Coding Theory Research Articles

The Beloved in the Vision of the Artist and the Poet Nali and Picaso as Examples

The beloved in the vision of the Artist and Poet( Nali and Picasso as example) a critical analytical research of fine art and poem. This research uses Nail’s pome which he wrote for his beloved Habibia and two of Picasso’s pictures which he painted for his beloved ones. The research is divided into two main titles. The first one is the beauty of woman as motivation of art in which discussed in some philosophical questions. In the second one depending on the psychobiology ( Fitz ) some of the receiver’s questions has been answered along with analyzing how to unlock digital and analog codes for both arts. the most important opinions about ( beauty of art and the role of passion in the testing art, how the Kurdish receiver takes in art, how to unlock the codes and the activities of the receiver brain) are presented in some points as a result of our research.

Comments on the holographic description of Narain theories

We discuss the holographic description of Narain U(1)c× U(1)c conformal field theories, and their potential similarity to conventional weakly coupled gravitational theories in the bulk, in the sense that the effective IR bulk description includes “U(1) gravity” amended with additional light degrees of freedom. Starting from this picture, we formulate the hypothesis that in the large central charge limit the density of states of any Narain theory is bounded by below by the density of states of U(1) gravity. This immediately implies that the maximal value of the spectral gap for primary fields is ∆1 = c/(2πe). To test the self-consistency of this proposal, we study its implications using chiral lattice CFTs and CFTs based on quantum stabilizer codes. First we notice that the conjecture yields a new bound on quantum stabilizer codes, which is compatible with previously known bounds in the literature. We proceed to discuss the variance of the density of states, which for consistency must be vanishingly small in the large-c limit. We consider ensembles of code and chiral theories and show that in both cases the density variance is exponentially small in the central charge.

Scene statistics and noise determine the relative arrangement of receptive field mosaics

Many sensory systems utilize parallel ON and OFF pathways that signal stimulus increments and decrements, respectively. These pathways consist of ensembles or grids of ON and OFF detectors spanning sensory space. Yet, encoding by opponent pathways raises a question: How should grids of ON and OFF detectors be arranged to optimally encode natural stimuli? We investigated this question using a model of the retina guided by efficient coding theory. Specifically, we optimized spatial receptive fields and contrast response functions to encode natural images given noise and constrained firing rates. We find that the optimal arrangement of ON and OFF receptive fields exhibits a transition between aligned and antialigned grids. The preferred phase depends on detector noise and the statistical structure of the natural stimuli. These results reveal that noise and stimulus statistics produce qualitative shifts in neural coding strategies and provide theoretical predictions for the configuration of opponent pathways in the nervous system.

Lowest-energy structural and electronic properties of CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters in metallic glasses via CALYPSO search and density functional theory calculations

Bimetallic Cu–Zr clusters containing 13 atoms are intimately linked with the best glass former chemical compositions of Cu–Zr metallic glasses. Thus far, the ground-state geometric structures of CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters have not been reported and are not well known because of the complexity of the energetic potential surface. In this study, a series of novel ground-state geometric structures of CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters were found via an unbiased structure search using Crystal structure AnaLYsis by Particle Swarm Optimization (CALYPSO) code and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three new parameters for the second-order difference in energy gap, chemical hardness, and electronegativity were proposed to evaluate the relative chemical activity dependence of the chemical composition for the lowest-energy CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters. Results show that although Cu5Zr8 and Cu7Zr6 are double-layered schistose and distorted face-centered cubic (FCC) structures, respectively, the lowest-energy structures of Cu–Zr clusters exhibit irregular nested structures based on a pentagonal bipyramid (existing nearly golden ratio order (NGRO)) with low symmetry, and the entire evolutionary configuration exhibits a stable transient from Cu3Zr10 to Cu10Zr3. Analysis of the electronic shell structure showed that the chemical compositions of Cu6Zr7 and Cu8Zr5 clusters have good correspondence with the best glass formers, Cu50Zr50 and Cu64Zr36, respectively, which is mainly due to the odd and even number of valence electrons rather than the geometric structure for a given Cu–Zr cluster. Moreover, the molecular orbital contours showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the lowest-energy structure of CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters are mainly contributed by the 4d electrons of Zr, which are consistent with the density of electronic states. The infrared spectra of the lowest-energy structure of CunZr13−n (n = 3–10) clusters provide a pathway for future experimental research.

Joint representation of working memory and uncertainty in human cortex

Neural representations of visual working memory (VWM) are noisy, and thus, decisions based on VWM are inevitably subject to uncertainty. However, the mechanisms by which the brain simultaneously represents the content and uncertainty of memory remain largely unknown. Here, inspired by the theory of probabilistic population codes, we test the hypothesis that the human brain represents an item maintained in VWM as a probability distribution over stimulus feature space, thereby capturing both its content and uncertainty. We used a neural generative model to decode probability distributions over memorized locations from fMRI activation patterns. We found that the mean of the probability distribution decoded from retinotopic cortical areas predicted memory reports on a trial-by-trial basis. Moreover, in several of the same mid-dorsal stream areas, the spread of the distribution predicted subjective trial-by-trial uncertainty judgments. These results provide evidence that VWM content and uncertainty are jointly represented by probabilistic neural codes.

Coded Computing via Binary Linear Codes: Designs and Performance Limits

We consider the problem of coded distributed computing where a large linear computational job, such as a matrix multiplication, is divided into <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> smaller tasks, encoded using an <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(n,k)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> linear code, and performed over <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> distributed nodes. The goal is to reduce the average execution time of the computational job. We provide a connection between the problem of characterizing the average execution time of a coded distributed computing system and the problem of analyzing the error probability of codes of length <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> used over erasure channels. Accordingly, we present closed-form expressions for the execution time using binary random linear codes and the best execution time any linear-coded distributed computing system can achieve. It is also shown that there exist <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">good</i> binary linear codes that not only attain (asymptotically) the best performance that any linear code (not necessarily binary) can achieve but also are numerically stable against the inevitable rounding errors in practice. We then develop a low-complexity algorithm for decoding Reed-Muller (RM) codes over erasure channels. Our decoder only involves additions, subtractions, and inversion of relatively small matrices of dimensions at most <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\log n+1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , and enables coded computation over real-valued data. Extensive numerical analysis of the fundamental results as well as RM- and polar-coded computing schemes demonstrate the excellence of the RM-coded computation in achieving close-to-optimal performance while having a low-complexity decoding and explicit construction. The proposed framework in this paper enables efficient designs of distributed computing systems given the rich literature in the channel coding theory.

Code-based encryption techniques with distributed cluster head and energy consumption routing protocol

Fog computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) played a crucial role in storing data in the third-party server. Fog computing provides various resources to collect data by managing data security. However, intermediate attacks and data sharing create enormous security challenges like data privacy, confidentiality, authentication, and integrity issues. Various researchers introduce several cryptographic techniques; security is still significant while sharing data in the distributed environment. Therefore, in this paper, Code-Based Encryption with the Energy Consumption Routing Protocol (CBE-ECR) has been proposed for managing data security and data transmission protocols using keyed-hash message authentication. Initially, the data have been analyzed, and the distributed cluster head is selected, and the stochastically distributed energy clustering protocol is utilized for making the data transmission. Code-driven cryptography relies on the severity of code theory issues such as disorder demodulation and vibration required to learn equivalence. These crypto-systems are based on error codes to build a single-way function. The encryption technique minimizes intermediate attacks, and the data have protected all means of transmission. In addition to data security management, the introduced CBE-ECR reduces unauthorized access and manages the network lifetime successfully, leading to the effective data management of 96.17% and less energy consumption of 21.11% than other popular methods.The effectiveness of the system is compared to the traditional clustering techniques.

Semantic Coding and Model Reconstruction of Multifunction Radar Pulse Train

Retrieving the working modes of multifunction radar from electronic reconnaissance data is a difficult problem, and it has attracted widespread attention in the field of electronic reconnaissance. It is also an important task when extracting benefits from big electromagnetic data and provides straightforward support to applications, such as radar type recognition, working state recognition, radar intention inferring, and precise electronic jamming. Based on the assumption of model simplicity, this study defines a complexity measurement rule for multifunction radar pulse trains and introduces the semantic coding theory to analyze the temporal structure of multifunction radar pulse trains. The model complexity minimization criterion guides the semantic coding procedure to extract radar pulse groups corresponding to different radar functions from pulse trains. Furthermore, based on the coded sequence of the pulse train, the switching matrix between different pulse groups is estimated, and the hierarchical working model of multifunction radars is ultimately reconstructed. Simulations are conducted to verify the feasibility and performance of the new method. Simulation results indicate that the coding theory is successfully used in the proposed method to automatically extract pulse groups and rebuild operating models based on multifunction radar pulse trains. Moreover, the method is robust to data noises, such as missing pulses.

Somatosensory Deviance Detection ERPs and Their Relationship to Analogous Auditory ERPs and Interoceptive Accuracy

Abstract. Automatic deviance detection has been widely explored in terms of mismatch responses (mismatch negativity or mismatch response) and P3a components of event-related potentials (ERPs) under a predictive coding framework; however, the somatosensory mismatch response has been investigated less often regarding the different types of changes than its auditory counterpart. It is not known whether the deviance detection responses from different modalities correlate, reflecting a general prediction error mechanism of the central nervous system. Furthermore, interoceptive functions have been associated with predictive coding theory, but whether interoceptive accuracy correlates with deviance detection brain responses has rarely been investigated. Here, we measured ERPs to changes in somatosensory stimuli’s location and intensity and in sound intensity in healthy adults ( n = 34). Interoceptive accuracy was measured with a heartbeat discrimination task, where participants indicated whether their heartbeats were simultaneous or non-simultaneous with sound stimuli. We found a mismatch response and a P3a response to somatosensory location and auditory intensity changes, but for somatosensory intensity changes, only a P3a response was found. Unexpectedly, there were neither correlations between the somatosensory location deviance and intensity deviance brain responses nor between auditory and somatosensory brain responses. In addition, the brain responses did not correlate with interoceptive accuracy. The results suggest that although deviance detection in the auditory and somatosensory modalities are likely based on similar neural mechanisms at a cellular level, their ERP indexes do not indicate a linear association in sensitivity for deviance detection between the modalities. Furthermore, although sensory deviance detection and interoceptive detection are both associated with predictive coding functions, under these experimental settings, functional relationships were not observed. These results should be taken into account in the future development of theories related to human sensory functions and in extensions of the predictive coding theory in particular.

Group Signature with Verifier-Local Revocation Based on Coding Theory

Group signature with verifier-local revocation (VLR-GS) is a special variant of revocable group signature that not only allows a user to anonymously sign messages but also only requires the verifiers to possess some up-to-date revocation information. To date, a number of VLR-GS schemes have been proposed under bilinear groups and lattices, while they have not yet been instantiated based on coding theory. In this paper, we present a code-based VLR-GS scheme in the random oracle model, which is the first construction to the best of our knowledge. Concretely, our VLR-GS scheme does not rely on the traditional paradigm which utilizes an encryption scheme as a building block and achieves logarithmic-size group signature. To obtain the scheme, we first introduce a new code-based Stern-like interactive zero-knowledge protocol with member revocation mechanism based on syndrome decoding problem. Moreover, we employ the binary Goppa code embedded for our scheme with efficiency and security analysis.

Patriarchy and Women’s Emancipation in Indonesian Film: Marlina the Murderer in Four Acts and Perempuan Berkalung Sorban

This study aims to analyze the differences in the concept of women's emancipation displayed by Marlina in the film Marlina the Killer in Four Acts and Anisa in the film Perempuan Berkalung Sorban. These films tell different stories about women who fight for their rights, but both have a storyline in which Marlina and Anisa are shackled to a patriarchal culture. This study uses data analysis based on John Fiske's television code theory and semiotic analysis with a gender approach. An in-depth analysis and study show the character of women's emancipation in the second film. First, the Marlina film, The Murderer in Four Acts, shows an emancipated female character who can live independently and dare to defend herself when insulted or sexually harassed by men. Women are also entitled to the same legal justice as men. Meanwhile, the concept of emancipation in the film Perempuan Berkalung Sorban shows the emancipated character of women who have the right to reject polygamy and gain extensive knowledge but remain in their nature as children, mothers, and wives. Women also have the right to express their thoughts and feelings and choose whom they will marry.

Weierstrass points on modular curves X0(N) fixed by the Atkin–Lehner involutions

PurposeThe authors have determined whether the points fixed by all the full and the partial Atkin–Lehner involutions WQ on X0(N) for N ≤ 50 are Weierstrass points or not.Design/methodology/approachThe design is by using Lawittes's and Schoeneberg's theorems.FindingsFinding all Weierstrass points on X0(N) fixed by some Atkin–Lehner involutions. Besides, the authors have listed them in a table.Originality/valueThe Weierstrass points have played an important role in algebra. For example, in algebraic number theory, they have been used by Schwartz and Hurwitz to determine the group structure of the automorphism groups of compact Riemann surfaces of genus g ≥ 2. Whereas in algebraic geometric coding theory, if one knows a Weierstrass nongap sequence of a Weierstrass point, then one is able to estimate parameters of codes in a concrete way. Finally, the set of Weierstrass points is useful in studying arithmetic and geometric properties of X0(N).

Disentangling predictive processing in the brain: a meta-analytic study in favour of a predictive network

According to the predictive coding (PC) theory, the brain is constantly engaged in predicting its upcoming states and refining these predictions through error signals. Despite extensive research investigating the neural bases of this theory, to date no previous study has systematically attempted to define the neural mechanisms of predictive coding across studies and sensory channels, focussing on functional connectivity. In this study, we employ a coordinate-based meta-analytical approach to address this issue. We first use the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) algorithm to detect spatial convergence across studies, related to prediction error and encoding. Overall, our ALE results suggest the ultimate role of the left inferior frontal gyrus and left insula in both processes. Moreover, we employ a meta-analytic connectivity method (Seed-Voxel Correlations Consensus). This technique reveals a large, bilateral predictive network, which resembles large-scale networks involved in task-driven attention and execution. In sum, we find that: (i) predictive processing seems to occur more in certain brain regions than others, when considering different sensory modalities at a time; (ii) there is no evidence, at the network level, for a distinction between error and prediction processing.

Harry Potter and the Critical gaze: Autonomy pathways in literary response writing

Critical literacy studies require both textual reading and a knowledge of power dynamics in context. To achieve in critical literacy, learners need to work with different kinds of knowledge and integrate them. In this paper, I analyse how learners connect representations of social injustice from a popular literary text to issues of social justice in their broader cultural context. I investigate how different forms of knowledge came together in their response to a writing task. The empirical data comes from a critical literary course taught to Grade 8 learners in an English class in the southeastern United States. I offer an analysis of an exemplary essay submitted by a learner. In the analysis, I use concepts from the Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) dimension of Autonomy to show how the essay brought together information from the literary texts and from beyond to support interpretations of the characters' stances on the rights of elves. The analysis highlights how integration of knowledge drawn from imaginary and real contexts meets both the implicit and explicit critical literacy goals of the task. The findings offer a means for understanding how autonomy pathways can support teachers and learners in recognising and realising connections between texts and broader cultural discourses in ways that align with disciplinary literacy practices.

Coping in complex, changing classroom contexts: An investigation of the bases of pre-service teachers' pedagogic reasoning

Despite its central role in enabling professional judgements and decision-making in teaching, pedagogic reasoning is a slippery concept and difficult to pin down. Although pedagogic reasoning is understood to inform all aspects of teaching practice, we still do not know what pedagogic reasoning looks like. In this article, I present a conceptual tool, using concepts from Legitimation Code Theory (Maton, 2014), to explore analytically the differences between the abstraction and context-embeddedness of ideas expressed in the pedagogic reasoning of a sample of pre-service teachers. I argue that pre-service teachers who are able to draw on specialised concepts associated with context-independent principles, may be in a better position to distinguish the "formal elements" from the "material elements" of teaching (Morrow, 2005, p. 98). Being able to make this distinction is likely, I argue, to set pre-service teachers up to cope in complex changing classroom contexts.

Revealing shifts from mastery of knowledge to problem solving in assessments of a tertiary physics programme

There is an increasing pressure on lecturers to work with two goals. First, they need to ensure that their undergraduate students have a good grasp of the knowledge and skills of the intellectual field. In addition, they need to prepare graduates and postgraduates for careers both within and outside of academia. The problem we address in this paper is the way in which assessments may reveal a shift of focus from a mastery of knowledge to a work-focused orientation. We examine this shift through a case study of physics and the sub-discipline of theoretical physics as intellectual fields. The evidence is comprised of assessment tasks given to students at different points of their studies from first year to doctoral level. By examining and analysing the assessment tasks using concepts from Legitimation Code Theory (LCT), we demonstrate how the shifts in the assessments lead students incrementally from a pure disciplinary focus to one that enables them to pursue employment potentially both within and outside of academia. In doing so, we also highlight the usefulness of LCT as a framework for evaluating the preparation of science students for diverse workplaces.

Языковая компетенция, школьная успеваемость и социальный класс: введение в теорию языковых кодов Бэзила Бернстайна

Presented is an attempt to comprehend the theory of language codes by Basil Bernstein. The main aspects of this concept are analyzed, namely: the difference between the subcultures of the middle and lower (working) classes, the social differentiation of the language, and the influence of learned language codes on school performance. It is shown that the theory of B. Bernstein not only allows us to establish a link between school performance and social origin: it helps to clarify the mechanism by which the relationship between a successful educational career, on the one hand, and belonging to a social class, on the other. This tool is the language codes that are internalized in the course of socialization, along with other elements (value orientations, patterns of perception, thinking and behavior) that are characteristic of the subculture of their class (their social environment); the degree of discrepancy between the linguistic (and, in general, cultural) attitudes and communication practices learned in early childhood, and those that operate in the school space and at all levels of the education system (taking into account the privileged, legitimate, position of the latter and the stigmatization of the former), determines the measure of educational failures. The concept of B. Bernstein is considered as a heuristic tool that contributes not only to expanding the horizons of existing ways of posing educational problems, but also to opening up new perspectives in their understanding.

The Me-File: An Event-Coding Approach to Self-Representation.

Numerous authors have taken it for granted that people represent themselves or even have something like “a self”, but the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. How do people represent themselves? Here I propose that they do so not any differently from how they represent other individuals, events, and objects: by binding codes representing the sensory consequences of being oneself into a Me-File, that is, into an event file integrating all the codes resulting from the behaving me. This amounts to a Humean bundle-self theory of selfhood, and I will explain how recent extensions of the Theory of Event Coding, a general theory of human perception and action control, provide all the necessary ingredients for specifying the mechanisms underlying such a theory. The Me-File concept is likely to provide a useful mechanistic basis for more specific and more theoretically productive experimentation, as well as for the construction of artificial agents with human-like selves.

GOALIATH: a theory of goal-directed behavior

Commonsense and theorizing about action control agree in assuming that human behavior is (mainly) driven by goals, but no mechanistic theory of what goals are, where they come from, and how they impact action selection is available. Here I develop such a theory that is based on the assumption that GOALs guide Intentional Actions THrough criteria (GOALIATH). The theory is intended to be minimalist and parsimonious with respect to its assumptions, as transparent and mechanistic as possible, and it is based on representational assumptions provided by the Theory of Event Coding (TEC). It holds that goal-directed behavior is guided by selection criteria that activate and create competition between event files that contain action-effect codes matching one or more of the criteria—a competition that eventually settles into a solution favoring the best-matching event file. The criteria are associated with various sources, including biological drives, acquired needs (e.g., of achievement, power, or affiliation), and short-term, sometimes arbitrary, instructed aims. Action selection is, thus, a compromise that tries to satisfy various criteria related to different driving forces, which are also likely to vary in strength over time. Hence, what looks like goal-directed action emerges from, and represents an attempt to satisfy multiple constraints with different origins, purposes, operational characteristics, and timescales—which among other things does not guarantee a high degree of coherence or rationality of the eventual outcome. GOALIATH calls for a radical break with conventional theorizing about the control of goal-directed behavior, as it among other things questions existing cognitive-control theories and dual-route models of action control.

The Effects of Review Presentation Formats on Consumers' Purchase Intention

Perception of products has becoming one of the most important factors influencing consumers’ purchase intention in the context of online shopping. Thus, enriching and studying review presentation formats have been significant things for practitioners and researchers. This study employed dual coding theory and telepresence theory to investigate the effects of review presentation formats (text-based reviews, image-based reviews and video-based reviews) on consumers’ purchase intention, and then analysed the moderation effect of product type. The 3×2 between-subject situational experiment and 3×2 within-subject eye-tracking experiment design were separately applied to test the hypotheses. The results manifested that review presentation formats exactly could generate different impacts on consumers’ purchase intentions. And product type moderated the impact of presentation formats on purchase intentions. Hence, this research considered online vendors should pay more attention to image-based and video-based reviews, moreover take the product type into account.