCT QUALITY AFFECTS PURCHASING DECISIONS

The number of coffee lovers in this millenal era is rapidly increasing, and this fact has become the focus of attention for business actors. This fact has been proven by the increasing number of coffee consumption in Indonesia (Sari, Tety, & Eliza, 2016). Data from Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters and Industries (2017) shows that in 2010, coffee demands in Indonesia reached 190 millions kg, and in 2016 that number increased to 300 million kg, increased nearly 70% in just seven years. Indonesian people’s habits to gather together for chatting and enjoying a cup of coffee has now become Indonesian life style (Cita, 2015). This is in line with the growth of cafes in Indonesia, which is now amounting to more than 10.000 cafesand is predicted to continue to grow. In 2013-2017, the total revenue from cafe sector was estimated to increase from USD 3.4 billions to USD 4.16 billions. These facts prove that the number of coffee lovers in Indonesia is growing, since having coffee as breakfast or for afternoon break, either before or after activities, has become a routine for Indonesian people (Sudiyarto, Widayanti, & Kresna, 2012).

Coffee Export Marketing Strategy in North Sumatra Province During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this research is to analyze coffee export marketing strategy in North Sumatra Province during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The research is conducted in North Sumatra Province. Data collection techniques in this study used literature study, observation, and documentation. Data analysis uses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The internal factors of strength affecting coffee export in North Sumatra Province are physicality and quality, timely delivery, potential exporters, and networking as well as the internal factors of weakness, namely promotion, capital, and pricing policies. The external factors of opportunity, namely licenses, regular consumers, and export tariffs as well as the external factors of threat, namely prices, demand, the role of government, competitors, and the condition of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keywords: Coffee Export, Marketing Strategy, COVID-19 Pandemic, SWOT Analysis

Traceability, Value, and Trust in the Coffee Market: A Natural Experiment in Ethiopia

This study measures the impact of traceability attributes on international buyers’ willingness to pay for coffee produced in Ethiopia and the impact of accurate information on the production location of the coffee on the pricing according to its type and grade. Two sets of regression models were used to investigate the important determinant factors affecting the export prices of trader and producer coffee, one each for trader and producer coffee, to measure the impact of the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX) on the prices and to evaluate the effect of the coffee types and grades on the prices. The results show that after coffee was forced to be traded via the (ECX), traceable coffee export prices increased more than the reported price of nontraceable coffee. We also found that after the introduction of the ECX, the reported export prices of coffee were much more closely aligned to the movements in the international prices of coffee than before the ECX. Furthermore, we also found evidence that exporters and overseas buyers do not trust the results of the inspection and grading of coffee by the ECX unless traceability is also present. This is the first study to evaluate foreign buyers’ willingness to pay for the attribute of traceability of Ethiopian coffee and to see how traceability has affected buyers’ trust in the grades given by the ECX for the coffee it grades.

Cost and Profitability Analysis of Producing Specialty Coffee in El Salvador and Honduras

In Honduras and El Salvador, coffee (Coffea arabica) is one of the leading agricultural exports, and the share of specialty coffee is growing each year. However, despite the importance of specialty coffee production and exports, there is a knowledge gap regarding its cost structure and profitability, particularly those associated with labor costs. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the cost structure of specialty coffee in Honduras and El Salvador and to estimate the costs and profitability of producing specialty coffee in these countries. A semi-structured survey instrument was administered to 14 farmers in Honduras and El Salvador selected as a convenience sample to represent different farm sizes, regions, and specialty-conventional and organic production systems. Specialty-conventional refers to high-quality coffee with or without certifications. Then,cost-profitability models were developed using an economic cost approach, which considered cash, noncash cost, and the opportunity costs of inputs. The results showed that although both countries are neighbors and economically and culturally similar, the cost structure of producing specialty coffee differed significantly. Costs were lower and profits were higher in Honduras than in El Salvador, and the specialty-conventional coffee production system was more profitable than the organic production system.

Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on financial returns of smallholder coffee plantations in Lao PDR.

Laos is among the top twenty coffee producing country in the world-producing about 39,000 tonnes per year-and most of its production is currently exported to over 26 countries, contributing about 1.1% of the total export value or US$64.3 million in 2019 to Laos' national economy. COVID-19 restrictions on trade and movement of people have largely impacted on coffee markets and production. As a strategic crop in Laos, it is supported by a range of policies and programs to generate greater benefits to both independent smallholder farmers and those involved in cooperatives, including support for agroforestry production models involving coffee and tree crops. However, studies of the profitability of different coffee agroforestry models are limited. This study compares financial returns from four most popular coffee agroforestry models in two coffee production provinces of Laos, before and during COVID-19 pandemic. The data were gathered from 20 farmers, five coffee traders and an integrated coffee processing company. These data were then triangulated with, and supplemented by, interviews with coffee exporters (n = 3) and key informants (n = 4). Financial indicators suggest that all four agroforestry models were profitable before COVID, but profits for cooperative growers were higher than for smallholders due to higher crop productivity and lower costs. Despite higher prices due to COVID restrictions, other factors reduced profitability of all four models and one smallholder model became unprofitable. The reasons for such differences and related policy implications are discussed.

ANALISIS PENGARUH HARGA, NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH DAN PRODUKSI TERHADAP VOLUME EKSPOR KOPI INDONESIA

The high export of coffee commodities from Indonesia has made a major contribution to the world as a coffee supplier. This study aims to analyze the effect of coffee prices, the rupiah exchange rate and production have a simultaneous effect on Indonesia's coffee exports during 2001-2020. To analyze the effect of coffee prices, the rupiah exchange rate and production partially on Indonesian coffee exports during 2001-2020. The number of samples is 20 observations. The data collection method used in this study is to use non-behavior observation methods. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study found that prices, exchange rates and production simultaneously had a significant effect on coffee exports in Indonesia. Price, rupiah exchange rate and production have a positive and significant effect on coffee exports in Indonesia. The variable that has the dominant influence on coffee exports in Indonesia is price.
 Keywords: Price, Rupiah Exchange Rate, Production and Export.