Coding Transmission Research Articles

Scholarship, skill and community: collections and the creation of ‘provincial’ medical education in Manchester, 1750–1850

Abstract This article explores how medical collections, representing repositories of knowledge and prestige, were used in the communication and representation of medical education and provincial identity in Manchester in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It charts the changing ways in which medical collections and knowledge were represented as both pedagogical and promotional devices, demonstrating the importance of a localized approach to medical culture and, particularly, collecting in the long eighteenth century, and a sensitivity to how different generations inherited their recent past. It argues against any assumption of the easy transmission of scholarly cultural codes from metropolitan ‘centres’ to provincial ‘peripheries’.

Wireless Index Coded Transmission by Spatial Multiplexing With Multiple Antennas

Index coding, a.k.a. coded multicasting, is one of the promising transmission schemes that can reduce the number of transmissions by leveraging the stored data in the users' memory. With multiple antennas, index coding gain can be further multiplied by spatially multiplexing but joint design of index code and beamforming has not been addressed well in literature. This paper figures out the gain of spatially multiplexed index code by jointly designing the multicast beamformer and index code. Since the optimal joint design problem itself is NP-hard, we take a two-step approach. At the first step, for an arbitrary index code, conjugate gradient-based multi-group multicast beamforming is designed. At the second step, the index code minimizing the total transmission time is selected. Our simulation results exhibit a substantial gain of spatially multiplexed index code by the proposed scheme.

A hybrid next-generation passive optical network and visible light communication for future hospital applications

The advancement in the latest healthcare technologies have shown a growing interest in 10/10 Gbps per channel hybrid next generation passive optical network (NG-PON) and visible light communication (VLC) networks to achieve the aim of future hospital applications. This paper investigates the use of hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexing PON (TWDM-PON), wavelength division multiplexing optical code division multiple access PON (WDM-OCDMA PON) using zero cross-correlation (ZCC) code and VLC for the hospitals scenario. The proposed bidirectional system is investigated for four TWDM, six WDM-OCDMA and three VLC information channels in terms of variable fiber length, bit rate, different OCDMA codes and multi-hospital systems. It is investigated that upstream channels performs better than downstream channels and provides the successful 10/10 Gbps hybrid system over 50 km fiber and 10 m VLC link serving 53 users in single hospital system. It also provides the high eye-height, optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) and received power. Moreover, the performance of the proposed system can be further enhanced by using modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code and high transmission power. Also the comparative analysis with existing systems show the superiority of the hybrid NG-PON/VLC system using fiber/wireless links over the conventional radio access networks in healthcare applications.

Real-Time 3-D Spectral Doppler Analysis With a Sparse Spiral Array.

2-D sparse arrays may push the development of low-cost 3-D systems, not needing to control thousands of elements by expensive application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). However, there is still some concern about their suitability in applications, such as Doppler investigation, which inherently involve poor signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). In this article, a novel real-time 3-D pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler system, based on a 256-element 2-D spiral array, is presented. Coded transmission (TX) and matched filtering were implemented to improve the system SNR. Standard sonograms as well as multigate spectral Doppler (MSD) profiles, along lines that can be arbitrarily located in different planes, are presented. The performance of the system was assessed quantitatively on experimental data obtained from a straight tube flow phantom. An SNR increase of 11.4 dB was measured by transmitting linear chirps instead of standard sinusoidal bursts. For a qualitative assessment of the system performance in more realistic conditions, an anthropomorphic phantom of the carotid arteries was used. Finally, real-time B-mode and MSD images were obtained from healthy volunteers.

A Study on the Application of Code Theory in the Decorative Design of Taiwan Bamboo Tube Furniture

Taiwan has an abundance of the environmentally-friendly resource bamboo, as well as long-standing Chinese bamboo customs and culture. As a result, modest bamboo furniture accompanies the simple life of Taiwan’s residents. However, as people prosper, consumers are beginning to choose bamboo furniture for its decorative design and style more than for its practicality. Therefore, the symbolic application of decorative art is worthy of research and discussion. The purpose of this research is to use codes to explore the decorative design of bamboo tube furniture and enlighten Taiwan’s new direction of bamboo furniture design in the future. Through literature content analysis, field expert interviews, and practical experience participation methods, in addition to using function codes, emotion codes, transmission codes, and identification codes to interpret the Han Dynasty’s Liushu and Chinese bamboo cultural content, we verify the relevance of the code and bamboo furniture decoration and provide interactive new thinking and creative products.

Design and Analysis of MEC- and Proactive Caching-Based $360^{\circ }$ Mobile VR Video Streaming

Recently, 360-degree mobile virtual reality video (MVRV) has become increasingly popular because it can provide users with an immersive experience. However, MVRV is usually recorded in a high resolution and is sensitive to latency, which indicates that broadband, ultra-reliable, and low-latency communication is necessary to guarantee the users’ quality of experience. In this paper, we propose a mobile edge computing (MEC)-based 360-degree MVRV streaming scheme with field-of-view (FoV) prediction, which jointly considers video coding, proactive caching, computation offloading, and data transmission. To meet the requirement of stringent end-to-end (E2E) latency, the user’s viewpoint prediction is utilized to cache video data proactively, and computing tasks are partially offloaded to the MEC server. In addition, we propose an analytical model based on diffusion process to study the packet transmission process of 360-degree MVRV in multihop wired/wireless networks and analyze the performance of the MEC-enabled scheme. The simulation results verify the accuracy of the analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed MVRV streaming scheme in reducing the E2E delay. Furthermore, the analytical framework sheds some light on the impacts of system parameters, e.g., FoV prediction accuracy and transmission rate, on the balance between computation delay and communication delay.

다중 기지국 환경에서의 기지국 협력 기반 무선 인덱스 부호화 전송 기법

여러 사용자의 요청을 한 번의 전송으로 해결하는 방식인 멀티캐스트 전송은 무선 트래픽 문제를 해결하는 효과적인 방법 중 하나로 제시될 수 있다. 새로운 멀티캐스팅 기법으로서, 인덱스 부호화를 무선 통신에 적용할 경우, 효과적으로 무선 데이터 트래픽을 줄일 수 있고 이와 관련하여 다양한 연구들이 진행되었다. 다중 기지국 환경에서는 링크 용량이 주어진 유선 채널에서 어떻게 인덱스 부호화를 수행할지에 관한 연구가 진행되었으나, 무선채널 환경에 확장된 연구는 없는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 유선 채널 위주의 인덱스 부호화 연구의 한계점들을 극복하고자, 다중 기지국 환경에서 사용자 간 저장 용량이 및 채널이 다른 경우에 채널에 적응적인 인덱스부호화 기법을 제안한다. 이를 위해서 각 기지국 별 캐시 메모리에 따라 전송 가능한 인덱스 부호화 방식을 계산하고, 최적의 기지국 협력 그룹 및 인덱스 부호를 brute-force 형태로 찾는 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 기지국 협력 방식 간의 성능을 비교하였고, 제안 기법이 유니캐스트 방식 대비 성능이 개선됨을 확인하였다.

Transmitter Diversity Gain Technique Aided Irregular Channel Coding for Mobile Video Transmission.

The reliable transmission of multimedia information that is coded through highly compression efficient encoders is a challenging task. This article presents the iterative convergence performance of IrRegular Convolutional Codes (IRCCs) with the aid of the multidimensional Sphere Packing (SP) modulation assisted Differential Space Time Spreading Codes (IRCC-SP-DSTS) scheme for the transmission of H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) compressed video coded stream. In this article, three different regular and irregular error protection schemes are presented. In the presented Regular Error Protection (REP) scheme, all of the partitions of the video sequence are regular error protected with a rate of 3/4 IRCC. In Irregular Error Protection scheme-1 (IREP-1) the H.264/AVC partitions are prioritized as A, B & C, respectively. Whereas, in Irregular Error Protection scheme-2 (IREP-2), the H.264/AVC partitions are prioritized as B, A, and C, respectively. The performance of the iterative paradigm of an inner IRCC and outer Rate-1 Precoder is analyzed by the EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) Chart and the Quality of Experience (QoE) performance of the proposed mechanism is evaluated using the Bit Error Rate (BER) metric and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)-based objective quality metric. More specifically, it is concluded that the proposed IREP-2 scheme exhibits a gain of 1 dB with reference to the IREP-1 and gain of 0.6 dB with reference to the REP scheme over the PSNR degradation of 1 dB.

Data-Oriented View for Convolutional Coding With Adaptive Irregular Constellations

Current wireless systems offer various use-cases where conventional channel capacity focused performance criteria might not apply. Following the similar perspective, convolutional encoding can find more room due to its low complexity and low decoding delay. Besides, it has been also shown that error performance of a convolutional encoder can be improved further by using adaptive irregular constellations. A new performance measure, data-oriented approach, was recently proposed for the transmission of small data packets, i.e. mission-critical IoT applications, over fading channels. In this letter, delay performance gain resulting from convolution coding optimized irregular constellations is investigated. Then, we derive a new performance criterion based on delay and finite block length constraints. Based on this criterion, we design irregular constellations together with convolutional coding for short packet transmission.

Predicting the effect of Covid-19 by using artificial intelligence: A case study

The current researchers all over the world are striving to facilitate the answer to COVID-19 in a unique commitment of scientific collaborations, and with Cognitive technologies, highly flexible learning processes are needed to maintain the transmission of knowledge, prototype and code, by integrating application areas to specific culture and cross-border cooperation. Experts in artificial intelligence and machine learning technology were tracked and predicted with real-time data that was created worldwide by this pandemic situation and distributed COVID-19 patient information timely. Considered physiological features followed by clinical tests of patients with COVID-19 with very simple access to subsequent data transformation was relevant, but complicated. This paper works on in-depth Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) prediction analysis over global database of COVID-19 medical data from around the world will be available benefiting future artificial predictive, analytical and biomedical research additional COVID-19 approaches including associated pandemics.

Study on propagation efficiency and fidelity of subthreshold signal in feed-forward hybrid neural network under electromagnetic radiation

The hybrid neural model provides a computationally effective and biophysics-based neuron behavior model, which maintains its simplicity by incorporating the dynamics characteristics of ion channels in two fast ion channels. In view of the issue of signal propagation in multilayer network composed of hybrid neurons is still unclear and the role of neural network is mainly used to generate biological consciousness and help creatures to think and act, it is necessary to explore neural network with more perfect function and better transmission efficiency. Considering a feed-forward neural network (FFN) which is composed of hybrid neurons in the presence of electromagnetic radiation, the effects of the Gaussian white noise, the strength of synaptic weight and inter-layer connection probability on subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) propagation are investigated. In order to clarify the mechanism of signal transmission more clearly, the dot raster plot of spike and the corresponding post-spike time histogram of each layer are explored. Particularly, the propagation efficiency and fidelity of subthreshold EPSC signal in the FFN are investigated by calculating the power norm and the spike timing precision. Our results indicate that both the power norm and the spike timing precision fluctuate with the increase in the inter-layer connection probability, and the multi-periods bursting discharge mode can be detected in both the transmission layers and the output layer. Besides, there exists an optimal noise intensity to guarantee the best temporal coding and maximum transmission efficiency of subthreshold EPSC signal. Moreover, the optimal noise intensity makes the fidelity of the FFN the highest, which ensures that the weak signal and the excitation caused by noise can be distinguished. The conclusions obtained in this paper have potential value for discussing the encoding, decoding and propagation mechanism of information in real neural networks.

ЖАНР КОНЦЕРТА ДЛЯ ДВУХ ФОРТЕПИАНО С ОРКЕСТРОМ КАК ЯВЛЕНИЕ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

Interest in ensemble performing is increasing in modern culture, so the study of the double piano concerto, a large ensemble genre, in the context of the modern understanding of culture as a universal informational and communicative space, is relevant. Culture is a means of socio-cultural communication, carried out through the generation and transmission of communicative codes that make up the text of culture. Through the realisation of a person’s creative potential in culture, art contributes to the comprehension of man’s being-in-culture, and his involvement in the cultural-creative process. This article is devoted to an analysis of the specificity of the concerto for two pianos and orchestra, in the context of the theoretical understanding of communicative processes in culture.

ФЕНОМЕН НАТОВПУ ЯК ТЕКСТ І ДИСКУРС

The article is devoted to the research of crowd as a text and discourse object and the definition of discourse parameters of crowd. The author compares the formulation of conception about crowd as text and discourse with the formation of anthropocentric paradigm in linguistics that was developing from text and linguistic identity to discourse and discourse identity/community. Projecting the results of scientific researches of XIX-XX centuries (works by G. Le Bon, E. Canetti, T. Tarde, S. Freud ect.) onto linguistic sphere, the author makes a conclusion that the crowd phenomenon was reviewed in the text dimension with the following characteristics: hyper- and intertextuality, inculcation of ideas through such factors as race, beliefs, traditions, time, education and upbringing: the transmission of the key codes by word-concepts that have conclusive sense (FREEDOM, EQUAILITY, FAMILY VALUES ect.); the usage of suggestive means to encourage crowd for some specific actions, ect. The transformation of text-crowd to discourse-crowd begins with the globalization of mass movements. For researching the crowd as a discourse, the pressing approaches of critical discourse analysis are the research of "authority in discourse and authority over discourse"; discourse is ideologically colored and built into specific culture, ideology or history; discourse is a form of social conduct. The research of the crowd as a discourse has to be carried out in marginal dimension in the junction of sciences – linguistics, psychology, sociology and jurisprudence. Critical discourse analysis as a scientific approach combines the approaches of different sciences and makes it possible not only to study crowd in discourse dimension but also to foresee possible proactive means to define narratives, messages, concepts that allow to organize social conduct to the crowd peacefully.

Мужские образы советского кино как культурные герои и «настоящие мужчины» (ретроспективный женский взгляд)

The artistic images of cultural heroes play a special role in the preservation and transmission of the cultural code. Using statistical, comparative and hermeneutic methods, the article retrospectively reveals male images of Soviet cinema, perceived by the female audience as cultural heroes and «real men» (sex symbols). The research showed that the selected male images embodied the collective memory of the «masculine» and «spirit of the times», but the status of «cultural hero» and «real man» did not always coincide.

Higher Order Periodic Base Pairs Opening in a Finite Stacking Enthalpy DNA Model

The dynamics of periodic base pairs opening in a finite stacking enthalpy DNA is investigated in this work. This is achieved by using the Joyeux-Buyukdagli DNA model, in which the polynomial approximations of the stacking interaction and Morse potential are expanded up to the fifth order nonlinear terms by using the Taylor series expansion technique. By incorporating the continuum limit approximation and the extended multiple scale asymptotic methods, higher order nonlinear Schrodinger amplitude equations are derived. In the limit of cubic nonlinearity, the periodic base pair configurations clearly depict the open state; with linear stability analysis exposing other periodic background modes that are vital in the DNA transcription, replication, and transmission of genetic codes. The higher order modes generally display a more robust and structurally stable wave profile, which epitomizes the base pair dynamics of the DNA molecule observed from experimental investigations. Prolonged time evolution of base pairs stretching greatly modifies the higher order modes of the DNA molecule, strongly suggesting that such modes may induce abnormalities like gene mutation which is responsible for numerous diseases.

On the Performance of Self‐Concatenated Coding for Wireless Mobile Video Transmission Using DSTS‐SP‐Assisted Smart Antenna System

In the current age of advanced technologies, there is an escalating demand for reliable wireless systems, catering to the high data rates of mobile multimedia applications. This article presents a novel approach to the concept of Self‐Concatenated Convolutional Coding (SECCC) with Sphere Packing (SP) modulation via Differential Space‐Time Spreading‐ (DSTS‐) based smart antennas. The two transmitters provide transmit diversity which is capable of recuperating the signal from the effects of fading, even with a single receiving antenna. The proposed DSTS‐SP SECCC scheme is probed for the Rayleigh fading channel. The SECCC structure is developed using the Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) code with the aid of an interleaver. Interleaving generates randomness in exchange for extrinsic information between the constituent decoders. Iterative decoding is invoked at the receiving side to enhance the output performance by attaining fruitful convergence. The convergence behaviour of the proposed system is investigated using EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) curves. The performance of the proposed system is ascertained with the H.264 standard video codec. The perceived video quality of DSTS‐SP SECCC is found to be significantly better than that of the DSTS‐SP RSC. To be more precise, the proposed DSTS‐SP SECCC system exhibits an Eb/N0 gain of 8 dB at the PSNR degradation point of 1 dB, relative to the equivalent rate DSTS‐SP RSC. Similarly, an Eb/N0 gain of 10 dB exists for the DSTS‐SP SECCC system at 1 dB degradation point when compared with the SECCC scheme dispensing with the DSTS‐SP approach.

Low complexity decoding algorithm for differential space-time block coding transmission systems

Low complexity decoding algorithm for differential space-time block coding transmission systems

Stability Region and Delay Analysis of a SWIPT-Based Two-Way Relay Network With Opportunistic Network Coding

In this article, we consider a buffer-aided two-way relay network in which a wireless-powered relay acts as an intermediate node for exchanging the data between two sources. The relay applies a time-switching (TS) policy to switch between data decoding (DD) and energy harvesting (EH) modes. Due to the presence of data queues at the relay, the relay is capable of employing opportunistic network coding (ONC) for transmission of the packets. Based on some realistic assumptions, we derive the stability region of such a network through designing TS and ONC policies. It is proved that the stability region is characterized by the TS policy and zero-wait ONC policy. Moreover, we derive the throughput-optimal and power-optimal policies and show that these policies provide the maximum coding opportunities. Also, we derive the average delay of an applied TS-ONC policy at the relay through modeling the data queues and energy buffer of the relay by two inter-related quasi-birth-death processes. We show that although waiting in ONC does not contribute to throughput-optimal and power-optimal policies, it can reduce the average delay. Finally, through simulation, we confirm our analytical results.

Preventive malaria treatment among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses

SummaryBackgroundThe burden of malaria infection in sub-Saharan Africa among school-aged children aged 5–15 years is underappreciated and represents an important source of human-to-mosquito transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. Additional interventions are needed to control and eliminate malaria. We aimed to assess whether preventive treatment of malaria might be an effective means of reducing P falciparum infection and anaemia in school-aged children and lowering parasite transmission.MethodsIn this systematic review and two meta-analyses, we searched the online databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Clinicaltrials.gov for intervention studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 14, 2018. We included randomised studies that assessed the effect of antimalarial treatment among asymptomatic school-aged children aged 5–15 years in sub-Saharan Africa on prevalence of P falciparum infection and anaemia, clinical malaria, and cognitive function. We first extracted data for a study-level meta-analysis, then contacted research groups to request data for an individual participant data meta-analysis. Outcomes of interest included prevalence of P falciparum infection detected by microscopy, anaemia (study defined values or haemoglobin less than age-adjusted and sex-adjusted values), clinical malaria (infection and symptoms on the basis of study-specific definitions) during follow-up, and code transmission test scores. We assessed effects by treatment type and duration of time protected, and explored effect modification by transmission setting. For study-level meta-analysis, we calculated risk ratios for binary outcomes and standardised mean differences for continuous outcomes and pooled outcomes using fixed-effect and random-effects models. We used a hierarchical generalised linear model for meta-analysis of individual participant data. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42016030197.FindingsOf 628 studies identified, 13 were eligible for the study-level meta-analysis (n=16 309). Researchers from 11 studies contributed data on at least one outcome (n=15 658) for an individual participant data meta-analysis. Interventions and study designs were highly heterogeneous; overall risk of bias was low. In the study-level meta-analysis, treatment was associated with reductions in P falciparum prevalence (risk ratio [RR] 0·27, 95% CI 0·17–0·44), anaemia (0·77, 0·65–0·91), and clinical malaria (0·40, 0·28–0·56); results for cognitive outcomes are not presented because data were only available for three trials. In our individual participant data meta-analysis, we found treatment significantly decreased P falciparum prevalence (adjusted RR [ARR] 0·46, 95% CI 0·40–0·53; p<0·0001; 15 648 individuals; 11 studies), anaemia (ARR 0·85, 0·77–0·92; p<0·0001; 15 026 individuals; 11 studies), and subsequent clinical malaria (ARR 0·50, 0·39–0·60; p<0·0001; 1815 individuals; four studies) across transmission settings. We detected a marginal effect on cognitive function in children older than 10 years (adjusted mean difference in standardised test scores 0·36, 0·01–0·71; p=0·044; 3962 individuals; five studies) although we found no significant effect when combined across all ages.InterpretationPreventive treatment of malaria among school-aged children significantly decreases P falciparum prevalence, anaemia, and risk of subsequent clinical malaria across transmission settings. Policy makers and programme managers should consider preventive treatment of malaria to protect this age group and advance the goal of malaria elimination, while weighing these benefits against potential risks of chemoprevention.

An MMT-Based Hierarchical Transmission Module for 4K/120fps Temporally Scalable Video

High frame rate (HFR) video is attracting strong interest since it is considered as a next step toward providing Ultra-High Definition video service. For instance, the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) standard, the latest broadcasting standard in Japan, defines a 120 fps broadcasting format. The standard stipulates temporally scalable coding and hierarchical transmission by MPEG Media Transport (MMT), in which the base layer and the enhancement layer are transmitted over different paths for flexible distribution. We have developed the first ever MMT transmitter/receiver module for 4K/120fps temporally scalable video. The module is equipped with a newly proposed encapsulation method of temporally scalable bitstreams with correct boundaries. It is also designed to be tolerant to severe network constraints, including packet loss, arrival timing offset, and delay jitter. We conducted a hierarchical transmission experiment for 4K/120fps temporally scalable video. The experiment demonstrated that the MMT module was successfully fabricated and capable of dealing with severe network constraints. Consequently, the module has excellent potential as a means to support HFR video distribution in various network situations.