Coefficient K2 Research Articles

Sensitivity of the nuclear deformability and fission barriers to the equation of state

The model-dependent analysis of the fission data impacts the extracted fission-related quantities, which are not directly observables, such as the super- and hyperdeformed isomeric states and their energies. We investigated the model dependence of the deformability of a nucleus and its fission barriers on the nuclear equation of state. Within the microscopic–macroscopic model based on a large number of Skyrme nucleon–nucleon interactions, the total energy surfaces and the double-humped fission barrier of 230Th are calculated in a multidimensional deformation space. In addition to the ground-state (GS) and the superdeformed (SD) minima, all the investigated forces yielded a hyperdeformed (HD) minimum. The contour map of the shell-plus-pairing energy clearly displayed the three minima. We found that the GS binding energy and the deformation energy of the different deformation modes along the fission path increase with the incompressibility coefficient K0, while the fission barrier heights and the excitation energies of the SD and HD modes decrease with it. Conversely, the surface-energy coefficient asurf, the symmetry-energy, and its density-slope parameter decrease the GS energy and the deformation energies, but increase the fission barrier heights and the excitation energies. The obtained deformation parameters of the different deformation modes exhibit almost independence on K0, and on the symmetry-energy and its density-slope. The principle deformation parameters of the SD and HD isomeric states tend to decrease with asurf.

Reaeration and oxygen dissipation into a circular hydraulic channel: experimental and dimensionless approach

ABSTRACT Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key parameter in water quality. The DO concentration in a water body can be changed by interfacial phenomena such as reaeration and oxygen dissipation, which can be represented by the coefficients K2 and KD, respectively. Few studies have jointly correlated K2 and KD with physical and hydraulic parameters of the channel. The present work investigated the behavior of these coefficients over a range of hydraulic conditions, and developed semi-empirical equations capable of relating both coefficients. Reaeration and DO dissipation tests were conducted in a circular hydraulic channel with flow velocity ranging from 0.20 to 0.79 m.s-1 and depth ranging from 0.09 to 0.15 m. Estimates of K2 and KD were performed using the non-linear regression method. Semi-empirical equations were obtained based on classical dimensional analysis and multiple regression analysis. The comparison between measured and estimated coefficients yielded R2 for reaeration and dissipation of 0.940 and 0.844, respectively. KD was higher than K2 for all turbulence levels applied at the hydraulic channel. An estimate obtained by the relation between the semi-empirical equations indicates that the transfer of oxygen in the water-air direction (dissipation) is approximately twice as fast as the transfer in the air-water direction (reaeration).

Laboratory Characterization of Clogging Potential of Porous Asphalt Mixtures

It is of practical significance to be able to evaluate the clogging potential of a porous asphalt mix in the laboratory during the mix design phase. This paper presents a laboratory evaluation procedure to assess the clogging potential of porous asphalt materials, and identify the mix properties that influence the clogging potential of a porous asphalt mixture. Eleven different porous mix designs were studied, with their top aggregate sizes varying from 9.5 to 19 mm, covering a porosity range of 10–28%. The procedure consists of a clogging treatment to introduce a selected clogging material into a test specimen in stages, with permeability measurements made after each stage of clogging. From the test results, two clogging potential indicators were defined: a clogging potential factor β, and the number of clogging cycles to reach the final state of fully clogged condition Nc. The effects of the following six mix properties on clogging potential of the mixes were studied: initial porosity P0, initial permeability coefficient k0, top aggregate size DT, coefficient of uniformity Cu, coefficient of curvature Cc, and coefficient of infiltration Ci. Statistical analyses were performed and it was found that the two clogging potential indicators were significantly influenced by k0, P0, and DT. Statistically significant predictive models for β and Nc were developed with these three mix properties as the predictor variables. The predictive models can serve to provide useful guidance for pavement engineers in the design of porous asphalt mixtures.

Resilient modulus prediction of soft low-plasticity Piedmont residual soil using dynamic cone penetrometer

Dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) has been used for decades to estimate the shear strength and stiffness properties of the subgrade soils. There are several empirical correlations in the literature to predict the resilient modulus values at only a specific stress state from DCP data, corresponding to the predefined thicknesses of pavement layers (a 50 mm asphalt wearing course, a 100 mm asphalt binder course and a 200 mm aggregate base course). In this study, field-measured DCP data were utilized to estimate the resilient modulus of low-plasticity subgrade Piedmont residual soil. Piedmont residual soils are in-place weathered soils from igneous and metamorphic rocks, as opposed to transported or compacted soils. Hence the existing empirical correlations might not be applicable for these soils. An experimental program was conducted incorporating field DCP and laboratory resilient modulus tests on “undisturbed” soil specimens. The DCP tests were carried out at various locations in four test sections to evaluate subgrade stiffness variation laterally and with depth. Laboratory resilient modulus test results were analyzed in the context of the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) recommended universal constitutive model. A new approach for predicting the resilient modulus from DCP by estimating MEPDG constitutive model coefficients (k1, k2 and k3) was developed through statistical analyses. The new model is capable of not only taking into account the in situ soil condition on the basis of field measurements, but also representing the resilient modulus at any stress state which addresses a limitation with existing empirical DCP models and its applicability for a specific case. Validation of the model is demonstrated by using data that were not used for model development, as well as data reported in the literature.

Seismic stability of the 20-storey reinforced concrete frame building by various normative documents

This article provides a comparative analysis of three different regulatory documents on earthquake-resistant construction. For the calculation example and comparative analysis, the calculation of a 20-storey reinforced concrete frame building for seismic resistance according to Russian, European and American normative documents is made. A comparative analysis of the calculation results of strength and deformation characteristics is made, seismic resistance is evaluated according to the considered norms. The Pushover analysis at different spatial rigidity of the building under study was carried out, the values of the damage coefficient were obtained and compared. It is established that European and American regulations impose more stringent requirements for seismic resistance of the building than the Russian regulatory document, but due to the high safety factors and calculation algorithms at the same loads, the building calculated according to Russian standards has less seismic resistance in the calculation example. This follows from the results of the calculation of the building considered. The displacements along the x and Y axes in the case of Russian norms are more than 2 times higher. At the same time, the greatest deflections were obtained in the calculation of the European regulations, with 35% more than the maximum. Pushover analysis in the calculation of the Russian regulations showed a very small coefficient of permissible damage K1, 36% less than the minimum. After increasing the spatial stiffness of its value increased by more than 2 times and began to fully satisfy the seismic resistance. In all calculated cases, there was an increase in the coefficient K1 with an increase in the rigidity of the building, and the values themselves sought to close each other's numbers.

Absolute and relative-rate measurement of the rate coefficient for reaction of perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (C2F5OCFCF2) with OH

The rate coefficient (k1) for the reaction of OH radicals with perfluoro ethyl vinyl ether (PEVE, C2F5OCF[double bond, length as m-dash]CF2) has been measured as a function of temperature (T = 207-300 K) using the technique of pulsed laser photolysis with detection of OH by laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-LIF) at pressures of 50 or 100 Torr N2 bath gas. In addition, the rate coefficient was measured at 298 K and in one atmosphere of air by the relative-rate technique with loss of PEVE and reference reactant monitored in situ by IR absorption spectroscopy. The rate coefficient has a negative temperature dependence which can be parameterized as: k1(T) = 6.0 × 10-13 exp[(480 ± 38/T)] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and a room temperature value of k1 (298 K) = (3.0 ± 0.3) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Highly accurate rate coefficients from the PLP-LIF experiments were achieved by optical on-line measurements of PEVE and by performing the measurements at two different apparatuses. The large rate coefficient and the temperature dependence indicate that the reaction proceeds via OH addition to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond, the high pressure limit already being reached at 50 Torr N2. Based on the rate coefficient and average OH levels, the atmospheric lifetime of PEVE was estimated to be a few days.

A steering control strategy based on torque fuzzy compensation for dual electric tracked vehicle

A steering control strategy based on bilateral torque fuzzy compensation for dual electric tracked vehicle is proposed in this paper. After the dynamic analysis of tracked vehicles, the mapping relationship between acceleration signal, braking signal, steering signal and bilateral motor torque is established. According to different driving states, the steering wheel real-time rotation angle and its change rate are interpreted as the motor torque compensation coefficients K1 and K2 by fuzzy algorithm to achieve quick response of driving intention. The steering control model of the electric tracked vehicle is built, and the HILS (hardware in loop simulation) platform is constructed with dSPACE. The HILS result shows that, by torque fuzzy compensation strategy, steering sensitivity and controllability could get better improvement compared with direct torque control strategy.

A Study on Optimum Mixture Ratio of Reactive Powder Concrete

To optimize the main components of reactive powder concrete (RPC) for various curing methods, based on the fluidity and compressive strength, an inclusive experimental research is conducted on 58 different mixture ratios. The results indicate that owing to the increase of the cement strength, the RPC fluidity decreases and the cement strength is not proportional to the compressive strength. The addition of the fly ash and the nano‐microbead is an effective way to improve the fluidity, and it is required at the low W/B ratio. However, the influence of the SF grade on the strength and fluidity is almost negligible. By considering the fluidity, strength, and economy of RPC as crucial design factors, SF90 is suggested. The contribution of the steel fiber to the compressive strength cannot be ignored. The upper envelope value of the steel fibers is required for the structure to resist appropriately against the fire. According to the test results, the mixture ratio formula is proposed through considering the characters of different compositions and curing methods. The strength coefficient k1 is introduced to verify the influence of the steel fiber content, and the parameters fb, αa, and αb in the formula are reevaluated. A reasonably good agreement between the calculated strength and those obtained from the tests is reported, except for the case of W/B = 0.16 with P.O.52.5 cement. The basic steps for preparations of different RPC strengths are given, which provide a valuable reference to choose appropriate raw materials and mixture ratio design for different strength values.

Reactions of O− with D2 at temperatures below 300 K

The reaction of O− anions with molecular deuterium D2 has been studied experimentally using a cryogenic 22-pole radiofrequency ion trap. Two reaction channels were observed. In the associative detachment D2O and an electron are formed and for atom transfer formation OD− + D was observed. The rate coefficients of the reactions have been determined at temperatures below 300 K. The reaction rate coefficient k1 of the associative detachment increases with decreasing temperature from k1(300 K) = 0.5 × 10−9 cm3 s−1 at 300 K up to k1(70 K) = 1.2 × 10−9 cm3 s−1 at 70 K both with 30 % overall uncertainty.

Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient of Soils Subjected to Freeze–Thaw

Artificial frozen soils (AFS) have been used widely as temporary retaining walls in strata with soft and water-saturated soil deposits. After excavations, frozen soils thaw, and the lateral earth pressure penetrates through the soils subjected to freeze–thaw, and acts on man-made facilities. Therefore, it is important to investigate the lateral pressure (coefficient) responses of soils subjected to freeze–thaw to perform structure calculations and stability assessments of man-made facilities. A cubical testing apparatus was developed, and tests were performed on susceptible soils under conditions of freezing to a stable thermal gradient and then thawing with a uniform temperature (Fnonuni–Tuni). The experimental results indicated a lack of notable anisotropy for the maximum lateral preconsolidated pressures induced by the specimen’s compaction and freeze–thaw. However, the freeze–thaw led to a decrement of lateral earth pressure coefficient K0, and K0 decrement under the horizontal Fnonuni–Tuni was greater than that under the vertical Fnonuni–Tuni. The measured K0 for normally consolidated and over-consolidated soil specimens exhibited anisotropic characteristics under the vertical Fnonuni–Tuni and horizontal Fnonuni–Tuni treatments. The anisotropies of K0 under the horizontal Fnonuni–Tuni were greater than that under the vertical Fnonuni–Tuni, and the anisotropies were more noticeable in the unloading path than that in the loading path. These observations have potential significances to the economical and practical design of permanent retaining walls in soft and water-saturated soil deposits.

Measurement of thickness of film deposited on the plasma-facing wall in the QUEST tokamak by colorimetry.

After several experimental campaigns in the Kyushu University Experiment with Steady-state Spherical Tokamak (QUEST), the originally stainless steel plasma-facing wall (PFW) becomes completely covered with a deposited film composed of mixture materials, such as iron, chromium, carbon, and tungsten. In this work, an innovative colorimetry-based method was developed to measure the thickness of the deposited film on the actual QUEST wall. Because the optical constants of the deposited film on the PFW were position-dependent and the extinction coefficient k1 was about 1.0-2.0, which made the probing light not penetrate through some thick deposited films, the colorimetry method developed can only provide a rough value range of thickness of the metal-containing film deposited on the actual PFW in QUEST. However, the use of colorimetry is of great benefit to large-area inspections and to radioactive materials in future fusion devices that will be strictly prohibited from being taken out of the limited area.

Impact of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide and Boiling Power on Dimethyl Sulfide Stripping Behavior during Wort Boiling

The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) supply flow rate on dimethyl sulfide (DMS) removal during wort boiling was studied when applying a 1 h hold between the end of preheating and the beginning of boiling. This was done during wort boiling by varying the boiling power (from 500 to 1,500 W), aiming to reduce energy consumption to reach the target of an end-of-boil DMS concentration of 100 ppb (w/v). When using the Mitani equation, which describes S-methyl methionine (SMM) conversion into DMS and DMS stripping, the preboiling step allowed a reaction rate coefficient of SMM conversion (k1) value of 0.0099 min−1 to be obtained. The values of volatilization rate coefficient of DMS (k2) during the provision of CO2 at a flow rate between 5 and 11 L/min and boiling power between 500 and 1,500 W were between 0.02049 and 0.07882 min−1. It was found that the coefficient k2 increased with the increase of CO2 supply flow rate and the increase of boiling power. At a fixed boiling power of 1,500 W, the use of CO2 supply flow rate permitted the target of 100 ppb to be attained in an interval of 39.21 min for 11 L/min to 62.31 min for 5 L/min. The energy saved in the boiling process when applying CO2 supply flow rate between 5 and 11 L/min was 2.49–4.57 MJ.

Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest of a Saturated Artificially Mixed Soil from Oedometer Tests

The present study focuses on the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K0) of a saturated crushed binary soil mixture. The mixture is artificially mixed by crushed sandstone and mudstone particles according to presupposed weight ratios and particle size distribution curves. The oedometer tests are performed to determine the coefficient K0. From test data, the values of coefficient K0, which range from 0.242 to 0.381, with a mean value of 0.300, are obtained. Just as other mechanical parameters of soils, the K0 value is affected by many factors. The effects of the properties of test specimen and material are discussed on the basis of the test data. Strong negative correlation between the values of K0 and initial dry bulk density of test specimen, one between the values of K0 and median particle size diameter of test material, and one between the values of K0 and gravel content by weight of test material, respectively, are observed from the test data. The mudstone particle content by weight of the mixture may also affect the value of K0. The effects of these factors on the K0 value may exhibit interlocking effect. Higher interlocking effect results in higher shear strength, and therefore results in lower K0 value.

Primary and secondary aqueous two-phase systems composed of thermo switchable polymers and bio-derived ionic liquids

The liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) comprising poly(propylene glycol) 400 (PPG 400) and cholinium-aminoate-based ([Ch][AA]) ionic liquid were determined experimentally at T=(288.15 and 308.15)K, while the LLE data at T=298.15K was adopted from our previous work for comparison. The experimental binodal data were satisfactorily fitted to a temperature-dependent nonlinear empirical expression. The reliability of tie-line data was confirmed by fitting the experimental data with the Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations. Furthermore, for the first time, the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid model (e-NRTL) was used to correlate the tie-line data of PPG 400+[Ch][AA]+water systems. The correlations of LLE data using these models provide a good description of the experimental values. The effect of temperature on the phase-forming capabilities of the corresponding [Ch][AA] was assessed using the experimental binodal data and the salting-out coefficient (k2) derived from the Setschenow-type equation. The values of k2 were well correlated to the phase-forming abilities of [Ch][AA], and were found to increase at higher temperature. Upon heating to 308.15K, the solution of (PPG 400)-rich top phase from the primary PPG 400+[Ch][AA]+water systems formed the secondary ATPSs. The LLE data of the secondary PPG 400+[Ch][AA]+water systems was also determined. The PPG 400 was concentrated in the top phase of the secondary ATPS; this could serve as a means to recover PPG 400 from the primary ATPS via the formation of secondary ATPS.

Wave & current-induced progressive liquefaction in loosely deposited seabed

Quaternary newly deposited loose seabed soil widely distributes in offshore area in the world. Wave-induced residual liquefaction in loose seabed floor brings great risk to the stability of offshore structures in extreme climate. Understanding of the characteristics of wave-induced residual liquefaction in loose seabed is meaningful for engineers involved in design of offshore structures. In this study, wave & current-induced residual liquefaction in loose seabed floor is investigated deeply and comprehensively adopting a validated integrated numerical model. The time history of wave & current-induced pore pressure, effective stress, shear stress, lateral pressure coefficient K0, stress angle, displacement of seabed soil are all quantitatively demonstrated. The variation process of progressive liquefaction, stress path, as well as stress-strain relation also are illustrated in detail. The classic effective stress principle has been modified to describe the nonlinear phenomenon that the reduction rate of vertical effective stress σ′z is faster than that of horizontal effective stress σ′x and σ′y accompanying residual pore pressure build up. It is shown that the integrated numerical model FSSI-CAS 2D incorporating PZIII soil model can effectively and precisely capture a series of nonlinear dynamic response characteristics of loose seabed floor under wave & current loading. The computational results further confirm the wave & current-induced liquefaction in loose seabed soil is progressively downward, initiating at seabed surface. Besides, it is found that three physical processes, including vertical distribution of oscillatory pore pressure, time history of stress angle as well as lateral pressure coefficient K0 could be taken as indirect indicator to judge the occurrence of wave-induced residual liquefaction, and predict the residual liquefaction depth in loose seabed. It is also found that the progressive liquefaction process is significantly affected by wave height, permeability and saturation of seabed soil.

Calculation of space–time concentration profiles of contaminants in a fixed sorbent bed from experimental data on dynamic water purification

A formula for a mathematical description of the relationship between the breakthrough curve C(t)/C0 for the dynamic sorption purification of water and the space–time concentration profile of contaminant q(x, t) in the fixed sorbent bed is derived. The derivation is based on the simplifying assumption that the dependence of the adsorbate concentration profile q(x, t) on the longitudinal coordinate x of the bed is described by the logistic function q(x, t) = a/{1 + exp{–k(t)[x–b(t)]}}, in which a is a constant and the time-dependent parameters k(t) and b(t) are expanded into the power series k(t) = k0 + k1t + k2t2 and b(t) = b0 + b1t + b2t2 + b3t3 + b4t4 with the expansion coefficients b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, k0, k1, and k2, so that C(t)/C0 = 1–(S/(C0v))F(t, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, k0, k1, k2), where C(t) is the breakthrough concentration of contaminant in the water effluent from at the fixed bed, C0 is the concentration of the contaminant in the water influent into the fixed bed, S is the cross-sectional area of the bed, v is the water flow rate, and F is a definite analytic function dependent on the profile q(x, t). The coefficients b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, k0, k1, and k2 are determined by fitting the theoretical breakthrough curve to the experimental one. With the help of this approach, space–time profiles for dynamic water purification from lead, nitrate, and perchlorate ions are calculated. It is shown that the adsorbed contaminant ions are redistributed between different parts of the fixed bed in the course of the adsorption process.

Evaluating models of shortwave radiation below Eucalyptus canopies in SE Australia

In this study we examine the performance of four models that simulate radiation under forest canopies. The models are different in terms of how transmittance of radiation is conceptualised and the data sources used to obtain parameters. Two models (PAIMS and PAINC models) use plant area index (PAI) to represent transmission. A third model (PL model) represents transmission as a function of the path length (L) of a directional beam as it crosses the canopy. The fourth model (LPI model) is based on a light penetration index obtained directly from lidar. The PAIMS and PL models were calibrated using 6 months of radiation data at 4 independent sites. The LPI and PAINC models are uncalibrated. Performance was assessed using sub-daily and daily radiation measurements during summer (December–March) at 10 sites in forests ranging from open dry forests (PAI=1.6) to tall temperate forests (PAI=4.6). Mean annual precipitation ranged from 760 to 1750mm across the domain. The PL model with a calibrated extinction coefficient (k2=0.033) was the most accurate model within sites (R-square=0.32–0.89 for sub-daily radiation) and across all sites (R-square=0.82 for daily and sub-daily radiation). The LPI model performed well at most sites, but displayed some systematic bias in dense forests resulting in lower performance (R-square=0.61 across all sites) while PAINC was negatively biased and a poor predictor across all sites (overall R-square=0). The PAIMS model, with a calibrated extinction coefficient (k1=0.48), produced good results, but inspection of sub-daily radiation patterns show that the model tends to underestimate (overestimate) sub-canopy radiation during times of high (low) radiation. This is because transmittance is highest when the sun elevation is high (i.e. short path length), resulting in sub-canopy radiation that varies non-linearly with the intensity of above canopy radiation. Models that explicitly include path length in the transmission term therefore provide more flexibility for capturing sub-daily, seasonal and latitudinal variation due to sun position and vegetation structure. Other advantages of the path length approach include i) simple parameterisation using tree height as input and ii) explicit representation of diffuse and direct radiation, which can be important when accounting for terrain-effects on energy balance at the forest floor. We therefore recommend path length based modelling approaches for investigating hydrological processes below the canopy in temperate Eucalyptus forests.

Theoretical Research of Roller Enveloping the Side-worm Gear Pairs Drive

Roller enveloping the side-worm gear pairs drive is proposed basing on roller enveloping hourglass worm drive. Roller enveloping the side-worm gear pairs drive means to assembling the roller on the end surface of the worm wheel equally. The hourglass worm tooth surface equation can be deduced by applying spatial meshing theory and differential geometry theory. The hourglass worm numerical models can be concluded by applying Matalb software to finish numerical simulation. At the same time ,this theory also focus on analyzing the roller radius R, orifice coefficient K1 , circumferential angle of worm gear for the meshing performance of this drive. According to the analysis, it can be concluded as that the roller radius is 5~20mm.

An Experimental and Master Equation Study of the Kinetics of OH/OD + SO2: The Limiting High-Pressure Rate Coefficients.

The kinetics of the reaction OH/OD + SO2 were studied using a laser flash photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. Evidence for two-photon photolysis of SO2 at 248 nm is presented and quantified, and which appears to have been evident to some extent in most previous photolysis studies, potentially leading to values for the rate coefficient k1 that are too large. The kinetics of the reaction OH(v = 0) + SO2 (T = 295 K, p = 25-300 torr) were measured under conditions where SO2 photolysis was taken into account. These results, together with literature data, were modeled using a master equation analysis. This analysis highlighted problems with the literature data: the rate coefficients derived from flash photolysis data were generally too high and from the flow tube data too low. Our best estimate of the high-pressure limiting rate coefficient k1∞ was obtained from selected data and gives a value of (7.8 ± 2.2) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, which is lower than that recommended in the literature. A parametrized form of k1([N2],T) is provided. The OD(v = 0) + SO2 (T = 295 K, p = 25-300 torr) data are reported for the first time, and master equation analysis reinforces our assignment of k1∞.

(Invited) AlN and ScAlN Contour Mode Resonators for RF Filters

A very strong technological market pull for wide bandgap semiconductor devices comes from the piezoelectric properties of aluminum nitride (AlN). Portable wireless products are expanding in their use of AlN films as RF devices in bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters with substantial performance properties over other semiconductor materials. To maintain market dominance properties such as size, integration costs, and filter performance metrics continue to improve. Metrics closely coupled to material properties such as piezoelectric coupling coefficient (k2 eff) and quality factor (Q) arising from material sputtering conditions directly impact key filter parameters such as insertion loss, bandwidth, and rejection, and these properties have been intensely investigated as have device and filter architecture. To improve versatility, alternate resonator designs are emerging that combine micromachining and different piezoelectric coefficients such as d31 instead of d33. These contour mode resonators (CMR) differ slightly from BAW and SAW since resonator frequency is determined lithographically and devices are suspended which provides the opportunity to provide multiple frequencies on a single die with reduction of cross talk and integration on top of CMOS. This work will discuss our efforts in utilizing CMRs to achieve a wide range of operating frequencies on a single die with improved performance. In this presentation we will discuss our RF sputter deposition process for creating high-performance AlN films, as well as plasma etching and integration techniques for fabricating CMRs. Fabricated devices spanning a range of 400 MHz to 3 GHz will be demonstrated with spur modal interaction discussed. Further, early investigations into scandium aluminum nitride (ScAlN) suggest that metrics such as Q and K2 eff can substantially improve simultaneously while still providing a wide frequency range of devices.