Code-switching Research Articles

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Philippine languages supports a rapid migration of Malayo-Polynesian languages

The Philippines are central to understanding the expansion of the Austronesian language family from its homeland in Taiwan. It remains unknown to what extent the distribution of Malayo-Polynesian languages has been shaped by back migrations and language leveling events following the initial Out-of-Taiwan expansion. Other aspects of language history, including the effect of language switching from non-Austronesian languages, also remain poorly understood. Here we apply Bayesian phylogenetic methods to a core-vocabulary dataset of Philippine languages. Our analysis strongly supports a sister group relationship between the Sangiric and Minahasan groups of northern Sulawesi on one hand, and the rest of the Philippine languages on the other, which is incompatible with a simple North-to-South dispersal from Taiwan. We find a pervasive geographical signal in our results, suggesting a dominant role for cultural diffusion in the evolution of Philippine languages. However, we do find some support for a later migration of Gorontalo-Mongondow languages to northern Sulawesi from the Philippines. Subsequent diffusion processes between languages in Sulawesi appear to have led to conflicting data and a highly unstable phylogenetic position for Gorontalo-Mongondow. In the Philippines, language switching to Austronesian in ‘Negrito’ groups appears to have occurred at different time-points throughout the Philippines, and based on our analysis, there is no discernible effect of language switching on the basic vocabulary.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Code-Switching as a Strategy for Enhancing ESL Instruction

In this study I aim to evaluate the effectiveness of code-switching (CS) as a strategy to enhance teaching English as a second language and the usefulness of CS in enhancing students’ language acquisition, comprehension, and communication skills. The study sample included 52 English language teachers at Technical and Vocational Training Corporation in different colleges. I use a mixed-methods approach, which is a content analysis method of collecting data on the use of CS, as well as a questionnaire to collect information from English teachers about their experiences with CS in enhancing language acquisition, comprehension, and communication skills. The results showed that teachers believe that CS is a useful strategy in the ESL classroom. Moreover, there was a difference in the levels of CS in the classroom, which could be attributed to differences in teachers’ educational experiences, the level of the students' language acquisition they were teaching, and their teaching styles. The percentage of CS ranged from 13.5% to 25.7%, which indicates different degrees of reliance on CS as a communication tool.

Exploring Code-Switching Practices in Vietnamese Classrooms: An Introductory Investigation

This study delves into the nuanced practice of code-switching (CS) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in Vietnam, examining its implications for language learning from both educators' and learners' perspectives. Through a mixed-methods approach, involving surveys and interviews with 225 ESL students and 8 experienced ESL lecturers at a renowned public university in Ho Chi Minh City, this research illuminates the multifaceted role of CS in enhancing comprehension, engagement, and linguistic proficiency. The findings reveal a general preference among students for a balanced use of English and Vietnamese, underscoring the pedagogical value of strategic CS in facilitating understanding and reducing the affective filter in language learning. Educators' narratives highlight the benefits and challenges of CS in maintaining English exposure while accommodating diverse learner needs. The study also uncovers emerging issues, such as the impact of digital and online learning environments on CS practices and the influence of external expectations on educators' language use decisions. By integrating insights from existing literature, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic interplay between language use and educational outcomes in bilingual settings, advocating for flexible, learner-centered teaching approaches that accommodate the evolving landscape of language education.

Challenging the Free Morpheme and the Equivalence Constraints Counter- Evidence from Algerian Arabic/French Code Switching

Challenging the Free Morpheme and the Equivalence Constraints Counter- Evidence from Algerian Arabic/French Code Switching

Code Switching and Code Mixing in Modern Public Communication (Indonesian Sociolinguistic Analysis)

This study seeks to examine how language is used in the social interactions of contemporary Indonesian society. The language use in question is an example of how modern culture in Indonesia interacts through code switching and code mixing. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, this type of research was conducted. The information referred to in this study is communication between contemporary Indonesians that demonstrates code switching and code mixing in modern culture. The speech in question takes the shape of a dialogue and includes words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that operate both as code switches and code mixers as well as having parts of both. Sources of data in this study came from the internet, namely previous research data, outstanding issues, and social media. Data analysis techniques were carried out with all utterances that show the occurrence of code- switching and code-mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. Furthermore, the classification and categories of the entire data are carried out. The data were analyzed by selecting and sorting out the forms and functions of code switching and code mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. After being analyzed and classified, the data is described and translated to find out the nature and applications of code switching and interference in contemporary Indonesian social interactions.

Code switching patterns in Kazakh-Russian hybrid language practice: An empirical study

The study investigates Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh code switching in the framework of hybrid language practice to provide insights into the sense-making process among bilinguals. The unique characteristics of the synchronic linguistic situation in Kazakhstan stem from historically rooted ethnic bi- and multilingualism. Language switching has evolved into a tool for addressing communicative partners and sustaining communication in bilingual culture, rather than being viewed as a deviant pattern. It appears to be a dynamic resource for ensuring mutual understanding and harmonised communication. The study aims to reveal the motivations behind individuals’ language switching, how Kazakh and Russian speakers explain hybrid communication, and their sentiments towards it. Data from two surveys conducted in January-February of 2021 and January of 2024 are presented. Each survey involved 50 respondents with higher education, ranging in age from 21 to 40, who have resided in Kazakhstan for an extended period, with many being native-born residents. We argue that switching between the Kazakh and Russian languages serves as a communicative tool utilised by Kazakh and Russian speakers to signify their belonging to a specific sociocultural community. The study posits that hybrid language practice can be viewed from two underlying perspectives: from a ‘deficit’ perspective, signalling limited proficiency in Russian or/and Kazakh, and from a more complex sense-making communicative perspective, assisting interaction. As part of the sense-making process and in sustaining interaction with communication partners, code switching serves an instrumental function. Importantly, hybrid language practice is not portrayed as a sign of cultural decline. There is no strong correlation between the mixing of Russian and Kazakh and social, cultural, and educational barriers. Further implications for research are prompted by the rapidly changing situation. The development of the Kazakh language as a state language is becoming a major goal and central focus in this evolving context, which inevitably raises the issues of linguistic ideology. Distinguishing between ideologically neutral analysis and critical analysis of language use as a tool of symbolic power for specific social groups would provide a more gradient picture of the dynamics in Kazakhstan’s bi- and multilingual situation.

On Negative Language Transfer in the Speech of Kazakh-Russian Bilinguals: Post-Soviet and Current Identities

The focus of the current study is on investigating code switching and interference in the oral communication of Kazakh-Russian bilinguals. Particular emphasis is given to exploring the relationships between various types of code switching as interference and their impact on speech. The study collects data from interviews with popular young men and employs componential analysis as the primary research methodology. The paper examines how interference affects both pragmatic and structural changes in speech, and it is argued that social factors are linked to the negative effects of interference and the specifics of code switching in Kazakh-Russian bilinguals' communication. The study reveals that the native Kazakh language underwent morphological and structural alterations as a result of the deliberate selection of code-switching types, and the influence of Russian as a guest language has played a significant role in these changes. Overall, this study sheds light on the complexities of language interactions and the potential impact of bilingualism on linguistic diversity.

Use Of Code Switching And Code Mixing In Daddy Corbuzier's Podcast : Jujurly Livy Renata

This research aims to describe the forms of code switching and code mixing, and describe the factors that cause code switching and code mixing in Daddy Corbuzier's podcast: Honestly Livy Renata. The research method used in this research method is a qualitative descriptive method. From this analysis, it was found that there were 9 code-switching utterances and code-mixing utterances in the video.

Conversation analysis as a speech-language research method in Polish-foreign bilingualism studies

The article concerns conversation analysis (CA) as a method derived from sociology, and also used and developed in psychology, linguistics, and speech and language therapy. The article aims at presenting the potential of the method in describing various types of verbal interactions. The text presents the use of CA to explore the dialogic abilities of bilingual children. The authors study code switching (CS) patterns occurring in bilingual children’s speech, the features of these patterns, and conversational strategies that appear in interviews with children. It was found that CS is closely linked to lexical deficits in Polish. The features of conversational negotiation were noticed when using English. Moreover, due to deficiencies in the Polish linguistic repertoire, the speakers used repairs, and the statements of the interlocutors would often overlap.

PERCEPTION TOWARDS LECTURER’S CODE-SWITCHING IN EFL CLASSROOM OF STUDENTS AT THE AKADEMI KOMUNITAS MAPINDO FOOD AND BEVERAGE STUDY PROGRAM

Teaching English in Indonesia still faces several obstacles because not all students easily understand the meaning of what the Lecturer says in English. This greatly influences the students' success in understanding the material given, especially in completing the assignments or exams given. Therefore, most English language teaching and learning activities in Indonesia use code switching. Code switching is a change of language (switch) in communication, from one language to another Apart from that, code switching here means English to Indonesian or Indonesian to English. This research examines students of Akademi Komunitas MAPINDO food and beverages study program on the use of code switching in English Foreign Language (EFL) class. This research uses a qualitative research method with three instruments, namely questionnaire distribution, interviews and data collection. 28 students filled out the questionnaire, which is the total number from one class and these students are also involved in answering additional essay questions recognize the use of code switching in class. However, only 5 results were used to represent the entire class included in this research. The research results show that (1) the majority students agree to the use of code switching when it is taught in class (2) they perceive the existence of code switching help them improve their understanding of English language teaching (3) they think that Lecturers who use code switching are friendlier in teaching and better understand students' fluency in English (4) Students think that code switching can improve their readiness exam and pass (5) students feel confident when learning English by code switching and feel comfortable in class.

Смена кода и достижение понимания на судебных заседаниях

The article analyzes extracts from video recordings of court sessions in Russian, where one of the participants demonstrated misunderstanding. The main method of working with the data is conversion analysis. The focus is on the interaction between specialists (a judge or a lawyer) and non-specialists (a defendant or a victim), namely the functions and mechanisms of code switching from official legal language to everyday colloquial language and vice versa. Such code switches are interpreted as a kind of intralingual translation, which is conceptualized in terms of a) linguistic aspects of simplification of the complex information, b) status-role functions of interaction between participants and conditions of institutional communication, c) differences in the way systems of professional and lay knowledge are organized. Through switching between the official and the colloquial codes during the hearing a specialist can accomplish various actions: find out the true intentions of the interlocutor; monitor the interlocutor’s reaction to his speech, regulating the degree of its formality; check the achieved degree of consistency; encourage the layman interlocutor or reformulate his words using the legal terms. The analysis reveals a number of strategies of varying degrees of complexity and intentionality for restoring understanding, which can be achieved on a technical or on a deeper level.

Language practices and identity construction on Facebook in the aftermath of Brexit: The case of a group of British migrants in Greece applying for Greek citizenship

This article examines the digital language practices in a Facebook group of seven British migrants, who live in Greece and have applied for Greek citizenship, throughout March 2021, in the aftermath of the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union. More specifically, it uses online ethnography to analyse the ways with which group members use language and construct identity through their public posts and comments. Although research into the digital language practices and identity construction of Greek migrants has been carried out, no such research exists in the case of British migrants residing in Greece. It will be shown how group members’ use of both Greek and English, as well as creative examples of code switching for the purpose of conveying concepts to other members, offers insight into how the group under study use language to position themselves in relation to both Greece and the Greek citizenship application process, as well as to other members who possess varying degrees of linguistic competency in Greek.

Code-Switching found in Nessie Judge’s Instagram Captions

The main goal of this research is to identify the types and to analyze the reasons of code-switching found in Nessie Judge's Instagram captions. This study focuses on the captions where both of Indonesian and English languages are alternated. The study employs both descriptive and qualitative approach. The analysis draws upon Poplack's theory (1980) to classify the types of code-switching present in the data, while Hoffman's theory (1991) is employed to examine the underlying reasons behind these language switch. Both formal and informal method employed in presenting the findings. The analysis reveals 18 data of inter-sentential Code-switching, 13 data of intra-sentential Code-switching, and 7 data of tag switching. The reasons for these Code-switching occurrences are diverse: talking about particular topic 37% of the instances, quoting someone's words 10%, expressing feeling about something accounts for 21%, interjections makes up 21%, repetition used for clarification constitutes 8% and expressing group identity represents 3%.

The effects of language switching experience and acute stress on bilingual advantages in cognitive flexibility

Aims: This study aimed to investigate how bilingual advantages in cognitive flexibility were modulated by language-use parameters (e.g., language switching experience) and psychological factors (e.g., acute stress). Design/methodology: Chinese-English unbalanced bilinguals with a high or low amount of language switching experience (HLS or LLS bilinguals) performed a cued color-shape switching task in stress-free condition (Experiment 1) or in acute stress condition induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (Experiment 2). Switching and mixing costs were calculated to denote two aspects of cognitive flexibility: transient and sustained switching abilities, respectively. Data and analysis: Differences in switching and mixing costs between HLS and LLS bilinguals were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The predictive relationship between language switching experience and cognitive flexibility was examined using hierarchical regression models. The role of acute stress in the dynamics was tested by means of independent samples t-tests in a cross-analysis of Experiments 1 and 2. Findings/conclusions: HLS and LLS bilinguals showed similar switching and mixing costs in the stress-free condition, but in the acute stress condition, HLS bilinguals showed lower switching costs than LLS bilinguals. The result of cross-experimental analysis further revealed that higher switching costs were demanded in LLS bilinguals under acute stress. These findings suggest that language switching experience specifically influences transient switching ability under acute stress. Originality: This study was a first attempt to provide evidence that psychological stress may be a crucial determinant in exploring the theoretical implications of cognitive control in bilingualism. Significance: Our findings suggest that bilingual advantages in cognitive flexibility are conditional, shedding light on the ongoing debate about the ambiguous relationship between language experience and cognitive control in bilinguals.

Kielivalinnat ja kielenvaihtaminen ensikielisten ja ei-ensikielisten suomenpuhujien keskusteluissa – Kyselytutkimus

Immigration into Finland has increased in recent years. Learning Finnish is essential for integrating into Finnish society. We investigated L1 Finnish speakers’ language choices and language switching in everyday conversations with L2 Finnish speakers, and their reasoning for these choices. The data were gathered in an online survey with 358 respondents. The majority of L1 Finnish speakers reported starting conversations with L2 Finnish speakers in Finnish. However, 95% of respondents also reported switching the language of the conversation to English. The reported reasons were efficiency, speed, politeness and the desire to help. Most respondents also assumed that L2 Finnish speakers would react positively to the language switch. The results outline the need for mutual agreement on language choice and switching in everyday discussions. L1 Finnish speakers should understand the importance of offering possibilities to speak Finnish speakers should understand the importance of offering possibilities to speak Finnish to facilitate language learning and to ensure equality in discussions and aid participation in Finnish society.

Fault-Tolerant Code-Switching Protocols for Near-Term Quantum Processors

Topological color codes are widely acknowledged as promising candidates for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Neither a two-dimensional nor a three-dimensional topology, however, can provide a universal gate set {, , }, with the gate missing in the two-dimensional and the gate in the three-dimensional case. These complementary shortcomings of the isolated topologies may be overcome in a combined approach, by switching between a two- and a three-dimensional code while maintaining the logical state. In this work, we construct resource-optimized deterministic and nondeterministic code-switching protocols for two- and three-dimensional distance-three color codes using fault-tolerant quantum circuits based on flag qubits. Deterministic protocols allow for the fault-tolerant implementation of logical gates on an encoded quantum state, while nondeterministic protocols may be used for the fault-tolerant preparation of magic states. Taking the error rates of state-of-the-art trapped-ion quantum processors as a reference, we find a logical failure probability of 3% for deterministic logical gates, which cannot be realized transversally in the respective code. By replacing the three-dimensional distance-three color code in the protocol for magic state preparation with the morphed code introduced in Vasmer and Kubica [PRX Quantum 3, 030319 (2022)], we reduce the logical failure rates by 2 orders of magnitude, thus rendering it a viable method for magic state preparation on near-term quantum processors. Our results demonstrate that code switching enables the fault-tolerant and deterministic implementation of a universal gate set under realistic conditions, and thereby provide a practical avenue to advance universal, fault-tolerant quantum computing and enable quantum algorithms on first, error-corrected logical qubits. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

An Analysis of Using Code Switching by the Students in Learning English as a Foreign Language at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya

This research aims to describe the types of code switching that occur in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya in four meetings. This type of research is descriptive-qualitative research. The subjects of this research were the eleventh-grade students. The object of this research is a speech on the use of code switching, which includes the types of code switching in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya. The results of the research show that there are 8 types of code switching in English language learning at MA Al Fatah Kota Mulya. Furthermore, all data is divided into 3 types of code switching: (1) intra-sentential switching occurred in 1 data (12,5%), (2) inter-sentential switching occurred in 3 data (37,5%), and (3) tag switching occurred in 4 data (50%). So, the most dominant type of code switching is tag switching.

“What makes you think I’m African American?”: identity performance, code switching and the Strong Black Woman on Love Is Blind

ABSTRACT Reality TV show, Love is Blind, has captured the hearts, minds, and attention of audiences nationwide, igniting fervent and passionate discussions about romance. This show boasts that they provide a space for people to fall in love “not for their looks, their race, their background, or their income,” but through emotional connection. Despite this promise, all these factors, especially, for Black women contestants, race, dictate success in the show. This Article explores concepts surrounding identity performance, code switching, and the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema, which demands that Black women exhibit independence, resilience, and strength. We explore the many ways black women continue to navigate the show's cultural and linguistic contexts to negotiate their identities and interpersonal interactions. Through a comparison of a select few of the cast members' interactions with different suitors, this article strives to make sense of the nuanced strategies employed by black women on screen to adapt their behaviors and communication styles with potential male partners. This paper emphasized the fine line between how effective identity performance and code switching can lead to favorable outcomes on the show, while also highlighting the physical and mental burdens associated with these demands.

The potential roles of multilingualism and language structural distance in neurocognitive adaptation to language experience

A growing body of research shows that individual differences in bilingual language experience variably contribute to neurocognitive adaptations. The trends in this work are beginning to show a specificity of adaptations to the nature and degree of bilingual experiences – for example, duration of use, language switching, context and intensity of engagement. However, several other factors likely further influence these bilingualism-induced neural and cognitive adaptations. Two such factors may play a modulatory role but are currently under-researched in this field. The first is how such adaptations are affected by the addition of a third or more language and the second is the role of language structural distance in shaping neurocognitive adaptation trajectories. Regarding the role of multilingualism, previous research suggests differences in neurocognitive adaptation to multiple languages over two, although results are mixed. It is possible that, like bilingualism, individual differences in engagement with a third (or more) language might also variably condition neurocognitive adaptation, but this remains an unanswered empirical question. Regarding the role of language structural distance, there are plausible reasons to predict that the relative distance in language pairings would condition the nature or trajectory of bilingualism-induced adaptations, but this is also an understudied topic. I review the existing literature covering these factors, discuss the potential mechanisms of adaptation to each and propose some potential ways of incorporating these factors into future research.

Early audiovisual language discrimination: Monolingual and bilingual infants’ differences in language switch detection

Successful language learning in bilinguals requires the differentiation of two language systems. The capacity to discriminate rhythmically close languages has been reported in 4-month-olds using auditory-only stimuli. This research offers a novel perspective on early language discrimination using audiovisual material. Monolingual and bilingual infants were first habituated to a face talking in the participants’ native language (or the more frequent language in bilingual contexts) and then tested on two successive language switches by the same speaker, with a close and a distant language. Code-switching exposure was indexed from parental questionnaires. Results revealed that while monolinguals could detect both the close- and distant-language switch, bilinguals only reacted to the distant language, regardless of home code-switching experience. In the temporal dimension, the analyses showed that language switch detection required at least 10 s, suggesting that the audiovisual presentation (here the same speaker switching languages) slowed down or even hindered the language switch detection. These results suggest that the detection of a multimodal close-language switch is a challenging task, especially for bilingual infants exposed to phonologically and rhythmically close languages. The current research sets the ground for further studies exploring the role of indexical cues and selective attention processes on language switch detection.