Planting Research Articles

Water quality of coffee plantations during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the western ghats, Ponnampet, Kodagu district, Karnataka, India

Water quality of coffee plantations during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons in the western ghats, Ponnampet, Kodagu district, Karnataka, India

Adoption of organic farming practices of coffee plantation in the Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu

Adoption of organic farming practices of coffee plantation in the Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu

Analysis of the Economic Feasibility of Using Modern Agricultural Machinery in Oil Palm Plantations in South Sumatra

This study investigates the economic feasibility of using modern agricultural machinery in oil palm plantations in South Sumatra. A quantitative approach was employed, involving 40 samples collected through a structured questionnaire utilizing a Likert scale from 1 to 5. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, focusing on key economic indicators such as production efficiency, cost savings, and profitability. The results revealed strong positive and significant relationships between the use of modern machinery and all three economic indicators. The findings suggest that modern agricultural machinery significantly enhances economic performance in oil palm plantations, making it a viable investment for improving productivity and profitability. These insights provide valuable guidance for plantation owners and policymakers in promoting the adoption of advanced agricultural technology in the region.

Bee pollination affects coffee quality, yield, and trade-offs within them

Bees provide valuable pollination services by increasing crop yields. However, pollination services to crop quality – which often determines nutritional and financial value – have been less studied, particularly in tropical commodities such as coffee. Understanding how pollination affects coffee quality is critical because high-quality coffee on the specialty market fetches higher prices, which can potentially benefit farmers more than just focusing on yield alone. This study aimed to test the effects of bee pollination on coffee yield and quality and to evaluate possible trade-offs within them. We conducted bee-exclusion experiments on 30 coffee plants in the Tarrazú region of Costa Rica, controlling for several factors associated with coffee quality. At the end of the growing season, we harvested the berries and compared yield (that is, fruit set and weight) and quality (that is, the cup profiles of certified coffee tasters) among treatments. Our results indicate that bee pollination can lead to trade-offs in coffee production. Bee pollination significantly increased final fruit set by 9 % and the desired aroma scores by 2 %. However, these fruits weighed 7 % less than self-pollinated berries and displayed more body but less balance in their cup profiles. This is one of the first experimental studies to evaluate pollination services for coffee, considering not just yield but also its cup profile. We provide early evidence suggesting bee pollination improves coffee aroma, a critical quality attribute in specialty coffee. Our research emphasizes the importance of protecting or restoring bee habitats in coffee farms, which can not only improve income for coffee producers but also conserve biodiversity. Integrating these ecological insights into initiatives like 'bee-friendly' coffee production presents an innovative approach for stakeholders in the coffee supply chain and can serve as a strategic nexus of agricultural, economic, and ecological interests.

A Review of Biochemical Factors Influencing Coffee Disease and Insect Pests Resistance

Coffee is a major crop in over 70 countries, with Ethiopia being one of the top coffee-producing countries in Africa. However, coffee is susceptible to various diseases and insect pests that can significantly reduce yields and affect coffee quality. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the biochemical contents of coffee and their mechanisms of resistance to diseases and insect pests, with a focus on the Ethiopian context. The biochemical contents of coffee, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, play a crucial role in its resistance to diseases and insect pests. These compounds can act as antimicrobial agents, inhibiting the growth of fungal pathogens and bacteria, and also exhibit insecticidal properties, repelling ants and other insects that can damage coffee plants.. The review highlights the importance of harnessing the power of coffee's biochemical contents to develop sustainable coffee production practices that can mitigate the impacts of disease and pest outbreaks, improve coffee quality, and promote the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. By understanding the biochemical factors that contribute to coffee's defense against diseases and pests, researchers and policymakers can work towards enhancing the resilience and productivity of the Ethiopian coffee industry, which plays a crucial role in the global coffee market.

Insect community structure in young and productive coffee farms under leucaena shade of Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The developmental phase of Robusta coffee plantations with agroforestry systems exhibits varying ecosystem characteristics (biotic and abiotic), therebyinfluencing the dynamics of insect community composition within them. One of the major coffee-producing centers in East Java is Jember Regency, where coffeecultivation commonly employs agroforestry systems with various shade trees. Understanding the abundance of insect species in agroforestry coffee plantations is important for determining insect pest control measures. This research aims to study the insect community structure in young coffee and productive coffee farms. Insect sampling was conducted in young coffee farms and productive coffee farms at the Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), by using road sampling methods with insect nets and pitfall traps. Both types of plantations utilize Leucaena sp. var L2 as shade trees, forming agroforestry coffee plantation systems. Data analysis was performed by calculating the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) to assess insectdiversity and the independent sample t-test to determine differences in insect abundance based on functional roles between the two farms. The results indicatethat the composition and abundance of insects in productive coffee farms are higher than in young coffee farms, resulting in a higher insect diversity index valuefor productive coffee farms (categorized as high), while young coffee farms fall into the moderate category. Furthermore, based on their functional roles, productive coffee farms positively influence the abundance of herbivorous, predatory, parasitoid, and detritivorous insects.

DNA Extraction and PCR Optimization of Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner

DNA isolation is an important step for further molecular analysis. Coffee plants contain polysaccharides, polyphenols, and secondary metabolites which can contaminate the results of DNA isolation. This study was conducted to isolate DNA from arabica and robusta coffee leaves using a modified CTAB method and PCR optimization for amplification of matK and rbcL genes. DNA was isolated using buffers (CTAB 10%, PVP 1%, β-mercaptoethanol 1%, Tris-HCl 1M, NaCl 5M, and EDTA 0.5%), and eluted with TE-RNase. Genomic DNA of ten coffee plants was successfully isolated with concentrations ranging from 33-146 nm/µL with purity (A260/A280) 1.7-1.9. Based on the genomic DNA isolated, matK and rbcL genes were amplified with initial denaturation conditions of 94°C (for 1 minute of matK and 4 minutes of rbcL) followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing (adjusted to each primer), and extension at 72°C for 1 minute. The optimal PCR conditions were effective to amplify matK (900 bp) and rbcL (600 bp) genes. Thus, the modified DNA isolation method and PCR optimization can be used as an efficient tool for further molecular analysis of Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner.

Hubungan Dinamika Kelompok Tani Hutan dengan Tingkat Partisipasi pada Program KTH Persemaian di Desa Nagrog

This research aims to examine the dynamics of forest farmer groups, the level of farmer participation, the relationship between the dynamics of forest farmer groups and the level of farmer participation. This research uses a case study method at KTH Giri Jaya in Nagrog Village, Cicalengka District, Bandung Regency. The technique for taking respondents was the census method with the unit of analysis being all members of KTH Giri Jaya, 20 farmers. The research results show that: (1) Group dynamics are in the high category; group goals, group structure, task functions, group development and maintenance, group cohesiveness, and group atmosphere are included in the high category; while group effectiveness is in the medium category, and group pressure and hidden intentions are in the low category. (2) The level of farmer participation in the KTH activity program is in the high category, with details: at the planning and evaluation stage it is in the medium category, while at the implementation and results utilization stage it is in the high category; (3) The relationship between group dynamics and the level of farmer participation in the KTH activity program shows that the higher the group dynamics, the higher the level of farmer participation which will have an impact on achieving the objectives of the KTH program activities.

Landscape and insecticide use affecting the Leucoptera coffeella infestation and the natural parasitism spatiotemporal distribution in brazilian coffee agroecosystems

Monitoring the coffee leaf miner and natural parasitism is an important part of integrated pest management, and knowing the spatial distribution patterns of this pest can help improve sampling plans. This study aimed to determine spatial and temporal distributions of the coffee leaf miner infestation and natural parasitism in coffee plantations of different insecticide use and landscape configurations in the Planalto region, Bahia, Brazil. We monitored five coffee farms with different insecticide management practices in insecticide use and landscape features during two seasons, from December 2020 to November 2021. In each coffee farm, four regular grid plots of 30 points were established, for a total of 120 sample points per farm, that were georeferenced. Each point was a group of five coffee plants within 5 m of each other, 30 m in distance. Monthly collections of mined leaves were carried out at each sampling point to determine the L. coffeella infestation and natural parasitism rates. Geostatistical analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution of infestations and natural parasitism using semivariograms. Landscape metrics of each coffee plantation were surveyed in buffers ranging from 500 to 3000 m to assess their effects on population aggregation. Infestations of L. coffeella and natural parasitism of the pest occurred throughout the year and at varying intensities among farms. Leucoptera coffeella infestation and natural parasitism exhibited moderate aggregation patterns in most sampling months. The aggregation of L. coffeella infestations and natural parasitism were influenced by landscape and insecticide use. Forest cover, land cover use diversity, and insecticide use increased aggregation of L. coffeella infestations and natural parasitism, whereas edge density decreased aggregation of both. The study suggests that it may be beneficial to review the current sampling plans for the coffee leaf miner and the natural parasitism in coffee farms. This information can improve the integrated management of the pest in coffee farms and assist in decision-making regarding L. coffeella control strategies.

Exploitation of Ethiopian Coffee Land-race Potentials: Market Demand Oriented Specialty Variety Development

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the major cash crop of Ethiopia. The country is ecologically very diverse which allows the coffee plant to grow under wide range of environments between altitudes of 550 to 2600 m. a.s.l. Ethiopia, being the place of origin for Arabica coffee, is endowed with genetic pool wealth of the crop and with enabling environmental conditions to sustainably produce and supply fine specialty coffee that can address emerging international market demand. The prevailing wide range of ecological condition in the country has have allowed the production of coffees of different types that are with uniquely distinctive quality profile, resistance to major diseases, plant growth and yield potential among many other desirable traits. Of the coffees produced in Ethiopia, the most popular internationally branded types (named depending on area of production) are; Sidama, Yirga-cheffe, Limmu, Gimbi and Harerghe coffees. These specific coffee localities, despite their valuable potential and the recognition they deserved on the world market, were lacking their own improved local varieties where they had been using coffee varieties released for other areas (south-western region) until the 2010. However, most of southwest varieties showed multitude of constraints such as poor adaptation and inherent quality adulteration under the locations. Cognizant of this problem, local land race variety development program was designed and implemented to promote sustainable production of the distinct coffee types by origin maintaining inherent qualities of the specific localities for enhanced export market expansion. Through this breeding approach so far, outstanding achievements were recorded in germplasm collection, evaluation for desirable agronomical traits, and generation of basic information on the genetics aspects, and development and release of 12 speciality varieties suiting for the specific coffee landraces in Ethiopia, i.e., 4 Harerghe, 4 Wollega/Gimbi, 3 Sidama/Yirgachefe and 1 Limu coffees. As the main focus areas of future Arabica coffee landrace improvement program, it would be vital to give due attention to further identification of new and distinctive landraces, extensive collection of coffee genetic resource from unaddressed localities, application of molecular breeding techniques such as marker assisted selection and breeding for major /emerging/ diseases and stress tolerance, among others.

Exploring the efficacy of endophytic Diaporthe caatingaensis as a biocontrol agent targeting Fusarium strains afflicting coffee plants in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundThe coffee plant is a strategic crop in Saudi Arabia that makes a substantial contribution to the country’s economy. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor and control the fungal phytopathogens that affect coffee plants in order to minimize crop losses and ensure sustainable cultivation. This is the first surveillance report of Fusarium phytopathogens associated with coffee plants in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the antagonistic efficiency of the endophytic fungus, Diaporthe caatingaensis, was evaluated against the isolated Fusarium phytopathogens. MethodsThe isolated strains were preliminary identified using cultural and microscopic methods and the identification was confirmed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing technique. The detached leaf assay was conducted to assess the disease severity of Fusarium phytopathogens against detached coffee leaves. Moreover, dual culture assay was utilized to assess the antagonistic activity of D. caatingaensis. Results and conclusionFusarium oxysporum was found to be the most frequent isolated strain followed by F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides strains. Fusarium proliferatum strain was found to be the most severe strain whereas F. solani strain showed the lowest disease severity. On the other hand, propiconazole fungicide was tested for its efficiency against Fusarium pathogens using food poisoning technique, showing that F. oxysporum strain 1 of accession number OP955665 was the most sensitive strain. However, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum st. 2 (OP959851) and F. solani strains showed no significant response when the propiconazole concentration increase from 150 to 200 ppm. Scanning electron microscope proved the potent antagonistic activity of D. caatingaensis against F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum OP959874 strains through mycoparasitic modes of action as coiling, appressorium formation resulting in complete lysis of fungal mycelium. Accordingly, the current investigation provides the first surveillance data about Fusarium strains associated with coffee plants and also the utilization of D. caatingaensis as a potential biocontrol agent for effective management of Fusarium phytopathogens, avoiding the incidence of fungal resistance to fungicides and the harmful effects of commercial fungicides for sustainable cultivation of coffee in Saudi Arabia.

A study on Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting activities in wonji sugar estate, Eastern Oromia Ethiopia: a challenge to the current intervention tools

A study on Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting activities in wonji sugar estate, Eastern Oromia Ethiopia: a challenge to the current intervention tools

Fungicidal activity and molecular docking of glycerol‐derived triazole compounds for controlling coffee leaf rust

AbstractCoffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix, poses a significant threat to global coffee production, resulting in substantial economic losses. This study explores the effectiveness of triazole derivatives synthesized from glycerol in controlling CLR in conilon coffee (Coffea canephora). In vitro assays evaluated the inhibitory effect of triazole derivatives (4a–4q) at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm on H. vastatrix urediniospore germination, followed by greenhouse experiments to assess their preventive and curative potential. Preventive and curative sprayings of the four most efficient triazoles were conducted on seedlings inoculated with H. vastatrix at concentrations ranging from 0 to 400 ppm, evaluating severity, sporulation, incubation and latent periods. Triazole derivatives 4b, 4d, 4f and 4o effectively suppressed H. vastatrix urediniospore germination, achieving reductions between 9.9% and 78.8%. In greenhouse trials, these compounds demonstrated preventive efficacy by prolonging incubation and latent periods, reducing sporulation and mitigating rust severity, with triazole 4f exhibiting the highest efficiency. Furthermore, the derivatives showed effectiveness in curative treatments, particularly triazole 4f. Physiological analyses indicated no significant alterations in coffee plant metabolism, suggesting the safety of these compounds for agricultural use. Molecular docking studies elucidated their mechanism of action, suggesting their potential as antifungal agents by interacting with the HvCYP51 enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. Overall, the study underscores the promising efficacy of glycerol‐derived triazole derivatives in managing CLR, providing sustainable solutions for disease control in agriculture.

Easement Reform and Employment Transfer of Forest Farmers: Evidence from China’s National Parks

The easement reform of collective forest land (ERCFL) is an important part of national park system construction, which plays an important role in promoting the employment transfer of forest farmers. On the basis of survey data from forest farmers in Qianjiangyuan–Baishanzu National Park in Zhejiang Province, this paper uses the propensity score matching-difference in differences model to empirically analyze the impact of ERCFL on the transfer employment behavior and employment quality of forest farmers to provide experience for promoting the employment transfer of forest farmers and improving the ERCFL in national parks. This research shows the following: (1) The ERCFL in national parks has significantly promoted the employment transfer and improved the employment quality of forest farmers. This effect remains significant when controlling for possible endogeneity issues. (2) Three mechanisms of the ERCFL affect forest farmers’ transfer of employment, namely improving non-agricultural employment skills, expanding the scope of non-agricultural employment, and increasing non-agricultural employment opportunities. (3) Significant gender, age, and education differences exist in terms of the impact of the ERCFL on the employment transfer of forest farmers. The impact on men, middle-aged and elderly groups, and low-education groups is more significant. Finally, this paper proposed forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the employment transfer of forest farmers.

The influence of shade tree species and coffee varieties on selected soil physicochemical properties in coffee-based farming system of southwestern Ethiopia

Different shade tree species are used in various coffee production systems across the world. Outside the benefits of biodiversity protection, temperature protection, and carbon sequestration shade trees can influence soil nutrient states through litter inputs and nitrogen fixation. However, little information is available in coffee plantations whether shade tree species and type of coffee variety planted under shade tree have an influence on soil physical properties and nutrient status in coffee-based farming systems of southwestern Ethiopia. Hence, the study was carried out to investigate the effect of shade tree species and coffee varieties in coffee plantation on the physicochemical properties of the soil. The study was conducted in Chora Botor district (Chalalaki coffee plantation), located in Jimma Zone, Oromia regional states of Ethiopia. The study was superimposed on coffee farm that has been established using four released coffee varieties (7440,744, F59 and 75227) under three recommended coffee shade trees (Albizia gummifera, Millettia feruginea and Acacia abyssinica). Soil physical properties and nutrient status were investigated in response to shade tree species, coffee varieties and their combination. The results indicated that the physical and chemical properties of the soil vary across the shade trees and coffee variety grown. The effect of shade tree species on soil depends on the type of coffee varieties grown under the shade tree species, Albizia gummifera and Acacia abyssinica trees enhanced more soil nutrient content and water-holding capacity of the soil than Millttia ferrugnia. Total nitrogen, organic matter, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, Cations Exchange Capacity, and bulk density were higher underneath Albizia gummifera than other coffee shade tree species. On the other hand, moisture content, available P, exchangeable K and CEC were higher beneath Acacia abyssinica than other coffee shade tree species. Soil pH was negatively correlated with Millettia ferruginia. Use of Acacia abysinica and Albizia gummifera shade tree species with compatible coffee varieties could be a viable option to augment soil fertility management practices in the coffee production systems of the southwest Ethiopia.

Analisis Rantai Nilai Kopi untuk Meningkatkan Nilai Tambah Petani Kopi di Kecamatan Paguyangan Brebes

The current coffee potential in Brebes Regency has not been accompanied by high income for coffee farmers. This is because farmers' knowledge of how to maintain coffee plants is still very low, farmer organizations are weak and government support is limited. Until now, coffee has not been considered a crop of strategic importance. The purpose of this study was to identify coffee commodity resources, analyze the value chain and determine cost drivers. This study used a mixed research approach of both qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research approach was to answer the research questions posed. Quantitative research in this study is to calculate the cost value of each process activity in coffee processing. Based on the value chain analysis, the determinants of downstream coffee processing products are greenbean processing, roasting and grinding. Greenbean processing is able to add value by 47.5% for robusta type and 71.47% for arabica coffee type. While roasting and grinding activities are able to increase the added value by 65.36% for robusta type and 85.12% for arabica type.

The diversity and ecological roles of insects and arachnids in arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plantation in Palasari, Bandung Regency

Keanekaragaman komunitas artropoda dapat dijadikan sebagai bioindikator perubahan lingkungan khususnya pada sistem budi daya kopi dengan sistem pengelolaan yang beragam. Sistem pengelolaan lahan yang beragam akan menimbulkan perubahan struktur komunitas dan fungsi ekologis artropoda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman dan peranan serangga dan Arachnida pada perkebunan kopi Arabika di Kabupaten Bandung. Sampel diambil dari perkebunan kopi di Desa Legok Nyenang, Kabupaten Bandung dengan menetapkan lima plot sampel berukuran 100 m2 per plot dengan jarak antar plot sejauh 50 m. Serangga dan Arachnida terestrial diambil menggunakan jaring ayun, perangkap nampan kuning, dan beating sheet. Sampel yang diperoleh diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi hingga tingkat morfospesies. Sebanyak 269 jenis serangga (11 ordo dan 98 famili, total 669 individu) dan 23 jenis Aachnida (satu ordo dan 13 famili, total 44 individu) berhasil dikumpulkan dari perkebunan kopi Arabika Palasari. Peran ekologi yang paling beragam adalah fitofag. Spesies fitofag yang dominan adalah Nysius sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Musuh alami yang dominan, yaitu parasitoid Megacampsomeris prismatica (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) dan predator, Tetragnatha sp. (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), sedangkan fungsi ekologis yang jumlahnya paling rendah adalah serangga penyerbuk (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Keanekaragaman jenis serangga dan Arachnida yang ditemukan pada pertanaman kopi di Kabupaten Bandung termasuk dalam kategori tinggi (H' = 5,10), meskipun indeks kemerataan dan dominansinya tergolong rendah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertanaman kopi merupakan ekosistem yang potensial bagi konservasi keanekaragaman hayati serangga dan Arachnida predator sehingga praktik budi daya dan pengelolaan hama harus diarahkan untuk melindungi serangga menguntungkan, seperti musuh alami dan polinator.

The best way to the trap: An ecological study of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) preference to several volatile compounds

This study explored the effectiveness of ethanol and methanol as attractants for controlling the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferr 1867, a significant pest in global coffee plantations. The research aimed to assess the efficiency of these substances as attractant traps for CBB in Kaliselogiri, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Using a single-factor randomized block design, the experiment involved nine treatments, each replicated three times, with modified PTE traps of 2 L volume set up at 1.5 m height. Traps were checked weekly to monitor CBB attack intensity before and after applying attractants. Statistical analyses including the Mann-Whitney Non-parametric test and Duncan’s test were used to examine variations across blocks and weeks. Abundance boxplot graphs offered descriptive insights. Over six weeks, 14,044 CBB’s were captured. The peak was in the third week, with a decline in the fourth, followed by a resurgence until the end of the study. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant p-value (p = 0.000; confidence level = 5%), confirming the effectiveness of the attractants on CBB. Of the treatments, K6 (Ethanol: Methanol = 2:1) was most effective. Ethanol and methanol proved to be efficient lures in CBB management traps, with ethanol particularly effective in larger compositions, suggesting its wider application. These results support the use of attractant-based strategies for CBB control and highlight the importance of ethanol and methanol. Further research is needed to optimize attractant compositions and assess long-term impacts on CBB populations and agroecosystems. The ecological consequences, including potential effects on non-target species and overall sustainability, warrant further investigation. In summary, this study advances CBB management through attractant-based traps, emphasizing the importance of ethanol.

The best way to the trap: An ecological study of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) preference to several volatile compounds

This study explored the effectiveness of ethanol and methanol as attractants for controlling the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferr 1867, a significant pest in global coffee plantations. The research aimed to assess the efficiency of these substances as attractant traps for CBB in Kaliselogiri, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Using a single-factor randomized block design, the experiment involved nine treatments, each replicated three times, with modified PTE traps of 2 L volume set up at 1.5 m height. Traps were checked weekly to monitor CBB attack intensity before and after applying attractants. Statistical analyses including the Mann-Whitney Non-parametric test and Duncan’s test were used to examine variations across blocks and weeks. Abundance boxplot graphs offered descriptive insights. Over six weeks, 14,044 CBB’s were captured. The peak was in the third week, with a decline in the fourth, followed by a resurgence until the end of the study. The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant p-value (p = 0.000; confidence level = 5%), confirming the effectiveness of the attractants on CBB. Of the treatments, K6 (Ethanol: Methanol = 2:1) was most effective. Ethanol and methanol proved to be efficient lures in CBB management traps, with ethanol particularly effective in larger compositions, suggesting its wider application. These results support the use of attractant-based strategies for CBB control and highlight the importance of ethanol and methanol. Further research is needed to optimize attractant compositions and assess long-term impacts on CBB populations and agroecosystems. The ecological consequences, including potential effects on non-target species and overall sustainability, warrant further investigation. In summary, this study advances CBB management through attractant-based traps, emphasizing the importance of ethanol.

Environmental Dynamics in The Sumatran Coffee Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges Through Spatial Perspectives

The coffee industry in Indonesia, particularly in the Sumatran landscape, emerges as a vital contributor to the nation's economy, impacting regional growth. Nevertheless, this landscape faces ecological threats from rapid deforestation, resulting in a substantial loss of primary forest cover. This historical deforestation along with climate crisis presents challenges for coffee plantations. The study employs geospatial analysis to comprehensively outline challenges and opportunities for smallholder coffee farmers in Sumatra, particularly in the Arabica (Central Aceh) and Robusta (Tanggamus) landscapes. The study shows non-shade coffee plantations covered approximately 23,453 ha in Central Aceh and 43,991 ha in Tanggamus. Additionally, mixed agroforestry areas were prevalent, comprising about 132,569 ha in Tanggamus and 19,450 ha in Central Aceh. Tanggamus and Central Aceh have become favorable areas for Robusta coffee and Arabica coffee, respectively. One significant opportunity identified for coffee development in Central Aceh is that 86% of existing coffee farms already adhere to EUDR. Furthermore, 94% of existing coffee farms in Tanggamus meet EUDR standards, opening doors for more farmers to access the European market.