Functions Of Code-switching Research Articles

Investigating the Functions of Code-Switching among EFL Lecturers and Undergraduate Students in Saudi Arabia

Many researchers have noticed that instructors who teach English as a foreign language (EFL) in language-learning institutions worldwide frequently implement code-switching (CS). Through this study, we investigate the functions of CS, specifically topic-switching, affective, and repetitive functions, as a pedagogical tool in an English for Specific Purposes classroom. The study is based on the perceptions of lecturers and students from two higher education institutions, Digital Colleges and Yanbu Industrial College, in Saudi Arabia. A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire. The study incorporated a sample of 24 female EFL lecturers and 193 Saudi female students. The results indicate that both groups acknowledge using CS for topic shifting, with students displaying slightly higher acceptance. Additionally, both lecturers and students recognize the affective aspects of code-switching, with the students exhibiting greater agreement. Furthermore, lecturers and students agree regarding clearly identifying all repetitive functions. The study highlights the potential of CS functions as an educational tool to enhance interaction between EFL lecturers and students, encouraging engagement, cooperation, and academic achievements. It also underscores the significance of determining appropriate functions for various circumstances and shows that although acceptance may differ, there is general agreement on the various purposes for which CS is utilized in the EFL context.

Code-Switching in “Kongsi Raya”: Unveiling Communication Patterns in Cinema

Code-switching, a prevalent phenomenon in societies, especially among multilingual individuals, involves effortlessly transitioning between languages. Some scholars argue that code-switching signals a lack of language proficiency, while others believe it is an additional tool for achieving specific interactive goals when conversing with others. This behavior is not limited to real-life interactions but also appears in various creative mediums such as talk shows, music, films, and other artistic expressions. The primary objective of this research was to identify and analyze instances of code-switching in the film "Kongsi Raya." Using a qualitative descriptive methodology, the study collected and thoroughly examined selected scenes and dialogues from the movie, applying Malik's (1994) code-switching functions framework. The findings showed that code-switching was used either unconsciously or deliberately as an essential communication strategy to effectively convey the speakers' intended meaning, including emotions or simply providing information. This behavior reflects real-life communication scenarios in a culturally diverse country like Malaysia.

Code Switching and Code Mixing in Modern Public Communication (Indonesian Sociolinguistic Analysis)

This study seeks to examine how language is used in the social interactions of contemporary Indonesian society. The language use in question is an example of how modern culture in Indonesia interacts through code switching and code mixing. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, this type of research was conducted. The information referred to in this study is communication between contemporary Indonesians that demonstrates code switching and code mixing in modern culture. The speech in question takes the shape of a dialogue and includes words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that operate both as code switches and code mixers as well as having parts of both. Sources of data in this study came from the internet, namely previous research data, outstanding issues, and social media. Data analysis techniques were carried out with all utterances that show the occurrence of code- switching and code-mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. Furthermore, the classification and categories of the entire data are carried out. The data were analyzed by selecting and sorting out the forms and functions of code switching and code mixing in the interactions of modern society in Indonesia. After being analyzed and classified, the data is described and translated to find out the nature and applications of code switching and interference in contemporary Indonesian social interactions.

The main pragmatic functions of code-switching in the English novel “Jeeves in the offing” by P. G. Wodehouse

The main pragmatic functions of code-switching in the English novel “Jeeves in the offing” by P. G. Wodehouse

Code-Switching in Bashkir Takhmaks-Chastushkas (Pragmatic Aspects)

This paper presents a pragma-linguistic analysis of language switches observed in samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas, a genre of Bashkir folk songs with a wide thematic range performed in a recitative and melodicrecitative style. The material for analysis comes from expedition records of the authors, samples of Takhmaks-Chastushkas included in a separate volume of the multi-volume systematic scientific publication “Bashkir Folk Creativity”. It is demonstrated that a large number of bilingual Takhmaks function in Bashkir song folklore, their emergence influenced by centuries-old language contacts and the prolonged cohabitation of representatives of the Bashkir and Russian peoples on the same territory. Key pragmatic functions of code-switching (humorous, rhyme-forming, and referential) are identified, which can be combined within one realization of codeswitching. Despite differences between the two language systems, the composer of Takhmaks achieves semantic, compositional, and structural integrity of the text by mixing lexemes from the Bashkir and Russian languages. It is emphasized that code-switching is done to create a humorous effect, attract the audience’s attention, maintain rhyme and rhythm of the Takhmak, and compensate for speech gaps. If foreign material is replaced with native language content and brought into line with the norms of the native language, Takhmaks lose their humorous nuance.

Code Switching and Code Mixing in the “Induk Gajah” Movie: Sociolinguistic Study

This research is entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Induk Gajah Movie - Sociolinguistic Study." This research aims to describe the forms of code switching and code mixing, the factors causing code switching and code mixing as well as the function of code switching and code mixing contained in the film Parent Gajah. The theory used in this research is the sociolinguistic theory put forward by Soewito, using qualitative descriptive methods and using listening and note-taking techniques. The research results show that there are two forms of code switching, namely internal code switching and external code switching. The forms of code mixing are divided into code mixing in the form of words, code mixing in the form of baster, code mixing in the form of phrases, code mixing in the form of clauses and code mixing in the form of reduplication/repetition. The function of code switching and code mixing is to emphasize or convince something, to familiarize/relax the conversation, to evoke a sense of humor. Keywords: Code switching, code mixing, language

The Treatment of Unflagged New Testament Code Switching in English Bible Translations

The New Testament contains over 3,000 non-Greek words. Many of these are simply cases of loanwords, seen especially in the case of proper nouns and toponyms. However, others retain their foreign value in the text, illustrated especially by the addition of an in-text translation or explanation. These examples of flagged code switching point to further examples of unflagged code switching. After dealing with the function of code switching in the New Testament, this article analyzes the treatment of nine examples of unflagged code switching in forty-four passages. The results point to a clear distinction in the translational practice between traditional and modern Bible versions.

Code-Switching in Multilingual Societies

Purpose: The general aim of this study was to look into code- switching in multilingual societies.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to code switching in multilingual societies. The study provided valuable insights into the complex dynamics of language use within diverse linguistic environments. Through an exploration of code-switching behavior across various contexts, the study revealed how code-switching served as a versatile linguistic strategy, accommodating different communicative needs and reflecting speakers' social identities and cultural affiliations. The findings emphasized the sociocultural and pragmatic functions of code-switching, highlighting its role in effective communication and social cohesion within multilingual communities. Furthermore, the study underscored the importance of recognizing and valuing linguistic diversity, advocating for inclusive language policies and culturally responsive practices to celebrate and support multilingualism.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Sociolinguistic theory, Language Contact theory and the Identity theory may be used to anchor future studies on code switching in multilingual societies. The study provided a comprehensive set of recommendations that contributed to both theoretical understanding and practical applications in language policy and practice. The study suggested further research into the sociolinguistic motivations behind code-switching behavior, emphasizing a comparative approach to enrich existing theories. It recommended integrating code-switching into language teaching pedagogies and curricula, fostering linguistic awareness and proficiency. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of developing culturally responsive policies and fostering partnerships between stakeholders to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Professional development for language professionals and public awareness campaigns were also recommended to promote positive attitudes towards multilingualism and linguistic diversity. Overall, the recommendations aimed to create more inclusive, equitable, and linguistically diverse societies where all individuals could thrive.

The Metalinguistic Dimension of Literary Multilingualism: Linguistic Biographies in Italian Fiction

ABSTRACT In this article, I argue that a thorough analysis of literary multilingualism and code-switching needs to take their metalinguistic dimension into account. Many scholars have noticed multilingual authors’ tendency to frame code-switches with metalinguistic comments, but they are sometimes treated marginally, or as just one of the many functions of code-switching. My article argues that metalanguage is, in fact, a fundamental characteristic of literary multilingualism, and key to its interpretation. This is particularly evident when we look at how the contemporary Italian writers Laura Pariani, Silvana Grasso and Elena Ferrante construct their characters through linguistic biographies, and how they describe dialect use, bilingualism, language loss and shift and other collective and individual sociolinguistic processes. I also show that metalanguage needs to be analysed together with other tools used by authors to flag multilingualism: namely intratextual translations and peritextual elements (such as glossaries or notes), but also visual cues, such as italics.

Code Switching in English Teacher Instruction: A study of the Teacher Language in English Classroom and Its Implications for Indonesian Students Language Education

Teaching English in Indonesia is not the same as teaching English in a country where English is the native language. The teacher should make sure the students understand the explanation or instruction from the teacher. In the foreign language classroom, code switching is naturally occurring to make the teaching learning process run smoothly. Therefore, this study aimed to explain the function of code switching, students perceptions of the teacher’s code switching, and the effect of teacher’s code switching practices on students’ understanding in the teaching learning process. It was conducted at SMAN 9 Palu by using descriptive qualitative as the method. The researcher used observation, questionnaire and interview to get the data. The results of the study showed that first, there were three functions of code switching used by the teacher proposed by Sert (2005), those are topic switch, affective function, and repetitive function. Second, most of the students had positive perceptions about students' understanding and students' feelings during learning with code switching used by the teacher. Third, code switching used by the teacher in teaching learning English process provides a positive effect in providing a positive learning environment, and facilitating students with low level of second language proficiency
 .
 Keywords: Code switching, English classroom, teacher instruction

Perceptions of Code Switching in a Multilingual Language Classroom in Morocco

In this work students’ perceptions for code switching during group work in a multilingual classroom in Morocco are analyzed. This study is inspired by real time classroom experience. It reports on qualitative and quantitative data collected through an online survey, involving 50 participants. 80% of the respondents are multilingual in English, Arabic, Darija, and French, while 20% are monolingual in English. Casual observation of group discussions revealed that code switching occurred often during group discussion. This study confirms that 70% of students in this study switch codes during group discussions. Among students who do not understand the lingua franca, 79% feel left out and unheard during group discussions, when code switching occurs. Respondents mention the functions of code switching, which are; to fill in communication gaps that result from deficiency in English and to mitigate difficulties of explaining unfamiliar content, concepts, and ideas. Finally, this study finds that technology helps to close communication gaps in multilingual group tasks. The most frequently used technology tools in this study are Power Point, at 47%, and Word at 23%. Language translation tools are also mentioned as important.

English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English Code Switching Used by the Teachers in Teaching-Learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram in the Academic Year of 2022/2023

Language is the most important component of the lives of all individual’s life. People will be able to communicate with one another more conveniently and effectively if they use language. People speak a variety of languages for a variety of reasons. It could be anywhere, including home, work, school, or campus. In a communication process, people may switch language codes, such as the English language, to the Indonesian language or vice versa. This research aimed to identify and describe the types and functions of English-Indonesian and Indonesian-English code switching used by the teachers in teaching-learning English at the 11th Grade of SMAN 2 Mataram. This research concentrates on two English teachers who currently teach students in the 11th grade who are majoring in science during the academic year 2022/2023. This study employed a descriptive qualitative methodology, and observation was the primary data collection method. A pre-observation class will be held as the first step in this research project to choose the topic. From the results, during classrooms, the first English teacher’s utterances caused sixty-seven codes switching and the second English teacher’s utterances caused forty-six codes switching. While for the functions, both English teachers only used five out of six functions of code switching. The research results show that the type of code switching mainly used by the English teachers is inter-sentential code switching and the function used mainly by English teachers is managing class.

Codeswitching from Indonesian to English Encountered in the Three Naila Farhana's YouTube Videos

This study aims at describing the types and functions of codeswitching encountered in Naila Fahana’s YouTube videos. The data were collected from Naila Farhana YouTube channel with three selected videos entitled Mau Tips Lancar Belajar Bahasa Inggris, Pelajari 5 Kunci Sukses (Be Fluent in English, learn 5 successful keys), Cara Bahasa Inggris Tanpa Ngeblank (Learn English without Going Blank), American Accent_ Cara Belajar Aksen Amerika (American Accent_ How to Learn American Accent). This research was a descriptive study in which the writer described types of codeswitching using a theory of Peter Stockwell and functions of codeswitching using a theory of Marasigan. In collecting the data, this study utilized human instrument in which the researcher as the main source. Then, the data were sorted out of the corpora from video transcriptions with 4,622 words in total. The findings of this study showed that the dominant type of codeswithing is intrasentential switching (IaSCS) with 102 data out of 123 data and the dominant function of codeswitching is message of qualification (MQ) with 50 data out of 123 data. This research covered three types and seven functions of codeswitching as a discussion for further linguistic study on codeswitching.

A Case Study on the Use of Humorous Code-Switching in Harith Iskander’ Stand-Up Comedy Shows

Code-switching is a phenomenon where bilingual and multilingual speakers use two or more languages. Code-switching is a common situation in Malaysia due to the diversified cultural communities. However, little that we know how code-switching influences stand-up comedy shows. Hence, this paper explores the use of code-switching in stand-up comedy shows. Specifically, this paper explores the humorous code-switching that a comedian uses, the different linguistic types of code-switching used, and the conversational functions of code-switching. Data from this case study was collected by observing the stand-up comedy show from YouTube videos by one of the best Malaysian comedians, Harith Iskander. A total of ten YouTube videos were chosen where Harith used humorous code-switching to make the audience laugh. The data were analysed according to the objectives of this study The analysis revealed three types of humour that aligned with superiority theory: self-deprecating humour, disparaging others, and sarcasm. We found that ad-lib humour and funny comments aligned with the theory of incongruity. The analysis also revealed one humour that aligns with the relief theory. This study used Poplack’s (2008) three types of code-switching, namely tag-switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Based on Gumperz's (1982), six conversational functions, four of which have been identified in Harith Iskander's stand-up comedy shows: quotation, reiteration, message qualification, and personification versus objectification. This also suggests that humorous code-switching is invaluable for stand-up comedians and the audience, particularly those who are bilingual or multilingual.

Functions of Code-switching in the Egyptian EFL Settings

The main objective of this paper is to explore the alternation between languages, or what is recognized as the code-switching (CS) phenomenon among English language instructors in Egyptian universities. This is conducted by investigating the various purposes that might urge university instructors to code-switch between English and Arabic in their class interactions. This study, therefore, probes the extent to which code-switching is dexterously used in classroom discourse to communicate particular conversational and educational purposes pertinent to the teaching and learning process. Data are taken from 10 classes taught by five university teachers (two classes each) at the English Department, Cairo University. Data are collected through audio recordings of teachers' interactions in the class, and extracts from the participants' speeches are transliterated and analyzed. There are two overarching research questions in this study: first, do Egyptian university teachers of English code-switch? Second, what are the functions of teachers’ code-switching in classroom interaction? Findings indicate that there are instances of code-switching in the discourse of all five participants at varying levels. Findings also reveal a variety of conversational and educational purposes triggering code-switching by the participants. Despite the fact that the findings revealed in this paper are solely thought to be relevant to CS among English language instructors in Egyptian universities, they can be further applied to other classroom discourses and in other EFL settings.

The Functions of Code-Switching in Harith Iskander’s Stand-Up Comedy Performances based on Jakobson’s Theory

In sociolinguistics, studies on code-switching have been an interest to many researchers. Code-switching is the process of language alternation by a speaker from one language to another in one conversation. In comedy performances in Malaysia, code-switching is very important in entertaining audiences from different backgrounds. There are situations where failed humour happens because of the misinterpretation of the jokes. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the use of code-switching in stand-up comedy performed by a Malaysian stand-up comedian, Harith Iskander. The transcripts from his performances were recorded and analysed using coding and thematic analysis to determine the functions of code-switching from one language to another based on Jakobson’s Theory. The results of this study show that there were four identified functions used in his performances based on Jakobson’s theory which are referential, emotive, conative, and phatic. In conclusion, the use of code-switching in stand-up comedy can enhance audience’s understanding about the jokes and eventually avoid failed humour.

Code-switching used by English teachers in teaching EFL students

This study aims to investigate: (1) the types of code-switching used by English teachers in teaching the classroom; and (2) the frequency of code-switching functions used by English teachers in teaching activities. According to Poplack’s theory, there are three types of code-switching: inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, and tag switching. In addition, there are also three functions of code-switching that will be found in classroom activities according to Sert’s theory: topic switch, affective function, and repetitive function. This study was conducted using a qualitative method with a case study approach. The participant in this study was an English teacher at one of the Islamic junior high schools in Ciamis. To determine the participant, the writer used the purposive sampling technique. Data collection in this study was carried out through observation and recording. The writer conducted observation twice, and then recording was used to analyze the data. The results show: (1). The teacher did all the types of code-switching according to Poplack’s theory in her teaching activities, namely, inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, and tag switching. (2). The code-switching function that was dominantly used by English teachers was the topic switch function, with 109 cases, or 82%, while the results of affective and repetitive functions were equal.

Kodų kaita dvikalbių vaikų rišliuosiuose pasakojimuose

This article discusses the use of code switching for bilingual children. The aim of the study was to assess which types and functions of code switching dominate in children’s narratives collected according to the MAIN methodology. Samples of children from different language groups (LT-EN and RU-LT) were chosen as they were expected to reveal different patterns of code-switching. The study revealed that code-switching was more frequent in the RU-LT sample, whose children lived in Lithuania but grew up in Russian-speaking families and attended educational institutions for national minorities. The children lacked basic Lithuanian language skills and were more likely to use words or phrases from their mother tongue to express their thoughts. Contrary to what is reported in international studies on children’s language development, in the case of Lithuania it is evident that even in third-generation Russian-speaking families Lithuanian is rarely used. Lithuanian children living in an English-speaking country (LT-EN) had fewer difficulties in speaking Lithuanian: fewer instances of code-switching in their narratives were observed and usually they were related to narrative coherence.In the RU-LT group, there was a very clear motivation for the use of code-switching – the code-switching recorded in the narratives was related to filling lexical gaps. A completely different trend emerged in the LT-EN sample, where English words or phrases helped the children to connect the narratives and to link the structural components of the story. In summary, code-switching is used as a helping strategy for the success of the task by helping the child to tell a story in a language that is inherited by some and a second language by others. Thus, even if the child inserts words in Russian or English, he/she successfully completes the task and tells the story according to the pictures that were presented to the children.

The Use of Code-Switching by The Speakers on Hima Lingua’s Webinar: Exploring Pedagogical and Affective Functions

Using more than one language in a sentence or discourse is called code-switching. Undeniably, it also occurs in the teaching and learning process in education. The latest era in education today is online learning, a system that can facilitate students learning more widely. Along with the growth of the online system, many kinds of platform offer learning tools, one of them is YouTube video-based platform. There are many educational-based videos on this platform. The researcher chose one of the video webinars uploaded by the student association channels. The purposes of this study were (1) To find out the types of code-switching in the webinar of Hima Lingua's YouTube video; (2) To explore the functions of code-switching in pedagogical and affective aspects in the webinar of Hima Lingua's YouTube video. The design of the study was content analysis. The research object was the video recording of the webinar uploaded to Hima Lingua's YouTube channel. In collecting the data, the author watched the video, transcribed it using Google docs, and then coded it using a software atlas—ti 9. The researcher used Ezzy's analysis model to analyze the data, which consists of transcription, condensation, identifying and grouping, and displaying the data. This study showed four types of code-switching, intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, tag switching, and intra-word switching. Then, in pedagogical functions, the speaker mainly used code-switching for knowledge constructions. For affective functions, the speaker mostly used code-switching to maintain control. This study emphasizes the importance of using code language in the learning process as one of the ways to assist in more understanding, especially for classes that use two languages.

Issues and Functions of Code-switching in Studies on Popular Culture: A Systematic Literature Review

Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon often associated with the architecture of discourse varieties. A good number of studies in the bilingual and multilingual contexts have zoomed in on the use of code-switching primarily analysing its roles and functions in varied discourse settings. This paper highlights and reviews code-switching in studies of which the scope is its usage in popular culture, with the aims to explore the most frequently discussed issues in the realm of code-switching used in popular culture and the functions of code-switching that are central to discourse depicted in various genres of popular culture. Grounded on the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA), a systematic literature review was extensively conducted in researching code-switching studies in five major databases - ScienceDirect; SCOPUS; SpringerLink; Taylor & Francis; and Web of Science - with search strings that are the combinations of code-switching and 11 keywords related to popular culture. Findings revealed that identity, constructions of meaning, persuasiveness in advertisements and language styles are the most commonly cited issues discussed in the literature. While referential, directive, expressive, metalinguistic, and poetic functions serve, among others as instruments for speech accommodation, expressions of emotions and language as well as identity demarcation. Deductions constructed from this systematic review illustrate the complex and versatile qualities of code-switching depicted in studies conducted within the sphere of popular culture, thus rendering some insights into the area of interpersonal and social discourses.