Coding Method Research Articles

Multichannel algorithm for ambiguity resolution of combined code and phase measurements in a task of angular attitude estimation using signals of Global Navigation Systems

Navigation apparatus of Global Positioning Systems are wildly used in many applications one of which is attitude determination using global satellite navigation signals. For decision of this task there are used code and phase measurements for radiosignals received at space distribute points. It is known that phase measurements are characterized by ambiguity for resolution of which there are used different methods. Using more perfect method of ambiguity resolution one can get better angel estimation accuracy. In the article there is synthesized effective ambiguity resolution method of combined code and phase measurements using multichannel approach. Objective. To get more effective algorithm of code and phase ambiguity resolution in a task of attitude determination using global satellite navigation signals.

INTELLIGENT WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The subject of the study is models and methods for organizing a semantic communication system to increase the throughput of a wireless communication system. The goal is to develop recommendations for the implementation of multiple access with the distribution of information space according to the model. The development is based on artificial intelligence technology, which allows us to extract general and personalized semantic information from the multidimensional semantic space separately, allowing the communication system to move from the traditional transmission of information bits to the transmission of a model. The task is to ensure stable and reliable operation of a wireless network with an extended communication channel bandwidth. Methods used: methods of analytical modeling and time-position pulse coding. The following results were obtained. It is shown that in order to ensure the high quality of the wireless network, it is necessary to expand its bandwidth, which is limited by the physical resource of the radio frequency spectrum. It is proposed to overcome this contradiction by applying the technology of multiple access with distribution over the model. In this case, the information signal is emitted to the base station without a carrier frequency simultaneously in the entire frequency band, provided that the signal level is lower than the noise level. In this case, the method of positional-time coding is used, in which each information bit is encoded by hundreds of ultra-short chip pulses arriving in a certain sequence. In such wireless communication systems, the use of autocorrelation reception of modulated ultra-wideband signals is proposed. At the same time, the best reliability and noise immunity is provided by a wireless network using the time separation of the reference and information signals. Conclusions. Semantic communication systems with autocorrelation reception and separate transmission of reference and information signals provide an increase in the bandwidth of a wireless communication system, a high level of structural signal concealment, and reliable transmission of digital information, especially in conditions of interference.

Prediction of sectional collapse of thin-walled structure under pure bending by nonlinear composite beam theory

Brazier (1927) found that when one dimension of the beam cross-section was relatively smaller than the others, large in-plane displacements over the cross-section might occur, even though the strains could remain very small. Under this circumstance, the so-called Brazier effect refers to the cross-sectional ovalization, which leads to nonlinear bending buckling and collapses. This paper studies the Brazier effect by the nonlinear Variational Asymptotic Beam Sectional Analysis (VABS) theory which considers finite cross-sectional deformations. Nonlinear VABS reduces three-dimensional (3D) continuum to a one-dimensional (1D) beam analysis and a two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional analysis featuring both geometric and material nonlinearities without unnecessary kinematic assumptions. The present theory is implemented using the finite element method (FEM) in the VABS code, a general-purpose beam cross-sectional analysis tool. An iterative method is applied to solve the finite warping field for the classical-type model using the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The deformation gradient tensor is directly used to deal with finite deformation, various strain definitions, and several types of material laws. Numerical examples demonstrate the capabilities of VABS to predict the sectional collapse of thin-walled structures under pure bending.

MSE_LSB Method of Message Steganography

A modified, secure and efficient LSB based method (MSE_LSB) of message steganography will be introduced. The single character of the secret message will be hidden in spaced covering bytes. The covering-stego bytes will be reordered and scattered based on the contents of the generated secret indices key, this key will be used to reorder and reorder back the covering-stego bytes. The proposed MSE_LSB method will use a complicated private key, this key will provide a huge key space capable to make it strong enough to resist hacking attacks; the extracted message will be very sensitive to the selected private key. The secret indices key will be generated using chaotic logistic parameters for short and medium messages, and an image_key will be used to generate the indices key for long messages to keep the method efficient. The proposed method will modify and simplify the processes of characters hiding and extracting by using simple assignment operation. The image_key will replace the chaotic logistic key to reduce the key generation time, this is because long chaotic key will require a long time, thus the speed of message steganography will be negatively affected. The proposed MSE_LSB method will be tested and implemented using various short, medium and long messages, the obtained results will be used to prove the fact that the proposed method will meet the requirements of good stego system (quality, security, sensitivity and speed). The speed results of the proposed method will be compared with other methods speeds to show how the proposed method will increase the speed of message steganography by decreasing both the hiding and extracting times.

Numerical study on the influence of cemented components on the mechanical properties of Xiyu Conglomerate

Xiyu Conglomerate is a common type of weakly cemented gravel stone formation found in northwestern China. This material is mainly composed of mud, mud–calcium, and calcium cement, possessing mechanical properties that are superior to those of soils but significantly weaker than those of rocks. Assessing these properties is crucial in ensuring the successful implementation of hydraulic engineering projects involving this material. This work establishes a microscale contact bonding model with a mud–calcium transition by surveying Xiyu Conglomerate’s material composition in a typical engineering area. The particle flow code method is used to investigate the influence of cemented materials on the mechanical properties of the conglomerate. After appropriate model calibration, numerical results show that the difference between the vertical and lateral contact forces becomes increasingly significant as the proportion of mud cement decreases and the content of calcium cement increases. The bond breakage process within the cemented material can be divided into three stages: no bond breakage, rapid bond breakage, and differential bond breakage development. When the mud cement content exceeds 50 %, the characteristics tend toward a soil-like behavior, while it resembles a soft rock behavior if the calcium cement content exceeds 50 %. Mud cement connects particles internally, whereas calcium cement strengthens the structure, both contributing to the randomness, heterogeneity, and discontinuity of Xiyu Conglomerate. The results can serve as a reference for future construction and engineering practices in the region.

A Deterministic Method to Construct a Common Supercell Between Two Similar Crystalline Surfaces.

Here, a deterministic algorithm is proposed, that is capable of constructing a common supercell between two similar crystalline surfaces without scanning all possible cases. Using the complex plane, the 2D lattice is defined as the 2D complex vector. Then, the relationship between two surfaces becomes the eigenvector-eigenvalue relation where an operator corresponds to a transformation matrix. It is shown that this transformation matrix can be directly determined from the lattice parameters and rotation angle of the two given crystalline surfaces with O(log Nmax) time complexity, where Nmax is the maximum index of repetition matrix elements. This process is much faster than the conventional brute force approach ( ). By implementing the method in Python code, experimental 2D heterostructures and their moiré patterns and additionally find new moiré patterns that have not yet been reported are successfully generated. According to the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, some of the new moiré patterns are expected to be as stable as experimentally-observed moiré patterns. Taken together, it is believed that the method can be widely applied as a useful tool for designing new heterostructures with interestingproperties.

A qualitative study of stressors faced by older stroke patients in a convalescent rehabilitation hospital.

This study aimed to explore the stressors experienced by older patients with stroke in convalescent rehabilitation wards in Japan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four stroke patients aged > 65 years who experienced a stroke for the first time in their lives. The interviews were analyzed using the Steps for Coding and Theorization method for qualitative data analysis. The results of the qualitative analysis demonstrated that patients experienced specific stressors, such as, difficulty in movement of the paralyzed hand, fear of stroke recurrence, and dietary problems. Some stressors were manageable through healthcare professionals' active and sensitive communication strategies. These stressors were derived from the theoretical framework of "stressors related to hospitalization" and "stressors related to the illness". Additional stressors emerged from the interaction between these two types within the theoretical framework. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the specific stressors experienced by older stroke patients during the recovery process.

Graphical and Matrix Coding Methods for Enhanced Message Security Using Star Graphs

This article presents a new method for encoding secret messages using super-intermediate symbols in star charts. The system includes two super average images and two formats, as well as graphics and matrix encoding methods for added security. The authors provide a method to adjust the average of the three star maps to ensure the stability of the encoded message. This research provides a non-programming method for developing matrix graphics coding techniques and has implications for fields such as telecommunications and cryptography. The use of super-average symbols and star charts provides a secure method of communication with applications in data encryption, network security, and confidential communication. The results of this study show that the effectiveness of the proposed system in improving the security and privacy of encrypted messages makes it useful in business.

Improving the precision of forces in real-space pseudopotential density functional theory.

The high-order finite difference real-space pseudopotential density functional theory (DFT) approach is a valuable method for large-scale, massively parallel DFT calculations. A significant challenge in the approach is the oscillating "egg-box" error introduced by aliasing associated with a coarse grid spacing. To address this issue while minimizing computational cost, we developed a finite difference interpolation (FDI) scheme [Roller et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 19, 3889 (2023)] as a means of exploiting the high resolution of the pseudopotential to reduce egg-box effects systematically. Here, we show an implementation of this method in the PARSEC code and examine the practical utility of the combination of FDI with additional methods for improving force precision and/or reducing its computational cost, including orbital-based forces, compensating charges (namely, adding and subtracting a judiciously chosen charge density such that the total density is unaltered), and a modified spatial domain in which the real-space grid is defined. Using selected small molecules, as well as metallic Li, as test cases, we show that a combination of all four aspects leads to a significant reduction in computational cost while retaining a high level of precision that supports accurate structures and vibrational spectra, as well as stable and accurate molecular dynamics runs.

Image Steganography based on Fernet Symmetric Encryption and Odd-Even Pixel Modification

The combination of steganography and cryptographic approaches for information concealing has piqued the curiosity of numerous researchers. We also integrate those two methods in our research. Using Fernet symmetric encryption and odd-even pixel alteration, this research presents a novel method for image steganography that distributes the data equally throughout the image. To create a stego image, the sender uses a password to encrypt a secret message embedded into an image's red channel. The stego image resembles the original cover image, while the underlying secret data is concealed from human view. The main goals of the system—encryption, consistent data concealing, and message retrieval—were all successfully met. Before integrating the secret data into the image, it can be easily and successfully secured using symmetric encryption using the Fernet cipher. By adding another layer of security to the system, the password feature makes it harder for unauthorized users to access hidden data. By altering image pixels according to whether they are odd or even, the odd-even pixel modification-based steganography approach makes it possible to conceal data. Based on the experiment's results, it can be concluded that this approach embeds concise messages with a high visual quality.

COMPARISON OF CORONA DISCHARGE IDENTIFICATION IN 20 kV CUBICLES BASED ON VOLTAGE AND NOISE USING ED, HMM, AND FCM

Phenomena such as corona discharge (CD) still occurs in many electrical systems in Indonesia. As a first step for early detection of insulation failure. Identification of CD acoustic in this study namely clustering based on voltage and based on noise. So that the CD acoustic classification is set into 3 clusters. In addition, this study also classifies CD acoustic based on noise with three clusters, namely pure CD, CD with noise, and pure noise. Clustering was performed using the linear predictive coding (LPC) method as feature extraction, then a comparison of pattern matching results of feature extraction was performed using Euclidean distance (ED), hidden Markov model (HMM) and fuzzy cluster mean (FCM). The temperature in the cubical is between 27.5 ℃ - 35.3 ℃ and humidity ranges from 70% - 95%. The results of clustering accuracy on the average base voltage using the ED, HMM and FCM methods were obtained respectively 100%, 100% 93.93% for training data and 80.74%, 84.44%, 80.55% for testing data. While the results of the average base noise clustering accuracy using the ED, HMM and FCM methods were obtained respectively 100%, 100%, 94.69% for training data and 100%, 100%, 100% for testing data.

Quantum resource estimation for large scale quantum algorithms

Quantum algorithms are often represented in terms of quantum circuits operating on ideal (logical) qubits. However, the practical implementation of these algorithms poses significant challenges. Many quantum algorithms require a substantial number of logical qubits, and the inherent susceptibility to errors of quantum computers require quantum error correction. The integration of error correction introduces overhead in terms of both space (physical qubits required) and runtime (how long the algorithm needs to be run for). This paper addresses the complexity of comparing classical and quantum algorithms, primarily stemming from the additional quantum error correction overhead. We propose a comprehensive framework that facilitates a direct and meaningful comparison between classical and quantum algorithms. By acknowledging and addressing the challenges introduced by quantum error correction, our framework aims to provide a clearer understanding of the comparative performance of classical and quantum computing approaches. This work contributes to understanding the practical viability and potential advantages of quantum algorithms in real-world applications.We apply our framework to quantum cryptanalysis, since it is well known that quantum algorithms can break factoring and discrete logarithm based cryptography and weaken symmetric cryptography and hash functions. In order to estimate the real-world impact of these attacks, apart from tracking the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers it is important to have an estimate of the resources needed to implement these quantum attacks. This analysis provides state-of-the art snap-shot estimates of the realistic costs of implementing quantum attacks on these important cryptographic algorithms, assuming quantum fault-tolerance is achieved using surface code methods, and spanning a range of potential error rates. These estimates serve as a guide for gauging the realistic impact of these algorithms and for benchmarking the impact of future advances in quantum algorithms, circuit synthesis and optimization, fault-tolerance methods and physical error rates.

Efficient three layer secured adaptive video steganography method using chaotic dynamic systems

In light of the unprecedented growth in internet usage, safeguarding data from unauthorized access has emerged as a paramount concern. Cryptography and steganography stand as pivotal methods for ensuring data security during transmission. This study introduces an innovative adaptive video steganography approach featuring three tiers of security for extracting concealed information, thereby facilitating secure communication. The embedding process operates within the spatial domain of cover video frames, enabling a remarkable hiding ratio of up to 28.125% (equivalent to 2.25 bits per pixel in payload) without compromising the quality of video frames. Users are afforded the flexibility to select between partial or full embedding capacity of CVF through the proposed adaptive control block (ACB). The chaotic key generator (CKG), which combines a logistic map and sine map, is employed to generate highly sensitive initial seeds for permutation order (PO), frame selection (FS), and random position for hiding (RPH), thereby ensuring three levels of security. Prior to transmission, both CVF and hidden data (SD) are encrypted using PO. Encrypted CVFs are then randomly selected using FS for embedding, with RPH employed during the embedding process. Subsequently, for transmitting the stego-video frame, embedded CVFs are decrypted using the same PO. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, achieving an adaptive hiding ratio ranging from 7.1 to 28.125% (equivalent to 0.56 to 2.25 bits per pixel in payload) and maintaining a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) within the range of 50.25 to 62.05 dB.

From theory to practice: Truchet tile as a computational visual coding approach for facade visualization

The study presents unique teaching approach for generating a parametric modular facade fabrication for first-year students in visual design module using a computational visual coding method based on Truchet Tiles. The method followed four main phases: exploring tiling, testing connectivity, fabrication, and assembly. Shape grammar was considered during the design principles implementation to respond to climatic behavior. Space-filling shapes method known as the “Generalized Abeille Tiles” was followed to ensure tiling connectivity. The experimentation involves manual folding techniques without any software. A survey was conducted among first-year and fourth-year students post-introduction to computational software. The results showed a wide range of alternative geometries with different self-shading patterns generated. It highlighted that facade fabrication aided students in comprehending computational logic, easing the understanding of computational software complexity. This pilot study emphasizes the effectiveness of teaching computational concepts in early curricula.

Message steganography using separate locations and blocks

A novel method of message steganography is introduced to solve the disadvantages of traditional least significant bit (LSB) based methods by dividing the covering-stego image into a secret number of blocks. A chaotic logistic map model was performed using the chaotic parameters and the number of image blocks for generating a chaotic key. This key was then sorted, and the locations of blocks 1 to 8 were used to select the required blocks to be used as covering-stego blocks. The introduced method simplifies the process of message bits hiding and extracting by adopting a batch method of bits hiding and extracting. A comparative analysis was conducted between the outcomes of proposed method and those of prevalent approaches to outline the enhancements in both speed and quality of message steganography.

Genetic Counselors' attitudes & perceptions regarding suicide risk assessment and identification in practice.

While the heritability of suicidal tendencies is debated, receipt of various genetic diagnoses has shown an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior while simultaneously conferring risk to mental health concerns that may further increase this risk. However, the role of genetic counselors (GCs) in assessing and addressing suicide risk remains underutilized. A 15-item recruitment survey was distributed via the National Society of Genetic Counselors Student Research Survey Listserv, and interested individuals could opt to be contacted for an interview after completion. The data analysis included 107 survey responses and 15 semi-structured interviews, which were conducted to explore whether GCs feel that formal suicide risk assessment (SRA) falls within their scope of practice and the frequency with which it is employed during counseling sessions. Additionally, the study examined GCs' experiences, comfort levels, and training in assessing for suicide risk. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and independently coded by two researchers. The coding scheme was systematically constructed, integrating both deductive and inductive coding methods to inform the authors' interpretive description of SRA in the clinic, with four major themes identified by content analysis. Most respondents reported that they had worried about a patient harming themselves or having suicidal thoughts. Most respondents agreed or strongly agreed that SRA is within a GC's scope of practice. Lack of training emerged as the primary barrier to assessing suicide risk and conducting risk assessments. Other barriers included low self-efficacy, societal stigma, and personal discomfort, while access to social workers, natural inclination, and standardized screening tools served as facilitators. Despite encountering patients at risk of self-harm and suicide, most GCs do not utilize SRA tools. Furthermore, GCs expressed a strong desire for additional training to enhance their skills in identifying and managing at-risk patients. A multifocal approach to suicide risk reduction and education is required.

Design and Use of a Mobile Game Developed to Raise Environmental Awareness in Secondary Schools

This research aims to develop, improve, and evaluate a mobile game to improve students' environmental awareness and investigate the game's impact on the development of environmental awareness. The research was conducted with 74 sixth-grade students and two teachers at a secondary school in Bursa during the 2022-2023 academic year. The environmental awareness scale, observation notes, and semi-structured interview forms were used as data collection tools. The results showed a significant difference between the scores in the pre-test and post-test in favour of the post-test. The developed mobile game significantly affects environmental awareness. The observation and interview data were analyzed using cyclic coding and thematic analysis methods. Three themes named “the effects on motivational processes,” “the effects of structuring of knowledge,” and “the effects of environmental awareness” emerged. Findings showed that the game mechanics included in the developed mobile game positively affected the “autonomy and self-efficacy” of the intrinsic motivation elements of the students to achieve their individual goals. Findings also revealed that the mobile game improves students' feelings of attention, interest, satisfaction, and confidence. In addition, it has been found that students structure their knowledge by resorting to reflection with the score table and instant feedback mechanisms in the mobile game.

Implementation of Least Significant Bit Steganography to Secure Text Messages in Images

Steganography is a technique of securing secret messages in other messages that are not known. Simulation of the steganography method using the Least Significant Bit technique is used to change the last bit in one byte of data by using a text message as the container medium. This study aims to implement the security of text messages in images using the Least Significant Bit technique which is supported by the steganography method. Simulation techniques are used to conduct studies using Cryptool2 which can describe the concept of cryptography. The results obtained from this study regarding the security of text message insertion into an image in *.jpg and *.png format with 5 sampling trials are (1) the encrypted image cannot be distinguished directly through human eyes, (2) there is an increase in file size the image after being encrypted with an average for five trials is 0.31%, this increase depends on the length of the text message and a key to be inserted, the longer the insertion, the larger the resulting file size, (3) The higher the resolution of the image where the description encryption is inserted, the longer the process required, (4) The simulation time of steganographic decryption is faster than steganographic encryption. The decryption simulation process is the same as 50% of the encryption process.

Coding Methods for Enhanced Manual Data Transcripts: Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)

Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the graduate school writers' intentions and behaviors related to adopting different manual coding methods. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. In this study, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB )stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises Multi-phase Mixed-method; Frequency, Mean and Standard Deviation for quantitative was employed; Different Coding such as Emotion, In-vivo, Descriptive and Axial Coding Methods were also utilized for qualitative part. A probability sampling approach was employed. The Coding Manual for qualitative researchers by Saldana (2014) was adopted for instrumentation. Results and Discussion: The survey reveals a moderate level of understanding and proficiency in manual coding methods and theming. While respondents excel in foundational coding principles, there is room for improvement in using multiple coding methods and in vivo coding. The findings suggest that writers predominantly rely on traditional coding methods, revealing a gap in understanding and application of effective coding techniques and thematic analysis. Bridging the gap between traditional and alternative coding methods is crucial to advancing research practices in graduate school settin. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Research. By addressing mentioned challenges, writers can improve the accuracy and depth of their data analysis, leading to more robust and meaningful research outcomes. In conclusion, there is a need to bridge the gap between the traditional coding method currently employed by graduate school writers and the alternative coding methods available. Additionally, providing training and support to enhance their understanding and application of coding methods and thematic analysis will contribute to the advancement of their research practices and ultimately lead to more comprehensive and insightful findings Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by providing valuable insights into the prevailing reliance on traditional coding methods among graduate school writers, thereby addressing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 on quality education. It highlights the associated challenges in effectively coding and theming qualitative data, revealing a gap between awareness and application of alternative coding techniques. The research highlight the urgent need for enhanced training and support in research practices, advocating for increased adoption of more effective coding methods. By improving the accuracy and depth of data analysis, this initiative not only aims to address current shortcomings but also seeks to advance qualitative research practices, fostering more robust and insightful research outcomes in academia

DV in International Households in Japan: Interview and Questionary Survey Results on Cases of Sexual Violence

This study investigates instances of sexual violence within international households in Japan consisting of one Japanese and one non-Japanese citizen. By applying two classifications such as relationship violence (i.e., intimate partner mistreatment) and type of maltreatment (in the case of this study, it is sexual violence), the research explores intimate partner violence and sexual coercion and abuse. The reliable data was collected from 83 survey participants and 18 interviewees, revealing that most respondents either did not experience or were unwilling to disclose incidents of sexual mistreatment. According to the OEQ, three participants reported instances of sexual abuse. With the consent of two female respondents, their experiences were analyzed using inductive coding and case study methods and illustrated in this manuscript. The findings highlight significant obstacles, including the lack of research and statistical data on domestic violence in international households in Japan. Despite these challenges, the study elucidates the nature of sexual domestic violence and abuse faced by migrants. It underscores how environments of fear and male dominance affect women's control over their fertility and sexual freedom. The case studies illustrate different forms of reproductive control and forced sex, suggesting a need for further research on sexual abuse as a risk factor for sexual coercion, fertility control issues, and the potential spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases in international households.