Coefficient Of Coverage Research Articles

The impact of local taxes and fees on the financial sustainability of territorial communities in times of war

The paper analyses the impact of local taxes and fees on the financial sustainability of territorial communities. The concept of financial sustainability is considered in relation to financial management, investment planning and debt control. It is noted that in the context of finance, the concept of ‘financial sustainability’ is identified with stability, security and flexibility. The author also analyses the share of local taxes and fees in the tax and total revenues of local budgets of Ukraine for the period 2021-2023. In turn, this allowed us to highlight changes in the structure of local budget revenues, in particular, changes in tax revenues and their relative contribution to total revenues. The calculated coefficients were used to highlight the role of local taxes and fees in ensuring financial sustainability on the example of the budget of the Lviv territorial community. The values of key financial indicators that characterise the level of financial sustainability of the budget of the Lviv city territorial community for the period 2021-2023 are also investigated. Using tables, the author analysed the coefficients such as the coefficient of independence, budget coverage, tax independence, budget security, subsidy and withdrawal of funds to the state budget. Fluctuations in these indicators over three years and their impact on the financial sustainability of local budgets in times of war were studied, i.e., the current state of the system of local taxes and fees was demonstrated. An important aspect of the study was the impact of the military conflict on the local taxation system in Ukraine, as in the context of the war in the country, it was necessary to consider not only the threat to security and stability, but also the economic consequences that significantly affect the financial support of local communities. Particular attention was paid to the efficient allocation of financial resources and the creation of reserve funds to ensure financial stability in unforeseen circumstances. The importance of local taxes as a key mechanism for strengthening the financial base and stability of territorial communities is highlighted, as this aspect contributes to their development and improves the quality of life of residents.

Structural Changes in the Dynamics of China’s Exports and Imports

The economic policy pursued has turned China into a major trading power. In terms of GDP, the Chinese economy has been the first economy in the world for a number of recent years; China’s rapidly growing trade flows have made it the largest trading partner for many countries. Over the past twenty years there has been rapid growth in exports and imports. The article puts forward a hypothesis about the presence of structural instability in the dynamics of Chinese exports for the period from 2000 to 2020. The hypothesis was confirmed and two periods were identified in the dynamics of exports and imports with different natures of the main development trend: from 2000 to 2008 and from 2009 to 2020. For each stage, trend equations were selected that describe the dynamics of exports and imports and an interval forecast of indexes for 2021 was made. Materials and methods. During the work, dynamic, structural analysis of analytical and statistical information was used; methods of analytical, logical, systemic, correlation and regression analysis were used, as well as analysis of structural changes. The analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. A change in the value of the import coverage ratio by exports was revealed before and after structural changes in the dynamics of the main foreign economic indexes and an assessment of their statistical significance was given. An analysis of the influence of export dynamics on GDP dynamics was carried out and it was found that before structural changes, the influence of export dynamics on GDP dynamics was statistically insignificant, and after a structural change, export dynamics began to have a direct impact on changes in China’s GDP. Conclusion. Analysis of official statistical data on the main indexes of China’s foreign economic activity for the period from 2000 to 2020 allowed us to note that the volume of Chinese exports increased over the period 2010-2019 from $1.58 trillion in 2010 (10.34% of global exports), to $2.50 trillion in 2019 (12.81% of global exports). In 2019, China continued to rank first in terms of export value among all countries in the world. Despite the challenging year of 2020, China’s exports reached almost 2.6 trillion US dollars and increased by 4% compared to 2019.China also occupies a leading position in the export of high-tech goods - their volume is 731.9 billion US dollars, the share of exports in the global volume is 25%. At the same time, the dynamics of Chinese exports for the period from 2000 to 2020 was heterogeneous and characterized by structural instability. Two stages can be distinguished with different characteristics of the main development trend: from 2000 to 2008 and from 2009 to 2020. Based on this, the authors came to the conclusion that to describe the main trend in the development of export and import dynamics for the period from 2000 to 2008, the exponential model is best suited. To describe the main trend in the development of export and import dynamics in the period from 2009 to 2020 - logarithmic model. A study of the consistency of changes in export and import volumes showed that in the period from 2009 to 2020 was characterized by greater consistency in China’s main foreign trade flows than the period from 2000 to 2008. In the period before the structural change in the dynamics of exports and imports, the coverage ratio varied from 105.7% to 127.6%; in the period after the structural change, the coverage ratio changed from 108.9% to 135.4%.Checking the statistical significance of the differences in the coefficient of coverage of imports by exports before and after the structural change showed that the differences are not statistically significant. In the period from 2000 to 2008 the dynamics of China’s exports did not have a statistically significant impact on the dynamics of the country’s GDP. From 2009 to 2020 after structural changes in the nature of the dynamics of the main indexes of China’s foreign trade, changes in exports began to have a statistically significant impact on the dynamics of GDP. A 1% increase in China’s exports now results in a 0.25% increase in GDP.The practical significance of the paper is determined by the developed methodology for analyzing structural changes in the dynamics of exports and imports, examined using the example of China.

Development of metabolome extraction strategy for metabolite profiling of skin tissue.

Changes in skin phenotypic characteristics are based on skin tissue. The study of the metabolic changes in skin tissue can help understand the causes of skin diseases and identify effective therapeutic interventions. We aimed to establish and optimize a non-targeted skin metabolome extraction system for skin tissue metabolomics with high metabolite coverage, recovery, and reproducibility using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The metabolites in skin tissues were extracted using eleven different extraction systems, which were designed using reagents with different polarities based on sequential solid-liquid extraction employing a two-step strategy and analyzed using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiency of diverse solvents was evaluated by coefficient of variation (CV), multivariate analysis, metabolites coverage, and relative peak area analysis. We identified 119 metabolites and the metabolite profiles differed significantly between the eleven extraction systems. Metabolites with high abundances in the organic extraction systems, followed by aqueous extraction, were involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, while metabolites with high abundances in the aqueous extraction systems, followed by organic extraction, were involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism. MeOH/chloroform-H2O and MeOH/H2O-chloroform were the extraction systems that yielded the highest number of metabolites, while MeOH/acetonitrile (ACN)-H2O and ACN/H2O-IPA exhibited superior metabolite recoveries. Our results demonstrated that our research facilitates the selection of an appropriate metabolite extraction approach based on the experimental purpose for the metabolomics study of skin tissue.

Adaptation and Evaluation of Micro Rain Pipe for Small Scale Irrigation

Micro rain pipe irrigation is a hopeful result for effective water utilization and improved crop yields at a lower cost compared to traditional irrigation systems. Technology adaptation was carried out to evaluate the hydraulic performance of rain pipes with different rain pipe spacing (3 and 4) m and hole spacing of (10, 20 and 30) cm using a 3inch pump having 5 Hp system. Hydraulic performance indicators such as uniformity coefficient, distribution uniformity, mean application rate, discharge per hole, coefficient of variation and width coverage were measured. The highest uniformity coefficient of (91.23%), distribution uniformity (84.93%) and mean application rate (17.17mm/h) were recorded under 3 m and 20 cm rain pipe and hole pipe spacing. The maximum width coverage of 6.25 m by one rain pipe was measured at 30 cm hole space under 3 m spacing of rain pipe but it was at nearest with the values of 20 cm hole space of rain pipe with 5.82 m. The results of evaluation indicated that, the appropriateness of rain pipe irrigation as economical and effective alternative for water management in lower space crops. Therefore, the findings of this study indicates that farmers can enhance water use efficiency and improve crop productivity in water scarce area at 1kg/cm 2 operating pressure under 3 m and 20 cm rain pipe and hole space respectively.

Methodology for predicting the specific effectiveness of geological and technological measures aimed at increasing the coefficient of reservoir coverage by flooding

Recently, there has been a tendency in the Russian Federation to reduce the design values of oil recovery, the main parameter characterizing the rationality of field development. In many ways, the decrease in question is due to the development of the most productive deposits discovered back in Soviet times. To maintain production levels in mature fields, it is necessary to apply various methods of increasing oil recovery (MIOR). According to many experts, one of the most effective ways to increase oil recovery are methods aimed at increasing the reservoir coverage ratio and displacement coefficient by pumping various chemical compositions into the productive reservoir. Thus, when using various physico-chemical methods of enhanced oil recovery (PCMOR), it is necessary to conduct preliminary assessments of their effectiveness. Due to the comprehensive analysis of field data on several fields in Western Siberia, the main geological and technological parameters that most affect the effectiveness of the measures are highlighted in the work. Based on the selected characteristics, using geological and statistical modeling, a methodology for predicting the specific effect of PCMOR MIOR treatments has been developed.

An improved model of the diffusion of Bass innovations for predicting changes in public opinion during the implementation of a narrative in social networks

During the writing of the article, the complex dynamics of forecasting public opinion based on the implementation of narratives in social networks were analyzed using Bass's innovation diffusion model. Recognizing the important role of narratives in the formation of collective views provides a basis for using Bass's innovation diffusion model to predict and understand changes in public attitudes during the introduction and implementation of narratives in social networks. On the basis of the above, the research task was set: improvement of the Bass innovation diffusion model for predicting changes in public opinion in social networks, which will directly contribute to the development of quality content by determined forces and means to create favorable conditions during the use of troops (forces) and in peacetime due to entering the coefficient of coverage of the target audience. During the writing of the article, theoretical methods were applied, namely, the analysis of research and publications on the topic of development in relation to the use of diffusion of innovations, which describes the process of how innovations are accepted by the population, the analysis of statistical data of public opinion, comparisons to identify development trends in the consumption of information in social networks, as well as synthesis to achieve the goal of the study. The article presents a mathematical apparatus that incorporates the Bass diffusion model into network behavior for modeling the spread of narratives and predicting changes in public opinion. For the first time, an approach to simulation modeling of the introduction and implementation of a narrative in a social network based on the Bass diffusion model was substantiated, which made it possible to investigate the consumer behavior of social network users under the influence of information and interpersonal communication in a social network. Integrating concepts from Bass's model, such as innovation adoption and imitative behavior, the proposed model aims to predict the dynamics of public attitudes in response to the spread of narratives.

Вероятностная оценка эффективности применения метода циклического заводнения нефтяных пластов

Extraction of hard-to-recover hydrocarbons is becoming an urgent task for the entire world oil community. The development of new technologies and methods, as well as the improvement of existing ones, have become the main issue in the extraction of hydrocarbons at existing fields. The aim of the work was to develop the technology of hydrodynamic impact on the hydrocarbon deposit. The process of oil reservoirs flooding is one of the most widespread and traditional in the application of extraction of hard–to-recover oil. The most effective in terms of impact is the cyclic regime of flooding of oil reservoirs – periodic changes in fluid flow rates at injection and production wells with a phase shift of oscillations for individual groups of wells. The use of cyclic flooding in combination with an increase in the average level of injection pressures can give a significant increase in the coefficient of reservoir coverage in power. The degree of hydrodynamic connectivity of the layers along the section has a significant impact on the effectiveness of cyclic flooding. The coefficient of lithological connectivity of formations is determined by the ratio of the area of the reservoir confluence to the total area of the deposit and can characterize the hydrodynamic connectivity of formations along the section. Using the example of the D3 of the Korotkoye field, an assessment of the start-up of the wells of the PPD system was done as well as the analysis of the nature of its influence on the volume and water content of the extracted products of the D3 formation of the Korotkoye field under various injection modes using cyclic flooding. It is determined that when both injection wells are stopped for a long period, the output of the produced products decreases to 25%. The analysis of the total oil flow rate showed that in the variants with well shutdowns there is a stronger decrease in oil flow rate than in the variants with cyclic injection, in the variants with cyclic operation of the PPD system the highest indicators of accumulated oil production are achieved for a certain period.

Surface modification of grey cast iron by laser cladding for automotive brake disc application

In this research, Laser Cladding (LC) of three different alloys powders, two iron-based (AISI 4140 and SS420) and a Cobalt-based (Stellite 6) was performed on a Grey Cast Iron (GCI) substrate. The Stellite 6, SS420, and AISI 4140 cladding samples were tested against a semi-metallic composite brake pin for friction and wear study using a pin-on-disc friction test rig (under dry-sliding conditions). The surface wettability tests were performed on GCI, and cladding discs showed Stellite 6 and AISI 4140 were hydrophobic while SS420 and GCI were hydrophilic. Stellite 6, SS420, and AISI 4140 had surface hardness values of 542.16 HV1, 689.56 HV1, and 719.50 HV1, respectively. The friction test indicated that AISI 4140 and Stellite 6 cladding discs could produce a stable Coefficient of Friction (CoF) and friction layer coverage. SS420 could not maintain a constant CoF for the entire test duration as the plowing effect of the wear particles damaged the friction layer created on its surface. Stellite 6's average CoF value was closest to that of the GCI disc, whereas AISI 4140 and SS420 were found to have a higher average CoF. The LC on grey cast iron reduced its wear rate, with AISI 4140 being the most wear-resistant cladding, followed by SS420 and Stellite 6, respectively. All three cladding layers exhibited three-body abrasive wear, with the rolling mechanism dominating the AISI 4140 surface and sliding on the remaining two.

An Evaluation of Different Digestion Methods for the Quantitation of Inorganic Elements in Human Hair Using ICP-MS.

The inorganic elements have unique properties in biochemical processes in humans. An increasing number of pathologies have been associated with essential element ions, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. Hair has become an attractive clinical specimen for studying the longitudinal exposure to elements from the external environment. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with nitric acid (HNO3) digestion is the most common approach for determining inorganic elements from human hair. This study aims to optimize the digestion method for the absolute quantitation of 52 elements using ICP-MS, for a large cohort study in human hair. Five different HNO3 (65%) digestion methods were investigated and evaluated for their internal standard solution stability, reproducibility, element coverage, and standard solution recovery efficiency, namely, room temperature for 24 h (RT), 90°C for 4 h (T90), ultrasonic-assisted digestion (UltraS), programmed digestion of microwave digestion (MicroD), and ordinary microwave oven digestion (O-MicroD). Our results demonstrated that O-MicroD, MicroD, and RT were the best performing digestion methods for coefficient of variation (CV) scores, coverage, and recovery efficiency, respectively. In particular, the O-MicroD method detected multiple elements in a small quantity of hair (3 mg), with minimum nitric acid usage (200 μl) and a short digestion time (30 min). The O-MicroD method had excellent reproducibility, as demonstrated by a continuous thousand injections of hair samples with three internal standards (CV: 103Rh = 3.59%, 115In = 3.61%, and 209Bi = 6.31%). Future studies of the elemental content of hair should carefully select their digestion method to meet the primary purpose of their study.

Tuberculosis in Adults and Children in the Northwestern Federal District: Changes in Epidemiological Rates and Criteria for Their Assessment

The epidemic situation is monitored by numerous rates that may not reflect it objectively which will subsequently lead to higher incidence rates and severe forms of tuberculosis in both adults and children in the regions with the most unfavorable situation.The objective: to evaluate epidemiological rates for tuberculosis in the Northwestern Federal District to identify the most significant, and assess the epidemic situation in the region using these most significant rates.Subjects and Methods. We analyzed the main epidemiological rates of pediatric tuberculosis according to federal statistics (Forms 8 and 33) in 11 districts of the Northwestern District in 2019-2021. Annual figures were obtained from open demographic data of the state statistics (https://www.fedstat.ru). Statistical analysis was pe`rformed using the free software R (v.3.5.1) and the commercial Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0, IBM Corp., 2016). Hierarchical cluster analysis and k-means clustering were used with the selection of the lowest and highest values of rates. A formula is proposed for calculating the coefficient of full coverage with preventive screening (COP) for tuberculosis of the population which allows adjusting the analyzed epidemic rates taking into account the maximum coverage of the population with preventive screening and determining the accuracy of previous analysis.Results. According to the data obtained, in 2017 and 2018, Vologda Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug were epidemically favorable regions, while in 2020 and 2021 Kaliningrad, Leningrad and Novgorod Oblasts were regarded as favorable regions that were steadily improving their performance. Regions with unfavorable tuberculosis situation include Pskov Oblast, St. Petersburg and the Komi Republic. At the same time, the first two regions occupy this position stably from 2017 to 2021. The use of the coefficient of low coverage with screening for tuberculosis made it possible to determine that Murmansk Oblast, St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Pskov Oblasts in 2020 and 2021 are prognostically unfavorable regions despite a decline in official tuberculosis rates. The data obtained correlate with a high percentage of positive tests with the tuberculosis recombinant tuberculosis allergen (TRA) in children in the regions mentioned above.Conclusions. The analysis of the data clearly demonstrates the possibility of determining the epidemically most favorable or unfavorable regions using four rates: coverage with preventive screening, incidence in the adult population, incidence in children aged 0 to 17 years, and tuberculosis mortality. Cluster analysis using these rates, calculation of rates using the developed coefficient of low coverage with screening for tuberculosis, and analysis of positive results of TRA test in children allows identifying the most epidemically unfavorable regions, despite the decrease in some rates that can be regarded as favorable.

UAV spraying on citrus crop: impact of tank-mix adjuvant on the contact angle and droplet distribution.

Adding tank-mix adjuvants into the spray mixture is a common practice to improve droplet distribution for field crops (e.g., rice, wheat, corn, etc.) when using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sprayers. However, the effectiveness of tank-mix adjuvant for UAV spraying in orchard crops is still an open problem, considering their special canopy structure and leaf features. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a typical tank-mix adjuvant concentrations (i.e., Nong Jian Fei (NJF)) on Contact Angle (CA) and droplet distribution in the citrus tree canopy. Three commonly used parameters, namely dynamic CA, droplet coverage, and Volume Median Diameter (VMD), are adopted for performance evaluation. The dynamic CAs on the adaxial surface of citrus leaves, for water-only and NJF-presence sprays, respectively, are measured with five concentration levels, where three replications are performed for each concentration. The sprays with 0.5‰ NJF are adopted in the field experiment for evaluating droplet distributions, where Water Sensitive Papers (WSPs) are used as collectors. Two multi-rotor UAVs (DJI T20 and T30) which consist of different sizes of pesticide tanks and rotor diameters are used as the spraying platforms. Both water-only and NJF-presence treatments are conducted for the two UAVs, respectively. The results of the CA experiment show that NJF addition can significantly reduce the CAs of the sprays. The sprays with 0.5‰ NJF obtain the lowest CA within the observing time, suggesting a better spread ability on solid surface (e.g., WSPs or/and leaves). With respect to the effects of NJF addition on individual UAVs, the field trial results indicate that NJF addition can remarkably increase both the droplet coverage and VMD at three canopy layers, except for T30 droplet coverage of the inside and bottom layers. Comparing the difference of droplet coverage between two UAVs, while significant difference is found in the same layer before NJF addition, there is no notable difference appearing in the outside and bottom layers after NJF addition. The difference of VMD in the same layer between two UAVs is not affected by NJF addition except for the bottom layer. These results imply that the differences of droplet coverage among different UAVs might be mitigated, thus the droplet distribution of some UAVs could be improved by adding a tank-mix adjuvant into the sprays. This hypothesis is verified by investigating the droplet penetration and the correlation coefficient (CC) of droplet coverage and VMD. After NJF addition, the total percentage of T20 droplet coverage in the bottom and inside layers is increased by 5%. For both UAVs, the CCs indicate that both droplet coverage and VMD increase at the same time in most cases after NJF addition. In conclusion, the addition of a tank-mix adjuvant with the ability to reduce CA of the sprays, can effectively improve droplet distribution using UAV spraying in the citrus canopy by increasing droplet coverage and VMD.

Survey of Areas Underserved by Plastic Surgery in Japan.

Background In Japan, there is a large regional disparity in plastic surgery availability. In order for plastic surgery to be widely available for all citizens, it is essential for at least one plastic surgery facility to be located in each secondary medical zone. Methods Using the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery homepage and some databases, we extracted data on secondary medical zones that do not have a plastic surgery facility. The national and regional coverage rates were calculated. The coverage rate for each group divided by the degree of population concentration was also calculated. Results We found that 147 of 344 secondary medical zones did not have a plastic surgery facility, and the area coverage rate was found to be 57.27% nationwide. The coverage rate in terms of population was 87.07% (correlation coefficient of area and population coverage = 0.983). The area coverage rates in Hokkaido-Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku-Shikoku, and Kyushu-Okinawa districts were 47.46, 72.15, 76.47, 62.79, 52.08, and 32.81%, respectively. The corresponding population coverage rates were 79.92, 91.62, 94.27, 90.59, 80.68, and 69.54%, respectively. The area coverage rates in metropolitan areas, provincial cities, and rural areas were 98.08, 75.90, and 15.87%, respectively. In contrast, the area coverage rate of dermatology was 62.79% and that of orthopaedics was 97.09%. Conclusion Unfortunately, it is estimated that more than 40% of secondary medical zones are underserved by plastic surgery, and 13% of the population is not able to fully benefit from this specialty in Japan.

The system of indicators of the financial stability of the local budget as a component of the assessment of the competitive immunity of the region

The article examines the essence of competitive immunity and gives the main stages of evaluating the competitive immunity of the region. There are three blocks for assessing the competitive immunity of the region: information and digital approach; information and digital technologies; value and reputation management. In accordance with the selected blocks, the objects of management influence necessary for assessing the competitive immunity of the region and bringing it to sustainable functioning are defined, namely: production sustainability, financial sustainability, socio-economic sustainability, informational and psychological sustainability, market sustainability, sustainable innovative development, growth of business value, balanced innovative infrastructure and reputation of the region. For one of the important objects of managerial influence, namely, financial stability, a system of indicators of a comprehensive analysis of the financial stability of the local budget as a component of competitive immunity is proposed, which should be considered in three groups: analysis of the balance of the local budget, analysis of financial stability and analysis of budget efficiency. The proposed ratio complex consists of twelve indicators, namely: coefficient of budget coverage, coefficient of budget sustainability, coefficient of general tax stability, coefficient of cost coverage by interbudgetary transfers, coefficient of budget dependence, coefficient of tax independence, coefficient of stability of the income base, the share of equalization grants in the total amount of transfers, local budget deficit ratio, coefficient of budgetary efficiency, coefficient of budgetary support, indicator of stability of the revenue part of the budget. The essence and normative values of the proposed indicators were considered. Within the framework of the proposed approach, the components of the integral indicator of the financial stability of the local budget are considered. The essence and algorithm of the work of Kohonen's neural networks with the aim of its further use for the segmentation of regions based on indicators of financial stability of regions are given.

TRENDS IN THE FORMATION AND EXECUTION OF LOCAL BUDGETS UNDER MARTIAL LAW

Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the structure and volumes of the revenue and expenditure parts of local budgets of Ukraine in the pre-war period and during martial law, with the determination of indicators of financial security of local budgets and the substantiation of measures to strengthen them in the future. Methodology of research. In the process of research, methods of general scientific and empirical techniques based on a systemic approach were used. Such methods as: statistical method of data processing, grouping method - to analyse the dynamics of tax and non-tax revenues of local budgets were also used; system analysis, generalization - to assess the financial capacity of local authorities to fulfil the powers entrusted to them; expert method - for interpreting indicators of financial stability. Findings. It is installed the following: - a positive trend in the dynamics of the coefficient of concentration of own and fixed incomes, which means an increase in the level of independence of local self-government bodies; - a decrease in the ratio of the share of transfers in all revenues of local budgets, which indicates an increase in the independence of local self-government across regions; - normative value of the coefficient of budget coverage, which shows that the local self-government is able to finance its powers at the expense of its own and fixed revenues; - the negative trend of the deficit ratio of the local budget. It is argued that in the conditions of martial law, the current values of such indicators cannot be understood as a positive phenomenon. After all, today they are caused by the following negative factors: the "freezing" of special fund expenditures, the curtailment of infrastructure projects, arrears on a number of payments due to the withdrawal of "protected" budget articles during martial law, non-spending of local budgets in territorial communities located in the territories of hostilities. Focused attention on the possible reserve of local budgets, which can be the volume of reverse subsidies, provided they are directed to energy efficiency measures, including for the restoration of energy infrastructure facilities that were damaged as a result of mass shelling. This will contribute not only to overcoming the current challenges of wartime, but also to the post-war reconstruction of the regions that suffered from the aggression of russia. Originality. Based on the calculated indicators of the financial sustainability of local budgets, steps have been determined that enable local self-government bodies to increase the level of independence of local budgets, improve the quality of provided public services, and accelerate the social and economic development of regions during the war period. Practical value. The results of the study can be used in the process of forming and implementing the budget policy of the state in terms of redistributing financial resources and directing them to energy efficiency measures within territorial communities. Key words: local budgets, revenues of local budgets, expenditures of local budgets, consolidated budget, financial stability of local budgets.

КОМПАРАТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ УКРАЇНИ ТА СЛОВАЧЧИНИ

The article examines the main absolute (volume of exports, imports, and trade balance) and relative (marketability index, net trade index, coefficient of export coverage, export quota, import quota, foreign trade quota) indicators of Slovakia's development, and performs comparative analysis of the foreign trade in Slovakia and Ukraine. On the basis of the conducted research, conclusions were made about the level of development of foreign trade activity, including the assessment of the level of openness of both countries, the degree of their dependence on world markets and the degree of participation in the international division of labour. In the research process, linear diagrams were used to display the dynamics of Slovakia's main foreign trade indicators; sector diagrams – to display the commodity structure of exports and imports of Slovakia; bar charts – to compare the indicators of development of foreign trade activity of Ukraine and Slovakia. In the article, the main indicators of Ukraine's foreign trade activity are calculated taking into account the average exchange rate of the Ukrainian hryvnia to the euro for each specific year (2012–2021), which can be found on the official website of the National Bank of Ukraine. Ukraine and Slovakia are neighbouring countries, and Slovakia is a member state of the European Union. Thus, Ukraine is interested in promoting good neighbourly foreign trade relations between countries, as this will contribute to further integration of Ukraine into the European Union. The study of the indicators of foreign trade activity of Slovakia and their comparison with the indicators of Ukraine will make it possible to compare the positions of both countries on the world arena and to identify shortcomings in the foreign trade activity of Ukraine. In addition, the analysis of the commodity structure of Slovakia's exports and imports will make it possible to identify potential opportunities for increasing foreign trade between the two countries.

С О В Р Е М Е Н Н Ы Е М Е Т О Д И Ч Е С К И Е В О З М О Ж Н О С Т И И Н Д И К А Т О Р Н О Г О ( Т Р А С С Е Р Н О Г О )

The article presents the results of modeling tracer studies of the process of flooding of an oil reservoir. As a result of the studies, the dependences on the time of the change in the volume occupied by the injected water were obtained. Formulas are given that allow us to calculate the values of the coefficient of coverage of the reservoir area by flooding as a whole and the contribution of each injection well to flooding. The technology is implemented by continuously pumping the tracer into the injection well. Continuous injection of different tracers into different injection wells allows for operational monitoring of oil field development

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИМИТАЦИОННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОЦЕССА ПОДАЧИ И РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СМАЗОЧНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА В СЕДЕЛЬНО-СЦЕПНОМ УСТРОЙСТВЕ ЛЕСОВОЗНОГО ТЯГАЧА С ПОЛУПРИЦЕПОМ

The necessity of increasing the efficiency of the fifth wheel coupling of hauling tractor with saddle trailer has been substantiated. The analysis of the works of foreign scientists investigating the influence of fifth wheel couplings on the efficiency of functioning of road trains has been carried out. The importance of periodically applying the lubricant recommended by the manufacturer to the rubbing surfaces of the base plate and the saddle of the fifth wheel coupling of hauling tractor has been described. The goal of the work is formulated to determine the optimal number of outlets in the seat for supplying the minimum amount of lubricant that ensures full coverage of the seat surface, as well as long-term retention on it. To achieve this goal, a mathematical model and a computer program based on it have been developed. The schemes of representation in the model of the mounting plate of the hauling tractor and the base plate of the saddle trailer, the interface form with the results of modeling the supply and distribution of lubricant over the rubbing surfaces of the fifth wheel coupling, as well as a diagram of the main input and output parameters of the simulation model are given. The time dependences of the coefficient of lubricant coverage of the mounting plate of the fifth wheel coupling seat with different periodicity of lubricant supply through a variable number of outlet openings are obtained. It was found that the increase in the coefficient of coverage of the mounting plate of the fifth wheel coupling with a lubricant over time occurs according to an exponential law. The optimum number of openings for the lubricant supply is 5-7

MODELING OF EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS

The article presents the modelling of structural transformations in the employment of the population by the algorithm: 1) forming a database and establishing the type of mathematical model; 2) identification of variables; 3) exploring the forms of correlation between factor features and the resulting variable; 4) parameterization of data; 5) drawing up the regression equation; 6) economic interpretation of the results, in particular, the calculation of elasticity coefficients; 8) validation of the model for adequacy (calculation of errors of approximation, correlation coefficients and determination); 9) validation of the model for statistical significance (Fisher criterion and Student’st-test); 10) forecasting: calculation of confidence intervals.
 It is formed the statistical research base of the level dependence of the Ukrainian population employment (selected regions) on a number of factors (share of full-time workers with higher education in % to accounting number; growth rate of labor productivity; growth rate of average wages; capital investment index; coverage ratio). The research was made due to data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine in the period of 2000—2016 in the Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv and Vinnytsia regions. The dynamics of growth of selected factors for each region for the period 2000—2016 is considered.
 It is established and determined the economic and mathematical models of the level dependence of the Ukrainian population employment (region) on the influence of selected factors for Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv and Vinnitsa regions. The comparative analysis of the obtained results is carried out.
 It is established that the determinants that influence the dynamics of employment growth for the industrial regions of Dnipropetrovsk and Kharkiv regions are the factors reflecting the share of full-time employees with higher education, growth rate of labor productivity and the coefficient of export coverage. It is made a comparative analysis of the built regional models (Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Kyiv and Vinnytsia regions) with a mathematical model of multiple regression for the analysis of structural changes in the employment of the population of Ukraine.

Algorithm for the formation of a scene for visualizing data for HT-devices

Data visualization through the formation of a scene on the screen of a Hi-Tech- (HT)-device is increasingly attracting the attention of specialists in the field of computer science and software. This is due to the fact that the visibility of the visualized information is important not only for users of HT-devices (a person perceives 80% of information visually (with the eyes)), but also for analytics of decisions made based on the analysis of the visualized data. At the same time, there is a steady tendency in the world to increase the volume of visualized data, and the resource of its perception by a human is limited. The use of the patterns of visual perception of objects associated with the properties of the «golden» section allows one to formulate a visualization criterion for visualized data, and, consequently, an algorithm for the formation of a scene for visualizing data for HT-devices. The purpose of the study is to determine the visualization criterion for visualized data and, based on it, the algorithm for the formation of the data visualization scene, as well as the features of the algorithm functioning. The visualization criterion for visualized data is determined through the coefficient of coverage of the screen area. The optimal value of the coefficient corresponds to the mathematical definition of the «golden» section. As a result of the study, it is necessary to highlight the definition, based on the analysis of the properties of the «golden» section, of the visualization criterion for data visualization, the algorithm for the formation of the data visualization scene and the features of its functioning. The practical value of the results lies in the fact that the proposed criterion represents a mathematical interpretation of the «golden» section property for visualizing data on modern HT-devices of various sizes.

Фармацевтика України: від залежності до ендогенного розвитку

The article substantiates various theoretical and applied principles of developing high-tech pharmaceutical industries (HTPI). It is established that the key problem of developing countries in this area is the dependence on resources and markets of developed countries, while the involvement of advanced foreign technologies can be a catalyst for increasing the technological potential of host countries (subject to the availability of proper knowledge and human capital, changes in the institutional environment, and improved the framework conditions for innovation). In the context of the development of HTPI, the author shows the importance of the network nature of the acquisition by pharmaceutical companies of sustainable competitive advantages based on resources that are difficult to simulate or replace. It is substantiated that networks built with local research institutions, higher education institutions, and research units of other companies, give pharmaceutical manufacturers the opportunity to access complementary assets and become their specific resource, which provides unique competitive advantages. The author reveals various methodological and statistical features of the categorization of industries by the level of technology in the conditions of globalization. It is substantiated that the current low value of the ratio of research and development (R&D) to value-added generated by pharmaceuticals of individual countries is not a sign of the industry’s low technological level, as the current revenues are the result of long-term R&D and harmonization procedures for launching new drugs with lags of 10-15 years. A new tool for the study of international trade in high-tech pharmaceuticals is proposed, whose peculiar feature consists in the categorization of nomenclature items by end use; the List of high-tech medical and pharmaceutical intermediate goods is formulated (in accordance with SITC Rev.4 and UKT FEA); the following indicators are proposed: the coefficient of import dependence of pharmaceutical production, the coefficient of "purified" exports of pharmaceutical products and the coefficient of imports coverage with HTPI output, and the formulas for their calculation are provided. The author's approach is the first to create the opportunity to assess the scale of costs and the dependence of the pharmaceutical industry on imported components that embody advanced technologies and are the industrial supplies for HTPI. It was found that in Ukraine the share of foreign intermediate high-tech goods in the consumption of the industry reaches 82.2%; the industry, working on imported substances, produces mainly products for the domestic market, without earning foreign currency, even to cover the cost of purchasing the necessary ingredients; manufacturers do not rely on synthesized chemical products of domestic production, primarily due to the fact that the products of the chemical industry for the needs of pharmaceuticals in Ukraine are virtually non-existent; and the increase in output depends on foreign technologies and intermediate goods. It is substantiated that Ukraine’s pharmaceutical industry is critically dependent on imported supplies to ensure the smooth operation of enterprises and the healthcare industry. Key endogenous barriers that hinder the development of HTPI have been identified, including problems in the training of specialists and a lack of scientists whose competencies would contribute to solving the problems of endogenous development of the industry; lack of state aid to business entities for research, and technological and innovative activities; lack of own funds to increase expenditures on R&D and implementation of large-scale investment and innovation projects; and lack of cheap loans, due to which Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers find themselves in unequal conditions compared to foreign competitors. Conceptual bases of HTPI development in Ukraine are proposed; justified the expediency of legal changes, definition of strategic priorities and introduction of measures of development of HTPI in Ukraine based on the comprehensive approach, which will cover creation and development of pharmaceutical ingredients for medicines (chemical and biotechnological goods), medical products, fillers, packing materials, machinery and equipment for pharmaceuticals to help reduce the dependence on foreign technologies, and to increase the level of production localization, employment and revenues to the budgets of all levels.