Code Error Research Articles

Rotten web citations cited in scholarly journals: use of time travel for retrieval

PurposeThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in Library and Information Science (LIS) and Communication and Media Studies (CMS). A total of 20 journals (each 10 from LIS and CMS) were selected based on the publishing history and reputation published between 2008 and 2017.Design/methodology/approachThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in LIS and CMS. A PHP script was used to crawl the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) collected from the reference list. A total of 12,251 articles were downloaded and 555,428 references were extracted. Of the 555,428 references, 102,718 web citations were checked for their accessibility.FindingsThe research findings indicated that 76.90% URLs from LIS journals and 84.32% URLs from Communication and Media Studies journals were accessible and others were rotten. The majority of errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (not found) in both the disciplines. The study also tried to retrieve the rotten URLs through Time Travel, which revived 61.76% rotten URLs in LIS journal articles and 65.46% in CMS journal articles.Originality/valueThis is an in-depth and comprehensive comparative study on the availability of web citations in LIS and CMS journals articles spanning a period of 10 years. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers, and editorial staff to ensure that web citations will be accessible in the future.

Research on Routing Algorithm of Smart Grid Atmospheric Optical Communication Network in Cloud Computing Environment

With regard to improving the transmission rate of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network and reducing the output error code and reality, a calculation method of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network routing based on the operation and calculation of hybrid particle swarm optimization is studied. The link structure model of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network is established, and the network routing nodes are explored to achieve the dynamic neighborhood and node location of the optical communication network routing. Through practice, improving the transmission rate of the optical communication network of the smart electrical network and reducing the network output timeliness and error codes can be solved by the routing calculation method.

Live agent preference and social action monitoring in the macaque mid-superior temporal sulcus region

Mentalizing, the ability to infer the mental states of others, is a cornerstone of adaptive social intelligence. While functional brain mapping of human mentalizing has progressed considerably, its evolutionary signature in nonhuman primates remains debated. The discovery that the middle part of the macaque superior temporal sulcus (mid-STS) region has a connectional fingerprint most similar to the human temporoparietal junction (TPJ)-a crucial node in the mentalizing network-raises the possibility that these cortical areas may also share basic functional properties associated with mentalizing. Here, we show that this is the case in aspects of a preference for live social interactions and in a theoretical framework of predictive coding. Macaque monkeys were trained to perform a turn-taking choice task with another real monkey partner sitting directly face-to-face or a filmed partner appearing in prerecorded videos. We found that about three-fourths of task-related mid-STS neurons exhibited agent-dependent activity, most responding selectively or preferentially to the partner's action. At the population level, activities of these partner-type neurons were significantly greater under live-partner compared to video-recorded-partner task conditions. Furthermore, a subset of the partner-type neurons responded proactively when predictions about the partner's action were violated. This prediction error coding was specific to the action domain; almost none of the neurons signaled error in the prediction of reward. The present findings highlight unique roles of the macaque mid-STS at the single-neuron level and further delineate its functional parallels with the human TPJ in social cognitive processes associated with mentalizing.

Design of Extended Hamming Code Technique Encryption for Audio Signals by Double Code Error Prediction

Noise can scramble a message that is sent. This is true for both voicemails and digital communications transmitted to and from computer systems. During transmission, mistakes tend to happen. Computer memory is the most commonplace to use Hamming code error correction. With extra parity/redundancy bits added to Hamming code, single-bit errors may be detected and corrected. Short-distance data transmissions often make use of Hamming coding. The redundancy bits are interspersed and evacuated subsequently when scaling it for longer data lengths. The new hamming code approach may be quickly and easily adapted to any situation. As a result, it's ideal for sending large data bitstreams since the overhead bits per data bit ratio is much lower. The investigation in this article is extended Hamming codes for product codes. The proposal particularly emphasises on how well it functions with low error rate, which is critical for multimedia wireless applications. It provides a foundation and a comprehensive set of methods for quantitatively evaluating this performance without the need of time-consuming simulations. It provides fresh theoretical findings on the well-known approximation, where the bit error rate roughly equal to the frame error rate times the minimal distance to the codeword length ratio. Moreover, the analytical method is applied to actual design considerations such as shorter and punctured codes along with the payload and redundancy bits calculation. Using the extended identity equation on the dual codes, decoding can be done at the first instance. The achievement of 43.48% redundancy bits is obtained during the testing process which is a huge proportion reduced in this research work.

An area-efficient, robust, and reversible QCA-based Hamming code generator, error detector, and corrector: design and performance estimation

An area-efficient, robust, and reversible QCA-based Hamming code generator, error detector, and corrector: design and performance estimation

Violation of medical statistics as one of the reasons for the low incidence of occupational diseases

Many authors point to the low incidence of occupational diseases in our country. The reasons are poor-quality preventive examinations, the lack of interest of employers in identifying these diseases, and others. However, there are no works in the literature devoted to errors in the statistical coding of diagnoses of occupational pathology and their accounting. The study aims to improve the accounting of occupational diseases in Russia. We conducted the study using the information base of the Industry Register of Persons with Occupational Diseases, developed by Burnazyan State Medical Center of the FMBA, Russia, which operating in the industry since 2011. As of 31.12.2020, the register contains information on 2,056 patients with occupational diseases, from among the employees of enterprises and organizations served by healthcare institutions of the FMBA, Russia. Errors of incorrect coding of diagnoses for occupational diseases with violation of the classification principles in the used directive materials played a negative role. The development of plans for medical and social rehabilitation measures to reduce the incidence of occupational diseases among the people working in harmful conditions. It requires correct knowledge of morbidity indicators of this nosology. In order to improve the accounting of occupational diseases in Russia, it is necessary to switch to the system of coding diagnoses of this nosology, adopted in medical statistics, and make appropriate changes to the directive documents.

Correcting the bias of the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation under missing data

Missing data are ubiquitous in psychological research. They may come about as an unwanted result of coding or computer error, participants' non-response or absence, or missing values may be intentional, as in planned missing designs. We discuss the effects of missing data on χ²-based goodness-of-fit indices in Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), specifically on the Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA). We use simulations to show that naive implementations of the RMSEA have a downward bias in the presence of missing data and, thus, overestimate model goodness-of-fit. Unfortunately, many state-of-the-art software packages report the biased form of RMSEA. As a consequence, the scientific community may have been accepting a much larger fraction of models with non-acceptable model fit. We propose a bias-correction for the RMSEA based on information-theoretic considerations that take into account the expected misfit of a person with fully observed data. The corrected RMSEA is asymptotically independent of the proportion of missing data for misspecified models. Importantly, results of the corrected RMSEA computation are identical to naive RMSEA if there are no missing data.

The Challenges of Error Coding Scheme for Verbal Inflections in Child L2 English

This study shows a streamline of the schema change for analyzing English verb usages, depending on linguistic convergence of taxonomy, coding, and display. A Korean L1 child’s developmental knowledge and use of English verbal morphology in the EFL context were observed for one year (Subject

Efficient image tampering localization using semi-fragile watermarking and error control codes

In this paper, we propose an image tampering localization algorithm using semi-fragile watermarking and Error-Locating codes in the DWT domain. By introducing different families of codes, we show the benefit in terms of image tampering localization and complexity of using control code error localization as an authentication function. Indeed, we first experimentally show that error localization block codes is as precise as using classical error correcting codes (Reed-Solomon and BCH codes) to locate image tampering. However, their corresponding decoding algorithms complexity is at least quadratic which make them impractical for some real time applications. To solve this problem, we introduce error-control codes called Error-Locating codes where error localization is reduced to a single syndrome computation performed with low number of binary operations (detailed later in the paper). We provide comparisons of image quality and tampering localization performances using error-detection, error-localization and error-correction approaches with different error control codes.

Best practices in statistical computing.

The world is becoming increasingly complex, both in terms of the rich sources of data we have access to and the statistical and computational methods we can use on data. These factors create an ever-increasing risk for errors in code and the sensitivity of findings to data preparation and the execution of complex statistical and computing methods. The consequences of coding and data mistakes can be substantial. In this paper, we describe the key steps for implementing a code quality assurance (QA) process that researchers can follow to improve their coding practices throughout a project to assure the quality of the final data, code, analyses, and results. These steps include: (i) adherence to principles for code writing and style that follow best practices; (ii) clear written documentation that describes code, workflow, and key analytic decisions; (iii) careful version control; (iv) good data management; and (v) regular testing and review. Following these steps will greatly improve the ability of a study to assure results are accurate and reproducible. The responsibility for code QA falls not only on individual researchers but institutions, journals, and funding agencies as well.

P35 - Topic: AS04-MDS Biology and Pathogenesis/AS04i-Microenvironment and stem cell niche: PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES HAVE LOWER BONE MASS

Research using large administrative databases has substantially increased in recent years. Accuracy with which comorbidities are represented in these databases has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of errors in obesity coding and its impact on arthroplasty research.Eighteen thousand thirty primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) and 10,475 total hip arthroplasties (THAs) performed at a single healthcare system from 2004-2014 were included. Patients were classified as obese or nonobese using 2 methods: (1) body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 and (2) international classification of disease, 9th edition codes. Length of stay, operative time, and 90-day complications were collected. Effect of obesity on various outcomes was analyzed separately for both BMI- and coding-based obesity.From 2004 to 2014, the prevalence of BMI-based obesity increased from 54% to 63% and 40% to 45% in TKA and THA, respectively. The prevalence of coding-based obesity increased from 15% to 28% and 8% to 17% in TKA and THA, respectively. Coding overestimated the growth of obesity in TKA and THA by 5.6 and 8.4 times, respectively. When obesity was defined by coding, obesity was falsely shown to be a significant risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (TKA), pulmonary embolism (THA), and longer hospital stay (TKA and THA).The growth in obesity observed in administrative databases may be an artifact because of improvements in coding over the years. Obesity defined by coding can overestimate the actual effect of obesity on complications after arthroplasty. Therefore, studies using large databases should be interpreted with caution, especially when variables prone to coding errors are involved.

Fault-Tolerant Continuous-Variable Measurement-based Quantum Computation Architecture

Continuous variable measurement-based quantum computation on cluster states has in recent years shown great potential for scalable, universal, and fault-tolerant quantum computation when combined with the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code and quantum error correction. However, no complete fault-tolerant architecture exists that includes everything from cluster state generation with finite squeezing to gate implementations with realistic noise and error correction. In this work, we propose a simple architecture for the preparation of a cluster state in three dimensions in which gates by gate teleportation can be efficiently implemented. To accommodate scalability, we propose architectures that allow for both spatial and temporal multiplexing, with the temporal encoded version requiring as little as two squeezed light sources. Due to its three-dimensional structure, the architecture supports topological qubit error correction, while GKP error correction is efficiently realized within the architecture by teleportation. To validate fault-tolerance, the architecture is simulated using surface-GKP codes, including noise from GKP-states as well as gate noise caused by finite squeezing in the cluster state. We find a fault-tolerant squeezing threshold of 12.7 dB with room for further improvement.

A Model-Assisted Approach for Finding Coding Errors in Manual Coding of Open-Ended Questions

Abstract Text answers to open-ended questions are typically manually coded into one of several codes. Usually, a random subset of text answers is double-coded to assess intercoder reliability, but most of the data remain single-coded. Any disagreement between the two coders points to an error by one of the coders. When the budget allows double coding additional text answers, we propose employing statistical learning models to predict which single-coded answers have a high risk of a coding error. Specifically, we train a model on the double-coded random subset and predict the probability that the single-coded codes are correct. Then, text answers with the highest risk are double-coded to verify. In experiments with three data sets, we found that this method identifies two to three times as many coding errors in the additional text answers as compared to random guessing, on average. We conclude that this method is preferred if the budget permits additional double-coding. When there are a lot of intercoder disagreements, the benefit can be substantial.

Reliability of Congestion Control Based on Packet Transmission Interval with Hybrid ARQ

Code error correction methods have been important techniques at a radio environment and video stream transmission. In general, when a server transmits some data packets to a client, the server resends the only loss packets. But in this method, a delay occurs in a transmission. In order to prevent the transmission delay, the loss packets are restored by the error correction packet on a client side. The code error correction method is called Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and has been researched. On the other hand, congestion control schemes have been important techniques at a data communication. Some packet losses are generated by network congestion. In order to prevent some packet losses, the congestion control performs by prolonging packet transmission intervals, which is called High-performance and Flexible Protocol (HpFP). In this paper, we present a stochastic model of congestion control based on packet transmission interval with Hybrid ARQ for data transmission. That is, if the packet loss occurs, the data packet received in error is restored by the error correction packet. Moreover, if errors occur in data packets, the congestion control performs by prolonging packet transmission intervals. The mean time until packet transmissions succeed is derived analytically, and a window size which maximizes the quantity of packets per unit of time until the transmission succeeds is discussed.

Management ofCommunication System in Pipeline IndustryBased on OLP Technology

In order to effectively improve the fault self-healing ability of pipeline communication system and reduce the events of communication interruption caused by fiber break or performance degradation of optical line, this paper introduces the basic principle, system composition working mode and technical requirements of OLP technology. The OLP system is firstly introduced into the relay section of long-distance pipeline to build the standby route with the spare optical fiber as material. When the in-service route is broken or the performance of optical fiber is reduced, the OLP system can automatically switch to the standby route within 50 ms to ensure the communication transmission service be uninterrupted, and even no error code alarm. Through engineering test in pipeline industry, the operability of OLP technology applied to the pipeline communication system is verified. Using the real-time monitoring data of optical cable through OLP system, we can analyze the evolution trend of optical cable line quality, precontrol in advance, and improve the level of communication management.

Determination of quantum toric error correction code threshold using convolutional neural network decoders

Quantum error correction technology is an important solution to solve the noise interference generated during the operation of quantum computers. In order to find the best syndrome of the stabilizer code in quantum error correction, we need to find a fast and close to the optimal threshold decoder. In this work, we build a convolutional neural network (CNN) decoder to correct errors in the toric code based on the system research of machine learning. We analyze and optimize various conditions that affect CNN, and use the RestNet network architecture to reduce the running time. It is shortened by 30%–40%, and we finally design an optimized algorithm for CNN decoder. In this way, the threshold accuracy of the neural network decoder is made to reach 10.8%, which is closer to the optimal threshold of about 11%.The previous threshold of 8.9%–10.3% has been slightly improved, and there is no need to verify the basic noise.

The XOR-MAJ Thermometer-to-Binary Encoder Structure Stable to Bubble Errors

Thermometer-to-binary encoder is an essential part of a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Errors in the thermometer code must be adequately handled by the encoder to avoid performance degradation. The presented concept of a reference encoder helps to classify errors and to compare error impact on real encoders. A new encoder structure is proposed as an alternative to the adder-based encoder known for its error robustness. Simulation in MATLAB reveals that the proposed encoder structure is as resistant to single and double errors in the input code as the adder-based one. Encoders were synthesized and simulated in 65-nm CMOS using Cadence design tools. For bit widths from 4 to 8, the proposed circuit is 10-12% larger in transistor count but has a 34-45% lower delay than an adder-based circuit which makes its use practical.

Phase-engineered bosonic quantum codes

Continuous-variable systems protected by bosonic quantum codes have emerged as a promising platform for quantum information. To date, the design of code words has centered on optimizing the state occupation in the relevant basis to generate the distance needed for error correction. Here, we show tuning the phase degree of freedom in the design of code words can affect, and potentially enhance, the protection against Markovian errors that involve excitation exchange with the environment. As illustrations, we first consider phase engineering bosonic codes with uniform spacing in the Fock basis that correct excitation loss with a Kerr unitary and show that these modified codes feature destructive interference between error code words and, with an adapted ``two-level'' recovery, the error protection is significantly enhanced. We then study protection against energy decay with the presence of mode nonlinearities and analyze the role of phase for optimal code designs. We extend the principle of phase engineering to bosonic codes defined in other bases and multiqubit codes, demonstrating its broad applicability in quantum error correction.

Evaluation of the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay for HIV diagnosis at birth in South Africa

The increased coverage of antiretroviral therapy has resulted in a decrease in the positive predictive value (PPV) and diagnostic sensitivity of early infant diagnosis assays. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Aptima HIV-1 Quant DX assay (Aptima) in detecting HIV infection at birth. The study was a cross-sectional laboratory based evaluation using whole blood DBS specimens. Samples were collected from HIV-exposed neonates at birth at two paediatric facilities in Gauteng between 1st March 2018 - 31st January 2020. Performance of the Aptima compared to the Cobas® AmpliPrep/Cobas® TaqMan HIV-1 Qualitative Test v2.0 was calculated using a two-by-two table and reported as proportions with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 363 infants met the inclusion criteria of which 4 (1.1%) had an Aptima result discordant with CAP/CTM HIV status: two (50%) negative and two (50%) positive. The Aptima assay had a sensitivity of 93.75% (95% CI: 79.19%-99.23%), specificity of 99.4% (95% CI: 97.83%-99.93%), PPV of 93.75% (95% CI: 78.98%-98.36%), negative predictive value of 99.4% (95% CI: 97.73%-99.84%), and overall accuracy of 98.9% (95% CI: 97.2%-99.7%). The Aptima yielded an error code on 37 (10.19%) results, of which 35 (94.59%) were resolved on repeat testing. Of the 32 HIV-detected specimens, 20 had a plasma VL result available (18 on Abbott and 2 on Cobas). The absolute median difference was 0.66 log10 (IQR: 0.36-1.71). The Aptima demonstrated good EID performance and can be considered as a qualitative EID assay.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK USED BY THE STUDENTS IN INTERMEDIATE WRITING CLASS

Writing is the most complicated skill among other language skills. In the writing activity, the students have to invent ideas and organize them into sentences and paragraphs that will be clear for readers. Feedback is crucial to give significant improvement to student's writings. Peers and maybe various can provide feedback. This study's objective was to describe the types of feedback used by students of the Intermediate Writing Class in writing an argumentative paragraph. Descriptive qualitative was the design of research. The subjects of this research are A1 and A4 Intermediate Writing course students of the English language Education Study Program of Lambung Mangkurat University. The data were collected through observation and document analysis. The data were then analyzed through three steps: familiarizing and organizing, coding, and interpreting and representing. The result was found that the students used several feedback types, namely written feedback as responding and written feedback as correcting. Written feedback as correcting used by the students consists of direct feedback, metalinguistic feedback, and unfocused feedback. From some of the metalinguistic feedback that some students used, they were using the grammatical description. Some of the metalinguistic feedback that some students used was the metalinguistic explanation (grammatical description). There was no metalinguistic feedback of the error code. There was only one student who used unfocused feedback. In conclusion, the students used four feedback types: written feedback as responding, written feedback as correcting, or written corrective feedback consisting of direct feedback, metalinguistic feedback, and unfocused feedback. Written feedback as responding is the feedback that the students used most while doing peer feedback. The students need to look for more information and explanation or feedback from the teachers and their friends and give feedback while doing peer feedback properly to not only use one type of feedback.