Coffee Bags Research Articles

FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF IRRIGATED COFFEE PRODUCTION IN REGIONS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION WITHOUT IRRIGATION

Due to new economic order, agricultural business is of the same complexity, importance and dynamics of other sectors of theeconomy, requiring farmers to have a new outlook on how to run their business. Thus, it becomes necessary to economicaly analyze theactivity you begin to know the details and to use the production factors intelligently and cost efficiently. Therefore, this study aimed to estimatethe cost of production of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) irrigated with a central pivot in the region of Lavras, MG. The experimental designwas randomized blocks with six treatments and three repetitions. The treatments consisted of water levels applied according to thepercentages of crop coefficients values (Kc), currently used by irrigators in the region of Lavras, and evapotranspiration reference (ET0),that is: Tr1 = 0; Tr2 = 60%KcET0, Tr3 = 80%KcET0, Tr4 = 100% KcET0, Tr5 = 120% KcET0 e Tr6 = 140%KcET0 . For the process ofestimating the cost of production, conceptualized as the sum of values of all resources and operations used in the production process of theactivity, we used the calculation of depreciation and alternative cost. The average productivity achieved with the treatments was 29.31, 39.51,51.12, 60.65, 63.82 and 74.84 bags per hectare for Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, TR4, TR5 and Tr6 respectively. Considering the price of a bag of coffee at$ 250.00, the economic analysis showed that, at this price level, irrigated coffee production is economically viable, and irrigation management,with water replacement calculated based on 100 % of the value of Kc, resulted in higher profits

EIS Measurements for Determining the SoC and SoH of Li-Ion Batteries

In the framework of the ALIDISSI project of the Stock-E program funded by the French Research National Agency (ANR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used as a non intrusive tool to perform in-situ diagnosis of batteries for applications dedicated to hybrid electric vehicles and grid-connected photovoltaic solar energy. EIS measurements were performed on 3-electrode coffee bag Li-ion cells during cycling with the aim of identifying the ageing mechanisms in these applications and determining impedance parameters related to the State-of-Charge (SoC) and State-of-Health (SoH) of the cells. EIS diagrams were modeled with electric equivalent circuits and, using an automatic spectra treatment, SoC and SoH prediction algorithms based on a multivariate mathematical analysis were obtained. They give a 10% SoC error on commercial LiFePO4/graphite cells and a 7% SoH error on LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 cells with EIS measurements performed at 20 degrees.

Physical-mechanical and Morphological Properties of Cellulose Reinforced Composites from Recycled Jute Woven Cloth

In this study, the jute cloth from recycled coffee bags was used to fabricate ecologically friendly composites by hand lay up molding technique. As the primal investigation, the effect of moisture contents of the jute cloth on the mechanical properties of the composites was discussed based on the results of 3 point bending and Izod impact tests. Additionally, The Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and the thermogravimetric (TGA) were also performed to investigate the thermal properties of the composites. The results suggested that the moisture content of jute cloth did not affect significantly on the thermal behaviors. However bending and Izod impact tests’ results showed that the mechanical properties of composites deceased with the decrease of the moisture content. On the other hand, the composite with low moisture content had relative higher initial fracture stress which was considered affected by better interfacial between natural fiber and polymer.

G0400-3-4 廃棄ジュート織物を用いたSMCの成形と物性([G0400-3]機械材料・材料加工部門一般(3):成形性と強度)

Unsaturated polyester resin as the matrix and recycled jute woven cloth sourced from used coffee bags as reinforcements were used to fabricate natural fiber reinforced composites by Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) method which is suitable for mass production. The mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated by 3-point bending test, low-cycle fatigue bending test as well as the durability of the SMC in the hot water immersion. The SMC with the jute cloth achieved an elastic modulus value of about 80% and the strength value of about 85% of that of standard the SMC that the reinforcements were chopped strand glass mats. It was found that cracks were generated from the surface towards the fiber-matrix interface. After exposure to hydrothermal degradation for 504 hours, the bending strength of the SMC with the jute cloth decreased to about 60% to that of the virgin.

A multi-sample automatic system forin situelectrochemical X-ray diffraction synchrotron measurements

An automatic system that allows continuous in situ electrochemical X-ray diffraction measurements has been developed and implemented at the MS-X04SA beamline at the Swiss Light Source. The system consists of an automatic sample changer, improved ;coffee bag' electrochemical cells, and simple control software. The sample changer can sequentially move up to 32 electrochemical cells into the beam. For each cell an independent electrochemical program is possible. The MYTHEN microstrip detector at the beamline enables parallel detection of diffracted X-ray beams and, thus, fast data acquisition, along with a high 2theta resolution. In this communication the set-up is presented on two typical examples from the field of lithium-ion batteries, (i) structural changes in a layered LiCoO(2) positive electrode upon battery charging and (ii) the effect of co-intercalation of ionic liquids into the graphite negative electrode.

Fatores da embalagem de café orgânico torrado e moído na intenção de compra do consumidor

The effect of some of the characteristics of organic coffee packaging on the consumer’s intention to purchase was studied using conjoint analysis. Four factors, each having two levels, were chosen and considered, namely: price (high and low), color of the packaging (red and green), brand name (familiar and unfamiliar), and information about organic foods (with and without the terms environmental-friendly and free of agrotoxic chemicals). Sixteen hypothetical organic coffee bags were created following a complete factorial design, which were then evaluated by 144 consumers based on their intention to purchase. The data were analyzed using the clustering segmentation model. The familiar brand name positively affected the intention to purchase of 93% of the consumers. High-priced organic coffee packaging had a negative impact on all the participants’ intention to purchase. The color of the packaging had little impact on the consumers’ evaluation. Printed information about organic foods positively affected the intention to purchase of 79% of the participants, demonstrating that consumers want to find information about the product printed on its packaging.

Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity during Transportation on Green Coffee Bean Moisture Content and Ochratoxin A Production

Changes in temperature, relative humidity, and moisture content of green coffee beans were monitored during transportation of coffee from Brazil to Italy. Six containers (three conventional and three prototype) were stowed in three different places (hold, first floor, and deck) on the ship. Each prototype was located next to a conventional container. The moisture content of the coffee in the container located on the first floor was less affected by environmental variations (0.7%) than that in the hold and on the deck. Coffee located in the hold showed the highest variation in moisture content (3%); in addition, the container showed visible condensation. Coffee transported on the deck showed an intermediary variation in moisture (2%), and there was no visible condensation. The variation in coffee moisture content of the prototype containers was similar to that of the conventional ones, especially in the top layers of coffee bags (2 to 3%), while the increase in water activity was 0.70. This suggests that diffusion of moisture occurs very slowly inside the cargo and that there are thus sufficient time and conditions for fungal growth. The regions of the container near the wall and ceiling are susceptible to condensation since they are close to the headspace with its high relative humidity. Ochratoxin A production occurred in coffee located at the top of the container on the deck and in the wet bags from the hold (those found to be wet on opening the containers at the final destination).

Estratégia de comercialização em mercados derivativos - descobrimento de base e risco de base da cafeicultura em diversas localidades de Minas Gerais e São Paulo

Com o presente trabalho tem-se por objetivo geral mensurar os valores da base e do risco de base da atividade cafeeira de importantes cidades produtoras de café localizadas no Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, pois a estratégia de se utilizar os mercados derivativos vem ganhando cada vez mais importância, devido às suas características, que propiciam o feitio de ''hedge'' de preços. Os municípios estudados foram Boa Esperança, Caratinga, Lavras, Machado, Patrocínio, Três Pontas, Varginha e Garça (SP). Os dados primários utilizados sobre o preço da saca de café comercializada no mercado local foram coletados diretamente nas instituições participantes, e o preço do café no mercado futuro foi levantando junto à BM&F. A diversidade dos valores da base e do risco de base encontrada demonstra que cada localidade apresenta características próprias de comercialização, e todas as localidades apresentam valores negativos. A época de comercialização é um importante fator a ser levado em consideração, pois na safra há um fortalecimento da base e o risco de base é menor do que na entressafra, que apresenta um enfraquecimento da base.

Modelo aplicado ao planejamento da cafeicultura irrigada. II. Preço e opção de venda da saca de café beneficiado

This paper aims to execute simulation of prices of the processed coffee bag of 60 kg and to determine the best quarterly-sale options of coffee, starting from five price-series and by means of the identification of the best series. An economic risk analysis model applied to the planning of irrigation projects for coffee plantation was used to carry out the analysis. The results indicated that the function used to estimate the prices of the coffee was an adequate artifice in the simulations. The best option for quarter sale recommends to sell 25% of the coffee at the first quarter, 0% at the second, 50% at the third and 25% at the forth, for the series of prices established by Cooparaiso. It is not much probable that the farmers receive less than 97.30 dollars per bag, or more than 113.62 dollars per bag, on average, along useful lifetime of coffee plant. Key words: model, simulation, price, sale, irrigated coffee.

New polymer lithium secondary batteries based on ORMOCER ® electrolytes–inorganic–organic polymers

Based on new plasticized inorganic–organic polymer electrolytes [M. Popall, M. Andrei, J. Kappel, J. Kron, K. Olma, B. Olsowski, ‘ORMOCERs as Inorganic–organic Electrolytes for New Solid State Lithium Batteries and Supercapacitors’, Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998) 1155] new flexible foil-batteries in ‘coffee bag arrangement’ were assembled and tested. The electrolyte works as separator and binder for the cathodes. Self-diffusion NMR studies on the system (EC/PC/Li +N(SO 2CF 3) 2 −/ORMOCER ®) resulted in cationic transport numbers ( t +) of 0.42 for the EC/PC/salt system and 0.35 for the ternary electrolyte, typical for polymer electrolytes. Cycling tests (more than 900 cycles) proved that the unplasticized electrolyte can act as binder in composite cathodes of lithium secondary batteries [2]. Charge/discharge cycles of complete batteries like (Cu/active carbon/ORMOCER ®/LiCoO 2/Al) with an ORMOCER ® as separator electrolyte were measured. The voltage drop of these batteries is very similar to cells with standard liquid electrolytes and the efficiency is close to 100%. Cycling the batteries with a current density of 0.25 mA cm −2 between the voltage limits of 3.1 and 4.1 V results in a charge/discharge capacity (referring to the cathode mass) of 100 mAh g −1 at the beginning and after a slight decrease in a stabilised capacity of 75 mAh g −1 after 15 cycles. These promising results could be optimised by using highly purified components.

Discrete Option Pricing: A Simplified Exposition (Part I)

The objective of this teaching note is to present the basic principles of discrete option pricing in simple language, with detailed jargon-free explanation and rudimentary algebra. Simple numerical examples are used to illustrate the main ideas. The basic ideas for call and put options are explained in the familiar context of dealings between a coffee shop owner, a coffee dealer and a coffee farmer. At the beginning, the reader is informed that the actual probabilities of the future states of nature are irrelevant for calculating the values of the options. First, the valuation formulas are derived by replicating the payoff structure for the options with bags of coffee and cash. Second, the valuation formulas are derived with the construction of the risk-free hedge portfolio with bags of coffee and number of options. It is hoped that this introductory exposition of discrete option pricing will facilitate the reader's engagement with other materials in option pricing, both discrete and continuous.

A BILLION £s' WORTH OF CUPPAS

The hot beverage market, made up of tea, ground and instant coffee, cocoa and drinking chocolate, and malted food drinks, exceeded £1 billion in 1984. Tea and coffee are worth about the same, just under £500m each, but tea is still the nation's most popular drink. Each Briton consumes six cups of hot drinks a day and just under four cups are tea. Tea outranks coffee in cups drunk by over 2 to 1, and 215,000 tons of tea are imbibed each year. ‘Hot Beverages in the UK’ is the second in the Drink Market Updates series by the Market Information Service at the Leatherhead Food Research Association. This report gives information on market shares, market sizes, consumption patterns and future trends in instant and ground coffee, packet tea and tea bags, and food drinks. The hot beverage market is expanding only in a few specialised areas, in particular, ground coffee, premium instant coffee and speciality teas. Currently worth only £168m between them, they are unlikely to make a great impact on the total market for some time.

Continuities and Contradictions in the Evolution of Brazilian Dependence

Bags of coffee loaded onto the ships that docked in the port of Santos were Brazil's link to the international economy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. International trade of unparalleled dimensions was coupled with capitalist accumulation of equally unparalleled scale in the center countries of the system. Countries at the periphery of the system helped support the accumulation of capital in the center by producing primary products and consuming the manufactured goods turned out by the factories in the center. Few played their role better than Brazil. Brazil's foremost partner at the center, Britain, played its role with equal adeptness. While Germany, the United States, and other European countries all competed at the center of the system, Britain was pre-eminent. Britain and Brazil together provide a concrete definition of the classic model of dependency. Classic dependency worked well for the British and for the Brazilian coffee planters, but despite the wealth, power, and ingenuity of its beneficiaries, the system could not be preserved. Its own development created forces of production and social groups that eventually transformed it into a very different kind of political economy. Fifty years after the First World War first disrupted the international system that the British had constructed, Brazil was producing most of its own manufactured goods. Brazilians were selling more and more of their manufactures on the international market, while the British were having increasing difficulty finding buyers. In some respects at least, the classic system of dependency had been turned upside down. Dependency had been transformed by the seventies, but imperialism was still very much alive. Direct investments, North American and European, gave foreign capital from the center countries greater control over the workings of the Brazilian economy than ever before. The need for capital goods and intermediate products to keep the new industrial structure operating made Brazil as dependent on foreign imports as ever. Imperialism had been internalized, and Brazil had been incorporated into a set of property relations and organizational structures based in the center countries. The models developed to fit the system of classic dependency, like those of Baran (1968), Prebisch (1964) and Frank (1967), are well known. Even more

American Activity in North Borneo, 1865-1881

the brilliant success of our transatlantic cousins in colonizing California, transforming it from a wilderness into one of the powerful States of the World, a feat unequalled in speed and brilliancy of execution in ancient or modern history, leads us to hope for the happiest results from this attempt, hampered as they are by the various difficulties which surround them. If their natural elasticity of disposition, unwearied industry and that remarkable perseverence and carelessness of obstacles which induced the Emperor Christophe to say if there was a bag of coffee in hell, there would be a Yankee found to go and fetch it, will not enable them to surmount these obstacles, it will be useless for any other nation to attempt it. We wish them every success.

African Coffee on Kilimanjaro: A Chagga Kihamba

(1952). African Coffee on Kilimanjaro: A Chagga Kihamba. Economic Geography: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 181-185.