Habitual Coffee Consumption Research Articles

C-Reactive Protein Partially Mediates the Inverse Association Between Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The UK Biobank and the Rotterdam Study Cohorts

ObjectivesGiven its popularity, there is an increasing interest in the study of coffee intake and its effect on health. Previous studies linked coffee consumption to lower type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. However, potential underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that coffee’s effects on systemic inflammation may play a role. We studied cross sectional and longitudinal associations of habitual coffee consumption with T2D risk and inflammation. MethodsParticipants from UK Biobank (UKB, n = 145,370) and Rotterdam Study (RS, n = 7172) cohorts were included. Coffee intake data were collected through self-administrated food frequency questionnaire or during home interviews. We studied associations of coffee intake with incident T2D using cox proportional hazard models; with longitudinally measured insulin resistance (HOMA IR) through linear mixed effect models; with serum baseline levels of inflammation markers using linear regressions; and the role of inflammation in coffee-T2D associations using mediation analysis. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors. Results were respectively expressed as hazard ratio (HR); β log transformed HOMA IR level; β log transformed ug/mL; and percentage mediated; and 95% confidence interval [95% CI]. ResultsUKB participants were 58% female and 55.2 years in average; RS were 59.7% female and 65.1 years. The median follow up was 7 (UKB) and 9 (RS) years. The modal coffee consumption was 0.5–2 cups/day (UKB) and 3–4 cups/day (RS). An increase of one coffee cup/day was associated with 4–6% lower T2D risk (RS HR 0.94 [95% CI 0.90; 0.98]; UKB HR 0.96 [0.94; 0.98]); lower HOMA IR (RS β –0.017 [–0.024; –0.010]); lower C reactive protein (CRP, RS β –0.014 [–0.022; –0.005]; UKBB β –0.011 [–0.012; –0.009] and higher adiponectin (RS β 0.025 [0.007; 0.042]. About coffee types, habitual consumers of filtered coffee had the lowest T2D risk (UKB HR 0.88 [0.83; 0.93]), compared to decaffeinated or instantaneous coffee. CRP levels mediated 9.6% (UKB) and 3.4% (RS) of the total effect of coffee on T2D. Adiponectin also showed evidence for mediation. ConclusionsCoffee’s beneficial effects on lower T2D risk may be partially mediated by improvements in systemic inflammation. Among coffee drinkers, filtered coffee may be of preference. Funding SourcesPartially funded by the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee.

Significant Impact of Coffee Consumption on MR-Based Measures of Cardiac Function in a Population-Based Cohort Study without Manifest Cardiovascular Disease.

Subclinical effects of coffee consumption (CC) with regard to metabolic, cardiac, and neurological complications were evaluated using a whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. A blended approach was used to estimate habitual CC in a population-based study cohort without a history of cardiovascular disease. Associations of CC with MRI markers of gray matter volume, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microhemorrhages, total and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), hepatic proton density fat fraction, early/late diastolic filling rate, end-diastolic/-systolic and stroke volume, ejection fraction, peak ejection rate, and myocardial mass were evaluated by linear regression. In our analysis with 132 women and 168 men, CC was positively associated with MR-based cardiac function parameters including late diastolic filling rate, stroke volume (p < 0.01 each), and ejection fraction (p < 0.05) when adjusting for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, cholesterol, and alcohol consumption. CC was inversely associated with VAT independent of demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors (p < 0.05), but this association did not remain significant after additional adjustment for alcohol consumption. CC was not significantly associated with potential neurodegeneration. We found a significant positive and independent association between CC and MRI-based systolic and diastolic cardiac function. CC was also inversely associated with VAT but not independent of alcohol consumption.

Coffee and Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Arguments for a Causal Relationship.

Prospective epidemiological studies concur in an association between habitual coffee consumption and a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Several aspects of these studies support a cause–effect relationship. There is a dependency on daily coffee dose. Study outcomes are similar in different regions of the world, show no differences between sexes, between obese versus lean, young versus old, smokers versus nonsmokers, regardless of the number of confounders adjusted for. Randomized controlled intervention trials did not find a consistent impact of drinking coffee on acute metabolic control, except for effects of caffeine. Therefore, lowering of diabetes risk by coffee consumption does not involve an acute effect on the post-meal course of blood glucose, insulin or insulin resistance. Several studies in animals and humans find that the ingestion of coffee phytochemicals induces an adaptive cellular response characterized by upregulation and de novo synthesis of enzymes involved in cell defense and repair. A key regulator is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in association with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AMP-activated kinase and sirtuins. One major site of coffee actions appears to be the liver, causing improved fat oxidation and lower risk of steatosis. Another major effect of coffee intake is preservation of functional beta cell mass via enhanced mitochondrial function, lower endoplasmic reticulum stress and prevention or clearance of aggregates of misfolded proinsulin or amylin. Long-term preservation of proper liver and beta cell function may account for the association of habitual coffee drinking with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, rather than acute improvement of metabolic control.

Hubungan antara Konsumsi Kopi dengan Gejala Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Introduction: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when there is the retrograde flow of gastric contents causing some symptoms or complications. One of the risk factors for GERD is the habit of consuming coffee, which has become a trend in everyday life without realizing it. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between coffee consumption and symptoms of GERD. Method: This research is an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional study design with a sample size of 86 people. Results: The results showed that most respondents were women with a total of 66 people (73.3%). Of the 86 respondents, 55 people (64%) had coffee consumption habits and 31 people (36%) did not. Respondents who did not have the possibility of suffering from GERD were 74 people (86.0%) and those who had the possibility of suffering GERD were 12 people (14.0%). Data analysis using the Spearman correlation test showed no significant relationship (p = 0.428) between the frequency of coffee consumption and symptoms of GERD. Of the 55 respondents who consumed coffee, 12 respondents (21.8%) consumed ready-to-drink liquid coffee, 19 respondents (34.5%) consumed ground instant coffee, and 24 respondents (43.6%) consumed ground/brewed coffee. Discussion: Data analysis using the Spearman correlation test showed no significant relationship (p = 0.193) between the type of coffee consumed and the symptoms of GERD. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between coffee consumption and GERD symptoms in students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hang Tuah Surabaya, class 2016-2018.

Hubungan antara Konsumsi Kopi dengan Gejala Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Introduction: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a condition that develops when there is the retrograde flow of gastric contents causing some symptoms or complications. One of the risk factors for GERD is the habit of consuming coffee, which has become a trend in everyday life without realizing it. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between coffee consumption and symptoms of GERD. Method: This research is an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional study design with a sample size of 86 people. Results: The results showed that most respondents were women with a total of 66 people (73.3%). Of the 86 respondents, 55 people (64%) had coffee consumption habits and 31 people (36%) did not. Respondents who did not have the possibility of suffering from GERD were 74 people (86.0%) and those who had the possibility of suffering GERD were 12 people (14.0%). Data analysis using the Spearman correlation test showed no significant relationship (p = 0.428) between the frequency of coffee consumption and symptoms of GERD. Of the 55 respondents who consumed coffee, 12 respondents (21.8%) consumed ready-to-drink liquid coffee, 19 respondents (34.5%) consumed ground instant coffee, and 24 respondents (43.6%) consumed ground/brewed coffee. Discussion: Data analysis using the Spearman correlation test showed no significant relationship (p = 0.193) between the type of coffee consumed and the symptoms of GERD. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant relationship between coffee consumption and GERD symptoms in students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hang Tuah Surabaya, class 2016-2018.

STUDY REGARDING THE COFFEE CONSUMPTION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the coffee consumption habits and experiences of tertiary students from the University of Craiova, Biology specialization. 54,17% of participants stated that they consume coffee daily and 45,83% only consume occasionally. 69,23% stated that they consume 2 cups of coffee per day, 23,08% consume only one cup and 7,69% consume 3 or more cups per day. 45,83% of the students stated that the effects depend on the dose and adverse effects may occur if caffeine consumption is excessive. 25% considered coffee to be harmful and 12,5% considered it beneficial. 16,67% stated that they do not know how to answer. 29,17% of the students said that they have insomnia and 18,05% of them have frequently tachycardia after coffee consumption.

THE EFFECT OF COFFEE BREWING METHODS ON TOOTH DISCOLORATION

Background: The color of teeth in each individual varies greatly in which it is influenced by the color of dentin and enamel. The most frequent tooth discoloration that happened is caused by extrinsic stains like coffee. Coffee consumption habits are increasing along with the level of creativity in serving coffee. Nowadays, coffee with conventional methods like black/Turkish coffee and manual brewing methods such as drip brewing and espresso become popular coffee that are fancied by Indonesian people. Exposure to chromogenic substances and the acidic nature of coffee can cause the formation of pores in enamel and facilitate the deposition of dyes, which cause the color changes. Aim: The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of brewing methods on tooth discoloration. Method: This research was a true experimental study with a pre-post test control group design. Twenty eight post-extracted first premolar teeth samples divided into 4 groups for drip, espresso, black coffee and control by implementing random allocation. All samples were immersed in each coffee brewing group for 3 hours, 6 hours, and 9 hours. The teeth color was measured using a Chromameter based on the CIE L*a*b system. Statistical tests used Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Result: The Kruskal Wallis test showed differences in the color change ∆a * between the four groups (p &lt; 0.05). Mann-Whitney test indicated a significant difference between the treatment group (drip, espresso, and black coffee group) and the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Drip coffee, espresso and black coffee brewing methods can affect tooth discoloration, especially affects the red discoloration. But there is no difference in the effect of the drip, espresso, and black coffee brewing methods on tooth discoloration.

Coffee, Black Tea, and Green Tea Consumption in Relation to Plasma Metabolites in an Asian Population.

Coffee and tea are among the most popular beverages in the world. However, the association between habitual coffee, green tea, and black tea consumption with metabolomics profiles in Asian populations remain largely unknown. 158 metabolites (14 amino acids, 45 acylcarnitines, and 99 sphingolipids) in the blood plasma of participants are measured from the population-based Singapore Prospective Study Program cohort using mass spectrometry (MS). Linear regression models are used to obtain the estimates for the association between coffee and tea consumption with metabolite levels, adjusted for potential confounders and false discovery rate (FDR). Coffee consumption is significantly associated with higher levels of 63 sphingolipids (29 sphingomyelins, 32 ceramides, a sphingosine-1-phosphate, and a sphingosine) and lower levels of 13 acylcarnitines and alanine. Black tea consumption is significantly associated with higher levels of eight sphingolipids, and lower levels of an amino acid, whereas green tea is significantly inversely associated with four metabolites (C8:1-OH acylcarnitine, ganglioside GM3 d18:1/16:0, sphingomyelins d18:2/18:0 and d18:1/14:0). Coffee, black tea, and green tea consumption are associated with plasma levels of certain classes of sphingolipids and acylcarnitines in an Asian population, particularly sphingomyelins, which may mediate the health benefits of these beverages.

Nutritional Status, Health Status, and Work Productivity of Cocoa Farmers in Polewali Mandar, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to analyze the associations between nutritional status, health status, other determining factors with work productivity of cocoa farmers. This cross-sectional study involved 58 male cocoa farmers aged 18–65 years old in two districts of Polewali Mandar. Data on food consumption and habit as well as health status were collected via structured interviews. While, blood pressure and anthropometric parameters were measured using standard equipment of blood pressure meter, weight scale, and height scale. Spearman’s test and Principal Components Regression (PCR) analysis were implemented to explore factors associated with farmers’ work productivity. There was no relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and work productivity. However, there was a significant positive association between central obesity with days of absent (r=0.275; p=0.037). We also found negativeassociation between blood pressure and the amount of cocoa picked daily (r=-0.366; p=0.005). PCR statistical analysis results showed that the amount of cocoa picked per day were significantly associated with smaller waist circumference, coffee consumption, and good exercise habit. While, decrease in consumption of fruits and vegetables was significantly associated with the number of absence days due to health problems. Thus, it can be concluded that work productivity of male cocoa farmers was associated with food consumption, physical activity, and lifestyle factors.

Relationship between Intraocular Pressure and Coffee Consumption in a Japanese Population without Glaucoma: The Nagahama Study

To evaluate the association between daily coffee consumption and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy persons without glaucoma and the association between daily coffee consumption and history of glaucoma. Cross-sectional study. A total of 9850 individuals participated in the first follow-up of the Nagahama Prospective Cohort for Comprehensive Human Bioscience (the Nagahama Study) conducted between 2013 and2016. All participants underwent a standardized ophthalmic examination. Self-reporting questionnaires were completed by all participants. First, the association between habitual coffee consumption and IOP among nonglaucoma individuals was evaluated by a multivariate linear regression analysis, adjusting for possible confounders. Second, the association between habitual coffee consumption and history of glaucoma also was evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The association between habitual coffee consumption and IOP among nonglaucoma individuals. Of 9850 participants, 9418 did not have history of glaucoma. Among these participants, the mean ±standard deviation IOP of both eyes was 14.7 ± 2.9 mmHg. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that habitual coffee consumption was associated significantly with IOP (P < 0.001): the higher the consumption of coffee, the lower the IOP of an individual. The IOP of the group who consumed coffee most frequently (3 times daily or more) was 0.4 mmHg lower (95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.5 mmHg lower) than that of the group that consumed coffee least frequently (less than once daily). However, the logistic regression analysis showed that habitual coffee consumption was not associated significantly with history of glaucoma (P= 0.53). Frequent coffee consumption was associated with a slightly lower IOP in people without glaucoma but was not associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma developing. Additional experimental studies are needed to examine the effects of coffee on IOP and glaucoma risk.

Habitual Coffee and Tea Consumption and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in the UK Biobank: The Role of Beverage Types and Genetic Variation

Mechanisms linking habitual consumption of coffee and tea to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases remain unclear. We leveraged dietary, genetic, and biomarker data collected from the UK Biobank to investigate the role of different varieties of coffee and tea in cardiometabolic health. We included data from ≤447,794 participants aged 37-73 y in 2006-2010 who provided a blood sample and completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic factors, medical history, diet, and lifestyle. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association between coffee or tea consumption and blood concentrations of glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, fasting triglycerides (TGs), apoA-1, apoB, lipoprotein-a, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Lifestyle and genetic factors affecting caffeine metabolism, responses, or intake were tested for interactions with beverage intake in relation to biomarker concentrations. Compared with coffee nonconsumers, each additional cup of coffee was significantly associated with higher total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations and lower TG and CRP concentrations in both men and women (P-trend<0.002). Higher consumption of espresso coffee (≥2compared with 0 cups/d) was associated with higher LDL cholesterol in men (β: 0.110mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.058, 0.163 mmol/L) and women (β: 0.161mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.088, 0.234 mmol/L), whereas no substantial association was observed for instant coffee. Compared with tea nonconsumers, higher tea consumption was associated with lower total and LDL cholesterol and apoB and higher HDL cholesterol (P-trend<0.002); these associations were similar for black and green tea. Associations were not modified by genetics. In the UK Biobank, consumption of certain coffee brews such as espresso had unfavorable associations with blood lipids, whereas consumption of tea had favorable associations. Findings were not modified by genetic variants affecting caffeine metabolism, suggesting a role of noncaffeine constituents of these beverages in cardiometabolic health.

Effect of habitual consumption of Ethiopian Arabica coffee on the risk of cardiovascular diseases among non-diabetic healthy adults

BackgroundGlobally, coffee is one of the most consumed beverages and recently, it has been a target of researchers to understand its effect on human health whether good or bad. Even though there is controversy on coffee consumption effect in cardiovascular diseases, several reports pointed out that coffee has a positive effect on the occurrence and progression of chronic non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of Ethiopian coffee Arabica consumption on cardiovascular diseases has not been well investigated thoroughly. ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of habitual consumption of Ethiopian Arabica coffee on the risk of cardiovascular diseases among non-diabetic individuals in Addis Ababa. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 70 healthy individuals in Addis Ababa. The participants were 35 coffee drinkers (16 males; 19 females) and 35 non-drinkers (15 males; 20 females). Coffee consumption and demographic data were obtained by using questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were measured according to World Health Organization standards. Blood samples were collected by trained laboratory technicians through aseptic and sterile techniques for the analysis of biochemical parameters. Serum was separated via centrifugation and transported to Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Biochemistry laboratory with an ice pack for analysis or stored at -80 °C. Results were compared between coffee consumers and non -consumers using appropriate statistical parameter. ResultThe main finding of this study was that consumption of Ethiopian origin Arabica coffee leads to a significant increase in serum free fatty acids (FFAs) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as a significant decrease in triacylglycerides (TAGs) but has no significant effect in both total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). The magnitude of the effect is similar in both sexes. ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that Ethiopian coffee Arabica consumption significantly affected most serum lipid levels and so it may be possible to say it has a protective effect against risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the correlations between coffee consumption habits and serum lipid levels require further investigation through experimental and epidemiological studies with larger sample size, including different age groups and nutritional habits.

Coffee Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Meta-Epidemiological Study of Population-based Cohort Studies.

Objective:Previous systematic reviews evaluating the association between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer showed inconsistent results. The aim was to conduct a meta-epidemiological study to explore further the association between coffee consumption and the incidence of pancreatic cancer. Methods:The selection criteria were defined as a population-based prospective cohort study reporting adjusted relative risk (RR) and their 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of pancreatic cancer occurrence according to coffee consumption. Adjusted RR for the highest versus the lowest level of coffee consumption in each study was extracted. A fixed-effect model was applied to calculate a summary RR (sRR) and its 95%CI. Two-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis (DRMA) was performed to estimate the incidence risk per unit dose (cup per day). Results:Twelve cohort studies were selected for meta-analysis. The total number of cohort participants was 3,230,053, and pancreatic cancer incidents were 10,587. The sRR of pancreatic cancer risk for the highest versus the lowest level of coffee consumption indicated no statistical significance (sRR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.88-1.10; I-squared=0.0%). Two-stage random-effect DRMA showed the non-linear relationship between the amount of coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer risk. And the RR for an increment of one cup per day of coffee consumption was 0.97 (95%CI: 0.91-1.04, P=0.42), without statistically significant. Conclusion:There was no association between coffee consumption habits and pancreatic cancer risk. And there was no statistical significance in the dose-response relationship between the amount of coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer risk. Finding the turning point would be important because it can be critical information for the prevention of pancreatic cancer.

Habitual coffee intake and risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Epidemiological studies support a protective role of habitual coffee and caffeine consumption against the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the causal relationship between coffee intake and the risk of NAFLD. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using SNPs associated with habitual coffee intake in a published genome-wide association study (GWAS) as genetic instruments and summary-level data from a published GWAS of NAFLD (1122 cases and 399,900 healthy controls) in the UK Biobank. The causal relationship was estimated with the inverse weighted method using a 4-SNP and 6-SNP instrument based on the single largest non-UK Biobank GWAS (n = 91,462) and meta-analysis (n = 121,524) of GWAS data on habitual coffee intake, respectively. To maximize power, we also used up to 77 SNPs associated with coffee intake at a liberal significance level (p ≤ 1e-4) as instruments. We observed a non-significant trend towards a causal protective effect of coffee intake on NAFLD based upon either the 4-SNP (OR: 0.76; 95% CI 0.51, 1.14, p = 0.19) or 6-SNP genetic instruments (OR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.48, 1.25, p = 0.29). The result also remains non-significant when using the more liberal 77-SNP instrument. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between coffee intake and NAFLD risk. However, despite the largest-to-date sample size, the power of this study may be limited by the non-specificity and moderate effect size of the genetic alleles on coffee intake.

Caffeinated Coffee and Tea Consumption,Genetic Variation and Cognitive Function in the UK Biobank

Coffee and tea are the major contributors of caffeine in the diet. Evidence points to the premise that caffeine may benefit cognition. We examined the associations of habitual regular coffee or tea and caffeine intake with cognitive function whilst additionally accounting for genetic variation in caffeine metabolism. We included white participants aged 37-73 y from the UK Biobank who provided biological samples and completed touchscreen questionnaires regarding sociodemographic factors, medical history, lifestyle, and diet. Habitual caffeine-containing coffee and tea intake was self-reported in cups/day and used to estimate caffeine intake. Between 97,369 and 445,786 participants with data also completed ≥1 of 7 self-administered cognitive functioning tests using a touchscreen system (2006-2010) or on home computers (2014). Multivariable regressions were used to examine the association between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and cognition test scores. We also tested interactions between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and a genetic-based caffeine-metabolism score (CMS) on cognitive function. After multivariable adjustment, reaction time, Pairs Matching, Trail Making test B, and symbol digit substitution, performance significantly decreased with consumption of 1 or more cups of coffee (all tests P-trend < 0.0001). Tea consumption was associated with poor performance on all tests (P-trend < 0.0001). No statistically significant CMS×tea, CMS×coffee, or CMS×caffeine interactions were observed. Our findings, based on the participants of the UK Biobank, provide little support for habitual consumption of regular coffee or tea and caffeine in improving cognitive function. On the contrary, we observed decrements in performance with intakes of these beverages which may be a result of confounding. Whether habitual caffeine intake affects cognitive function therefore remains to be tested.

Interactions of Habitual Coffee Consumption by Genetic Polymorphisms with the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Combined.

Habitual coffee consumption and its association with health outcomes may be modified by genetic variation. Adults aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korea Association Resource (KARE) study were included in this study. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on coffee consumption in 7868 Korean adults, and examined whether the association between coffee consumption and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined was modified by the genetic variations in 4054 adults. In the GWAS for coffee consumption, a total of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 12q24.11-13 (rs2074356, rs11066015, rs12229654, rs11065828, and rs79105258) were selected and used to calculate weighted genetic risk scores. Individuals who had a larger number of minor alleles for these five SNPs had higher genetic risk scores. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to examine the association. During the 12 years of follow-up, a total of 2468 (60.9%) and 480 (11.8%) participants were diagnosed as prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, respectively. Compared with non-black-coffee consumers, the OR (95% CI) for ≥2 cups/day by black-coffee consumers was 0.61 (0.38–0.95; p for trend = 0.023). Similarly, sugared coffee showed an inverse association. We found a potential interaction by the genetic variations related to black-coffee consumption, suggesting a stronger association among individuals with higher genetic risk scores compared to those with lower scores; the ORs (95% CIs) were 0.36 (0.15–0.88) for individuals with 5 to 10 points and 0.87 (0.46–1.66) for those with 0 points. Our study suggests that habitual coffee consumption was related to genetic polymorphisms and modified the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined in a sample of the Korean population. The mechanisms between coffee-related genetic variation and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined warrant further investigation.

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Gastritis di Puskesmas Biru Kabupaten Bone

Gastritis is experienced by many Indonesians ranging from adolescence to old age. In Bone District in 2018 there were 20,792 cases and 60 deaths. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of gastritis at ​​Puskesmas Biru in Bone Regency in 2019. This type of research is observational analytic using cross-sectional study design. The Population in this research were visitors to the general clinic of Puskesmas Biru during January – August 2019 with total of minimum sample is 235 people by using the sampling technique was accidental sampling. Research was held in Puskesmas Biru from October to November 2019. Data were analyzed univariate and bivariate using chi square test. The results of the study showed that the number of respondents suffering from gastritis was 79 people (33.6%). Chi square test results showed that the type of food (p=0.001), stress (p=0,000), and NSAIDs consumption (p=0,000) were factors associated with gastritis. While the frequency of eating (p=0.053), coffee consumption (p=0.787), and smoking habits (p=0.319) were not factors associated with the occurrence of gastritis. There is a relationship between the type of food, stress, and NSAIDs consumption with the occurrence of gastritis at ​​Puskesmas Biru in Bone Regency in 2019. Suggestions for the people to adopt a healthy lifestyle in order to avoid gastritis and to the next researcher to be able to develop research related to gastritis so that references related to the causal relationship of this disease can develop.

Health Effects of Coffee: Mechanism Unraveled?

The association of habitual coffee consumption with a lower risk of diseases, like type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, certain cancer types, or with reduced all-cause mortality, has been confirmed in prospective cohort studies in many regions of the world. The molecular mechanism is still unresolved. The radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of coffee constituents is too weak to account for such effects. We argue here that coffee as a plant food has similar beneficial properties to many vegetables and fruits. Recent studies have identified a health promoting mechanism common to coffee, vegetables and fruits, i.e., the activation of an adaptive cellular response characterized by the upregulation of proteins involved in cell protection, notably antioxidant, detoxifying and repair enzymes. Key to this response is the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2) system by phenolic phytochemicals, which induces the expression of cell defense genes. Coffee plays a dominant role in that regard because it is the major dietary source of phenolic acids and polyphenols in the developed world. A possible supportive action may be the modulation of the gut microbiota by non-digested prebiotic constituents of coffee, but the available data are still scarce. We conclude that coffee employs similar pathways of promoting health as assumed for other vegetables and fruits. Coffee beans may be viewed as healthy vegetable food and a main supplier of dietary phenolic phytochemicals.

Coffee consumption is not associated with risk of multiple sclerosis: A Mendelian randomization study

Objective. Coffee consumption has been suggested to decrease the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we aim to investigate the causal effect of coffee consumption on risk of MS by Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. Methods. Through a genome-wide association study including 375,833 participants from UK Biobank, we obtained single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with habitual coffee consumption (P < 5 × 10−8). Summary-level data for MS were obtained from a meta-analysis, incorporating 14,802 subjects with MS and 26,703 healthy controls of European ancestry, which was conducted by the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. MR analyses were performed using inverse-variance-weighted method, weighted median estimator, and MR-Egger regression. Additional analyses were further performed using MR-Egger intercept and Cochran's Q statistic to verify the robustness of our findings. Results. Nine coffee-associated SNPs were selected as instrumental variables. We failed to detect a causal effect of coffee consumption on MS risk (odds ratio, 1,00; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.01; P = 0.48). In the main MR analysis. Consistent results were yielded in sensitivity analyses using the weighted median and MR-Egger methods, and no horizontal pleiotropy (P = 0.49) was identified. Conclusion. Our MR results indicated that coffee consumption might not be causally associated with risk of MS occurrence. Further well-designed genetic-epidemiological studies investigating the effect of coffee intake on the disease course, such as relapse and progression, are warranted.

Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A prospective analysis in the cohort study.

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages around the world. Dietary habits, specifically, coffee consumption has long been a suspected cause of hypertension. However, previous findings on coffee consumption and its association with the incidence of hypertension are not homogeneous and still inconsistent. To examine the association of habitual coffee consumption with the risk of developing hypertension in a middle-aged Brazilian cohort. Data were from the multicenter prospective cohort "Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil". The cohort comprises 15,105 civil servants, aged 35-74yearsat baseline, who were sampled from universities located in six Brazilian cities. For the present study, we analyzed data from 8780 participants initially free of hypertension during a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. The consumption of coffee was obtained at baseline using a previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Subsequently coffee intake was categorized into four categories (cups/day): never/almost never, ≤1, 1-3, and >3. Hypertension status was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg, use of antihypertensive drug treatment, or both. Poisson regression model with a robust variance was performed to estimate relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (95% CI) for hypertension according to baseline coffee consumption. The effect of interaction between coffee consumption and smoking status was assessed. Most participants (90%) drank coffee, and the median total coffee intake was 150mL/day. A total of 1285 participants developed hypertension. Compared to participants who never or almost never drink coffee, the risk of hypertension was lower for individuals consuming 1-3 cups/day (RR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68-0.97) (P for interaction=0.018). After stratification by smoking status the analysis revealed a decreased risk of hypertension in never smokers drinking 1-3 cups of coffee per day (RR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64-0.98), whereas the hypertension risk among former and current smokers was not associated with coffee consumption significantly. Moreover, upper category of coffee drinking (>3 cups/day) the association was not significant for risk of hypertension. The association between coffee consumption and incidence of hypertension was related to smoking status. The beneficial effect of moderate coffee intake (1-3 cups/day) on risk of hypertension was observed only in never smokers.