Direct Code Research Articles

A Trajectory Generation Method Based on Edge Detection for Auto-Sealant Cartesian Robot

This paper presents algorithm ingenerating trajectory for sealant process using captured image. Cartesian robot as auto-sealant in manufacturing process has increased productivity, reduces human error and saves time. But, different sealant path in many engine models means not only different trajectory but also different program. Therefore robot with detection ability to generate its own trajectory is needed. This paper describes best lighting technique in capturing image and applies edge detection in trajectory generation as the solution. The algorithm comprises image capturing, Canny edge detection, integral projection in localizing outer most edge, scanning coordinates, and generating vector direction codes. The experiment results show that the best technique is diffuse lighting at 10 Cd. The developed method gives connected point to point trajectory which forms sealant path with a point to next point distance is equal to 90° motor rotation. Directional movement for point to point trajectory is controlled by generated codes which are ready to be sent by serial communication to robot controller as instruction for motors which actuate axes X and Y directions.

Private Legal Transplant: Multinational Enterprises as Proxies of Legal Homogenisation

Recent decades have been characterised by a surge in foreign direct investments and the expansion of global production networks as a new model of production. However, while hundreds of studies have been produced, little attention has been paid to the legal transformations that are taking place whenever transnational enterprises (TNEs) physically or contractually occupy space within national legal orders. In this article, I expand the scope of the traditional theory of legal transplant to look at foreign direct investments and codes of conduct, and conclude that they create special legal zones—separate sub-regimes where TNEs exercise their de facto jurisdiction. Thus, looking at the micro-mechanisms of legal reproduction we discover the limitedness of traditional theories of legal transplant and that, while critics of legal transplant stand in front of their houses to fight against the hegemony of legal and cultural homogenisation, their enemy is entering by the back door.

Gaussian directional pattern for dorsal hand vein recognition

With the increasing needs in security systems, hand vein recognition is reliable as one of the important solutions for biometrics-based identification systems. This work presents an effective approach for dorsal hand vein recognition by analysing vein patterns. The methodology involves extraction of dorsal hand vein features based on Gaussian filter. In order to obtain effective pattern of dorsal hand vein vascular, we propose an innovative and robust Gaussian directional filter method to extract the dorsal hand vein patterns and to encode the vein features in binary code. A new coding scheme, namely Gaussian directional binary code, is then proposed for dorsal hand vein recognition. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed approach, the normalised Hamming distance used in recognition is adopted. A total of 5120 dorsal hand vein images were collected from 256 persons to verify the validity of the proposed dorsal hand vein recognition approach. High accuracies (>99%) and low equal error rate (0·95%) have been obtained by the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach is feasible and effective for dorsal hand vein recognition.

Efficient descriptor of histogram of salient edge orientation map for finger vein recognition.

Finger vein images are rich in orientation and edge features. Inspired by the edge histogram descriptor proposed in MPEG-7, this paper presents an efficient orientation-based local descriptor, named histogram of salient edge orientation map (HSEOM). HSEOM is based on the fact that human vision is sensitive to edge features for image perception. For a given image, HSEOM first finds oriented edge maps according to predefined orientations using a well-known edge operator and obtains a salient edge orientation map by choosing an orientation with the maximum edge magnitude for each pixel. Then, subhistograms of the salient edge orientation map are generated from the nonoverlapping submaps and concatenated to build the final HSEOM. In the experiment of this paper, eight oriented edge maps were used to generate a salient edge orientation map for HSEOM construction. Experimental results on our available finger vein image database, MMCBNU_6000, show that the performance of HSEOM outperforms that of state-of-the-art orientation-based methods (e.g., Gabor filter, histogram of oriented gradients, and local directional code). Furthermore, the proposed HSEOM has advantages of low feature dimensionality and fast implementation for a real-time finger vein recognition system.

Tax Reforms in India since 1991: An Overview

When the Indian economy faced an unprecedented macroeconomic crisis in 1991, fiscal consolidation constituted a major objective of the policy response. For this purpose, it became necessary to: (a) enhance tax and non-tax revenue, (b) curtail current expenditure growth, (c) restructure public sector undertakings, including disinvestment, (d) improve fiscal-monetary co-ordination, and (e) deregulate financial system. The need for improvements in budgetary practices led to the enactment of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 which ushered the Indian economy in an era of fiscal consolidation based on fiscal policy rules. Tax reforms introduced by the Government since 1991 have helped to build a structure which is simple, relies on moderate tax rates but with a wider base and better enforcement. Moreover, they have helped in correcting structural imbalances in the tax system. They are soft on industry with a view to create new investment climate and make India internationally competitive. By lowering the tax rates, the Government expects speedy industrial development and hence buoyancy in tax revenues. The country is keenly awaiting implementation of Direct Taxes Code (DTC) and National Level Goods and Services Tax (GST). GST is India’s most ambitious indirect tax reform. Lack of political consensus is holding up progress and implementation of GST. This paper gives a vivid account of recent reforms in the Indian tax system as a part of the on-going policy of liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy.

Computation of object approach by a system of visual motion-sensitive neurons in the crab Neohelice.

Similar to most visual animals, crabs perform proper avoidance responses to objects directly approaching them. The monostratified lobula giant neurons of type 1 (MLG1) of crabs constitute an ensemble of 14-16 bilateral pairs of motion-detecting neurons projecting from the lobula (third optic neuropile) to the midbrain, with receptive fields that are distributed over the extensive visual field of the animal's eye. Considering the crab Neohelice (previously Chasmagnathus) granulata, here we describe the response of these neurons to looming stimuli that simulate objects approaching the animal on a collision course. We found that the peak firing time of MLG1 acts as an angular threshold detector signaling, with a delay of δ = 35 ms, the time at which an object reaches a fixed angular threshold of 49°. Using in vivo intracellular recordings, we detected the existence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents that shape the neural response. Other functional features identified in the MLG1 neurons were phasic responses at the beginning of the approach, a relation between the stimulus angular velocity and the excitation delay, and a mapping between membrane potential and firing frequency. Using this information, we propose a biophysical model of the mechanisms that regulate the encoding of looming stimuli. Furthermore, we found that the parameter encoded by the MLG1 firing frequency during the approach is the stimulus angular velocity. The proposed model fits the experimental results and predicts the neural response to a qualitatively different stimulus. Based on these and previous results, we propose that the MLG1 neuron system acts as a directional coding system for collision avoidance.

Finger Vein Recognition Using Generalized Local Line Binary Pattern

Finger vein images contain rich oriented features. Local line binary pattern (LLBP) is a good oriented feature representation method extended from local binary pattern (LBP), but it is limited in that it can only extract horizontal and vertical line patterns, so effective information in an image may not be exploited and fully utilized. In this paper, an orientation-selectable LLBP method, called generalized local line binary pattern (GLLBP), is proposed for finger vein recognition. GLLBP extends LLBP for line pattern extraction into any orientation. To effectually improve the matching accuracy, the soft power metric is employed to calculate the matching score. Furthermore, to fully utilize the oriented features in an image, the matching scores from the line patterns with the best discriminative ability are fused using the Hamacher rule to achieve the final matching score for the last recognition. Experimental results on our database, MMCBNU_6000, show that the proposed method performs much better than state-of-the-art algorithms that use the oriented features and local features, such as LBP, LLBP, Gabor filter, steerable filter and local direction code (LDC).

An Inability to Exclude Visual Noise in Migraine

People with migraine are relatively poor at judging the direction of motion of coherently moving signal dots when interspersed with noise dots drifting in random directions, a task known as motion coherence. Although this has been taken as evidence of impoverished global pooling of motion signals, it could also arise from unreliable coding of local direction (of each dot), or an inability to segment signal from noise (noise-exclusion). The aim of this study was to determine how these putative limits contribute to impoverished motion processing in migraine. Twenty-two participants with migraine (mean age, 34.7 ± 8.3 years; 16 female) and 22 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age, 34.4 ± 6.2 years) performed a motion-coherence task and a motion-equivalent noise task, the latter quantifying local and global limits on motion processing. In addition, participants were tested on analogous equivalent noise paradigms involving judgments of orientation and size, so that the specificity of any findings (to visual dimension) could be ascertained. Participants with migraine exhibited higher motion-coherence thresholds than controls (P = 0.01, independent t-test). However, this difference could not be attributed to deficits in either local or global processing since they performed normally on all equivalent noise tasks (P > 0.05, multivariate ANOVA). These findings indicate that motion perception in the participants with migraine was limited by an inability to exclude visual noise. We suggest that this is a defining characteristic of visual dysfunction in migraine, a theory that has the potential to integrate a wide range of findings in the literature.

Implementation of Dynamic Time Warping Method for the Vehicle Number License Recognition

In the era of information technology vehicle numbers identification needs to be done by system automatically. Therefore, the accuracy of the data is well documented and work porses identification can be done quickly. Motor vehicle license recognition is a recognition system by comparing character feature in license plate with reference feature which exists in database. This system uses chain code method and template matching to extract character feature in license plate’s image. Feature extraction with chain code method will result in an array of direction codes which stored in dynamic array, which stored in dynamic array. In this application test feature will be matched with feature stored in database using dynamic time warping method (DTW) to obtain a distance value between test feature and reference feature, the smaller the distance obtained shows that both the features are more similar. The result of this system is the recognition of each character in license plate’s image. In this study, samples of license plate’s images are tested with the number of research objects. From the study feature extraction is obtained with template matching method provides better success rate compared to feature extraction with chain code method, where the success rate of feature extraction with template matching method is at 78% whereas feature extraction with chain code method is at 68%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i2.5169

Allocentric directional processing in the rodent and human retrosplenial cortex

Head direction (HD) cells in the rodent brain have been investigated for a number of years, providing us with a detailed understanding of how the rodent brain codes for allocentric direction. Allocentric direction refers to the orientation of the external environment, independent of one’s current (egocentric) orientation. The presence of neural activity related to allocentric directional coding in humans has also been noted but only recently directly tested. Given the current status of both fields, it seems beneficial to draw parallels between this rodent and human research. We therefore discuss how findings from the human retrosplenial cortex (RSC), including its “translational function” (converting egocentric to allocentric information) and ability to code for permanent objects, compare to findings from the rodent RSC. We conclude by suggesting critical future experiments that derive from a cross-species approach to understanding the function of the human RSC.

Face identity aftereffects increase monotonically with adaptor extremity over, but not beyond, the range of natural faces

Face identity aftereffects have been used to test theories of the neural coding underlying expert face recognition. Previous studies reported larger aftereffects for adaptors that are morphed further from the average face than for adaptors closer to the average, which appeared to support opponent coding along face-identity dimensions. However, only two levels were tested and it is not clear where they were located relative to the range of naturally occurring faces. This range is of interest given the functional need of the visual system both to produce good discrimination of real everyday faces and to process novel kinds of faces that we may encounter. Here, Experiment 1 establishes the boundary of faces judged as being able to occur in everyday life. Experiment 2 then shows that aftereffects increase with adaptor extremity up to this natural-range boundary, drop significantly immediately outside the boundary, and then remain stable with no drop towards zero even for highly distorted adaptors far beyond the boundary. Computational modelling shows that this unexpected pattern cannot be explained either by a simple opponent or by a classic multichannel model. However, its qualitative features can be captured either by a combination of opponent and multichannel coding (raising the possibility that not all identity-related face dimensions are opponent coded), or by a 3-pool model containing two S-shaped-response channels and a central bell-shaped channel around the average face (raising the possibility of unexpected similarities with coding of eye and head direction).

DCE: Test the real code of your protocols and applications over simulated networks

We present the Direct Code Execution (DCE) environment for ns-3, notable for being the first free open source framework for integrating Linux kernel and application code within a leading discrete-event network simulator. This new approach has many potential advantages over virtual-machine-based frameworks in terms of realism, reproducibility, avoidance of realtime execution constraints, configuration management, and the ability to debug a network-wide experiment from a single address space using common debugging tools. We provide an overview of DCE and illustrate some key features of this framework with two use cases, one involving thttpd, an HTTP server implementation, and another one involving the udp-perf traffic generator.

A Review on Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme Based on Optical CDMA Network

AbstractDue to various desirable features of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), it is believed this technique once developed and commercially available will be an integral part of optical access networks. Optical CDMA system suffers from a problem called multiple access interference (MAI) which limits the number of active users, it occurs when number of active users share the same carriers. The aim of this paper is to review successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme based on optical CDMA system. The paper also reviews the system performance in presence of shot noise, thermal noise, and phase–induced intensity noise (PIIN). A comprehensive review on the mathematical model of SIC scheme using direct detection (DS) and spectral amplitude coding (SAC) were presented in this article.

The effect of enforcing some direct tax law

Article history: Received January 20, 2014 Accepted 5 July 2014 Available online July 9 2014 Regarding to the role of tax in the economy as the most stable and constant source of income and also due to the fact that there was no success in achieving fiscal goals by the government during its economic and developmental programs, paying attention to and making effort in this domain is regarded as a necessity in any country. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of enforcing Article 181 of Direct Tax Law on extent of taxpayers’ satisfaction, increase of trust, increase of tax compliance or decrease of tax evasion in Isfahan, Iran. The present study consists of a main hypothesis and four sub-hypotheses. Data were collected from 100 companies regarding their performance during 200 years. Article 181 of Direct Tax Code was implemented upon these companies over the period 2006-2011. Hypotheses of the study were evaluated. The results of the study, in survey and post-event pivot, showed that enforcing Article 181 of Direct Tax Law in Isfahan was effective. However, its effect was not significant regarding increase of taxpayers’ familiarity and acquaintance with Tax Office and its functions in Isfahan; it increased tax compliance, decreased tax evasion by the taxpayers, increased taxpayers’ satisfaction and helped them trust on Tax Office and its performance. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative Performance Analysis of Feature(S)-Classifier Combination for Devanagari Optical Character Recognition System

this paper presents a comparative performance analysis of feature(s)-classifier combination for Devanagari optical character recognition system. For performance evaluation, three classifiers namely support vector machines, artificial neural networks and k-nearest neighbors, and seven feature extraction approaches viz. profile direction codes, transition, zoning, directional distance distribution, Gabor filter, discrete cosine transform and gradient features have been used. The first four features have been used jointly as statistical features. The performance has also been evaluated by using the combination of these feature extraction approaches. In addition, performance evaluation has also been done by varying the feature vector length of Gabor and DCT features. For training the classifiers, 7000 samples of first 70 classes (out of 942 classes), recognized in the earlier work have been used. Such a large number of classes are due to the horizontal and vertical fusion/overlapping characters. We have chosen first 70 classes as their percentage contribution out of 942 classes has found to be 96.69%. For testing, 1400 samples have been collected separately. A corpus of 25 books has been used for sample collection. Classifiers trained on different features, have been compared for performance evaluation. It has been found that support vector machines trained with Gradient features provide the classification correctness of 99.429%, and there is no significant increase in the performance with the increase in the feature vector length.

Offline writer verification using pen pressure information from infrared image

Writer verification methods from handwriting images have been widely used in biometrics, forensic casework and so on. However, their performance conducted by a computer is still far behind that of human beings. This study proposes an offline writer verification method which uses a new hybrid feature. The characteristics of this new feature are the combination of shape and pen pressure information. For shape information, the authors use the weighted direction code histogram, which is often used in Japanese handwriting recognition and writer verification methods. For pen pressure information, the authors use the texture features of infrared (IR) images obtained from a multi-band image scanner. Although the simple use of pen pressure information encoded in the IR image cannot improve the geometric mean (g-mean)-based error rate, the use of clipping process and second-order statistics can decrease the g-mean-based error rate from 4.8 to 3.2%.

Comparative Study of Optical Unipolar Codes for Incoherent DS-OCDMA system

In incoherent Direct Sequence Optical Code Division Multiple Access system (DSOCDMA), the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) is one of the main limitations. To mitigate the MAI, many types of codes can be used to remove the contributions from users. In this paper, we study two types of unipolar codes used in DS-OCDMA system incoherent which are optical orthogonal codes (OOC) and the prime code (PC). We developed the characteristics of these codes i,e factors correlations, and the theoretical upper bound of the probability of error. The simulation results showed that PC codes have better performance than OOC codes.

Cue to action processing in motor cortex populations

The primary motor cortex (MI) commands motor output after kinematics are planned from goals, thought to occur in a larger premotor network. However, there is a growing body of evidence that MI is involved in processes beyond action generation, and neuronal subpopulations may perform computations related to cue-to-action processing. From multielectrode array recordings in awake behaving Macaca mulatta monkeys, our results suggest that early MI ensemble activity during goal-directed reaches is driven by target information when cues are closely linked in time to action. Single-neuron activity spanned cue presentation to movement, with the earliest responses temporally aligned to cue and the later responses better aligned to arm movements. Population decoding revealed that MI's coding of cue direction evolved temporally, likely going from cue to action generation. We confirmed that a portion of MI activity is related to visual target processing by showing changes in MI activity related to the extinguishing of a continuously pursued visual target. These findings support a view that MI is an integral part of a cue-to-action network for immediate responses to environmental stimuli.

Effects of wall conduction and rarefaction on shock propagation in a micro-channel

A Direct Simulation Monte Carlo code is coupled with a continuum unsteady conduction finite volume code to study the effects of wall conduction on shock propagation in a micro-channel. In addition, the effects of rarefaction and wall accommodation are also investigated. Wall accommodation is seen to influence the shock attenuation more significantly than wall conduction. The results indicate that both the shock front Mach number and shock strength are comparatively higher in case of adiabatic wall condition as there is no loss of energy from the shocked region. At higher rarefaction, the effect of wall accommodation as well as that of wall conduction are seen to become more noticeable. The simulation results show that it is not necessary to exactly model the wall conduction heat transfer for studying shock attenuation, and the two limiting situations of isothermal and adiabatic approximations are satisfactory as the thermal wall boundary conditions.

Spatial Navigation: Head Direction Cells Are Anchored by Gravity

Thalamic neurons that signal an animal's direction of heading are crucial for spatial navigation. Both directional coding and flexible use of spatial memory are upended, however, when a rat has to find its way while upside down.