Code Provisions Research Articles

The Effect of Connection Ductility on Composite Steel–Concrete Bridges

Connection behavior significantly influences the design efficiency of steel–concrete composite bridges. This study investigates the impact of shear connectors, specifically headed stud connectors, on the structural response of symmetric and skewed composite steel–concrete bridges. Utilizing bilinear or trilinear slip–shear strength laws for studs, in line with the existing literature and code provisions, a finite element (FE) model is developed. This FE model is applied to a case study for composite deck analysis, incorporating variations in connection strength and ductility for nonlinear analyses. The study assesses ductility demands in connections for symmetric and skewed bridges of varying lengths and angles, considering both ductile and elastic designs. Results emphasize the importance of stud capacity, ductility, and strength on the overall bridge response, analyzing slip and shear trends at the interface. Skewed bridges, crucial for non-orthogonal crossings of roads, are integral to modern transportation infrastructure. However, skewness angles exceeding 20° can result in undesirable effects on stresses in the deck due to vertical loads. The results indicate that shear distribution in studs changes significantly as the skew angle increases, contributing valuable insights into optimizing bridge design. Thus, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of principles, design methodologies, and practical applications for both symmetric and skewed steel–concrete composite bridges, considering various parameters.

The objective side of the composition of criminal offenses consisting in the forgery of documents

Analyzing the system of criminal offenses that encroach on the document circulation and whose content is document forgery, we discovered 22 independent compositions of the corresponding offenses. They are contained in different Sections of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and therefore have a different structure of the direct object of the offense, however, each of them, either as the main direct object or as an additional mandatory direct object, contains document circulation, since the essence of these criminal offenses is reduced to the point that as a result of their commission, in objective reality, an unauthentic, falsified document of a certain type appears. The analysis of the text of the Criminal Code of Ukraine made it possible to single out the specifics of the wording of the objective side of criminal offenses consisting of forgery of documents, and to conclude that despite the sufficiently broad terminological apparatus used by the legislator to define the act of forgery, issues with establishing the content of the used features remains more than the identified answers. The purpose of this article was to reveal the content of the signs of the objective side of the composition of criminal offenses, which consist in the forgery of documents, and to develop, on this basis, proposals for improving the normative provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
 The conducted research made it possible to propose the following key positions. Pluralism in marking the act as a sign of the objective side of criminal offenses consisting of forgery of documents is a generally negative phenomenon and one that should be eliminated in the text of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine. With the small exception of specific types of forgery, the term “forgery” should be used as part of the relevant offenses. At the same time, the meaning of this concept should be understood as follows: forgery is a type (form) of deception, which consists in the complete or partial distortion of the content of a document, resulting in a document that does not accurately reflect reality. This understanding of forgery makes it possible to find additional arguments in favor of the statement that forgery of documents is also possible through inaction.

Shear strength of an anchor post-installed into a hardened concrete member

Literature has recently provided the analytical model that predicts the shear strength of the anchor embedded into masonry. It is apparent that this model does not apply to the anchor embedded into concrete, as the ultimate contact pressures are different. A gap in the literature was hence filled, but there existed a remaining gap. In order to fill that last gap, further research was done. This paper is herein an account of that work. The paper deals with the anchor post-installed by drilling into an already compact concrete structure, used to transmit applied loads from an attachment to the concrete, subjected to a force acting at the end that emerges from the concrete and orthogonal to the anchor (shear force with no axial force), with large clearance from the edges, either alone or with large clearance from other anchors. Being post-installed, the embedded part of the anchor is a straight shaft with no hook at the embedded end, and with no nuts, washers, or plates attached to the shaft. The paper presents an analytical model absent in literature prior to this study that predicts the maximum shear force the anchor can carry, thus called “shear strength” of the anchor. The assumptions of the analytical model were established from the results of a non-linear numerical model specifically constructed by the author. The predictive capacity of the analytical model and accuracy of its results were assessed and verified by experimental tests of real anchorages specifically designed and performed by the author. This paper also presents the numerical model and the comparisons of the analytical predictions to those experimental results, as well as comparisons to experimental results borrowed from literature and code provisions.

Web conference as a modern model of interaction between the court and participants in the process: shortcomings of legal regulation and prospects for use

The article analyzes the new provisions of civil procedural codes on participation in a court session by using a web conference system. The effectiveness of introducing online hearings into the process is assessed taking into account various factors of interaction between the court and the participants in the process (technical, psychological, legal). At the same time, the key question is whether the guarantees of the civil procedural form are preserved in such communication. The author comes to the conclusion that the existing legal regulation does not allow using the full potential of this modern technology, which could serve to strengthen a number of procedural guarantees. At the same time, insufficient regulation of such a format of interaction creates serious threats to the operation of the principle of immediacy and the closely related principle of objective (judicial) truth. The article suggests expanding the grounds for refusing to participate in court sessions online, and in cases where a legal issue is resolved in court sessions without summoning persons involved in the case, on the contrary, it is proposed to provide for mandatory online meetings.

Wind induced peak pressures on low-rise building roofs via dynamic terrain computational methodology

Computational Wind Engineering is expanding rapidly in the last decade and is expected to be introduced as a design tool for wind-induced loads in future code provisions and standards worldwide. The paper discusses the current CWE shortcomings of the state-of-the-art and proposes a methodology that targets to close the current research gaps, from a practical point of view. Monitoring wind tunnel experiments, significant deviations of instantaneous velocity profiles due to high turbulence intensity are expected to be critical for design pressures. This inspired the novel modeling technique - named Dynamic Terrain - that reformulates the turbulence characteristics and assumes that each instantaneous profile is produced by changing the corresponding terrain conditions. Successively derived profiles from the wind tunnel are introduced as inlet conditions in coarse LES computational domain and propagate inside the domain to interact with the building. The incident flow is successfully modelled, in terms of mean, turbulence intensity and spectral content. Mean, standard deviations and peak pressure coefficients correlate well with experimental results and the procedure is advantageous compared to similar computational techniques. The target accuracy is achieved, benefits and limitations of the method are discussed, and conclusions based on experimental and computational observations are drawn.

The Attorney's Wiretapping Authority in Special Crimes and Military Crime Connection Cases

The authority in lawful interception in the legal norms in force, in Indonesia today, can be exercised by Law Enforcement Officials (APH) and State Intelligence (IN). APH includes the Police, the Attorney General’s Office, the National Narcotics Agency, and the Corruption Eradication Commission, while the only state intelligence agency that has authority is the State Intelligence Agency. The Attorney General’s Office in accordance with legal norms has the authority to investigate general crimes in accordance with the material provisions of the Criminal Code (KUHP), special crimes according to provisions outside the Criminal Code, and military crimes in accordance with the provisions of military criminal law after the formation of the Junior Attorney General for Military Criminals ( Jampidmil). The Attorney General’s authority is to handle specific criminal acts related to corruption, gross human rights violations, money laundering, insubordination, use of unlawful force, theft, embezzlement, and other violations of law involving military personnel. This study will discuss the wiretapping authority of the Attorney General’s Office when dealing with special crimes, namely corruption and military crimes connected with terrorism so that the difference in wiretapping procedures can be seen in the handling of these two different crimes at the stages of investigation and prosecution.
 Keywords: attorney general, lawful interception, investigation, corruption, military crime

Probabilistic Seismic Performance Assessment of Tall RC Special Moment-resisting Frame Buildings Equipped with Buckling-restrained Braces under Near-field Excitations

Many tall buildings have already been constructed near faults throughout the world, several of which have sustained casualties and economic losses during strong ground motions. This study investigates the effect of near-fault excitations on the vulnerability of tall, reinforced concrete (RC) special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) buildings equipped with buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) using seismic fragility curves. After attaining the structure’s response modification factor (R), three-dimensional (3D) models of 15-, 25- and 35-story frames were developed by the OpenSees software according to the Iranian code provisions. Thus, the seismic response of the elements was obtained. Subsequently, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was conducted by selecting a suitable number of compatible accelerograms in two near-field and far-field groups. Considering the maximum story drift as the demand parameter and selecting the interstory drift ratios (IDR) for the slight, moderate, extensive, and complete collapse seismic performance levels proposed by Hazus, IDA curves were plotted. Then, the seismic fragility curves were produced using the structural reliability relations. The median fragility at complete collapse damage level reduced from 0.73g, 0.62g, and 0.61g to 0.68g, 0.59, and 0.57g for the 15-, 25, and 35-story near-field and far-field earthquake models, respectively. This was attributed to increasing vulnerability and seismic fragility of the structures as a result of both height increase and distance reduction from fault. Based on the results, the most vulnerable structure, i.e., the 35-story near-fault model, experienced a 40, 17, 18, and 6% increase in median fragility at slight, moderate, extensive, and complete collapse damage levels, respectively.

Confiabilidade das prescrições normativas para dimensionamento à punção

Abstract This paper presents a reliability analysis of the punching shear of flat slabs without shear reinforcement. The evaluation is performed for the codes ACI 318, Eurocode 2, Model Code 2010, and ABNT NBR 6118:2014. Six models were used for predicting the punching strength, the design models, the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT), and a Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) model. Reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the safety level of code provisions. Design code provisions were evaluated in terms of sufficient reliability criteria based on target reliability β=3.8. This target reliability was based in the Model Code 2010 criteria. This criterion represents an acceptable value level of safety in design of structures. The results showed that the reliability indexes β presented satisfactory for all slabs designed by the Model Code 2010. However, this paper also shows some of the tested slabs presented reliability index below 3.0, being the ACI 318 the code with the lowest reliability index.

Profiling research on PFAS in wildlife: Systematic evidence map and bibliometric analysis

Abstract Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of synthetic chemicals that have been in use for over 70 years. Their ubiquitous distribution and harmful effects pose a threat to wildlife worldwide. To provide a comprehensive synopsis and show the gaps and gluts of existing research on PFAS exposure in wildlife, we created a systematic map and bibliographic analysis of the literature. We followed our protocol to conduct a systematic literature search on Scopus, Web of Science and five other databases. In two steps (title/abstract/keywords and full‐text), we screened peer‐reviewed empirical articles, preprints and theses in English that studied the concentration of at least one of 34 PFAS compounds in free‐ranging wildlife or their parts/products. Following the protocol, we extracted data and performed a critical appraisal. We included 581 publications. From the first and only paper in 2001, there was a linear annual increase to 54 papers in 2021. While PFOS (97% of studies), PFOA (91%) and long‐chain PFAS in general were the most measured, few studies investigated new‐generation PFAS (e.g. GenX and ADONA). Across the studied 1042 species from 26 taxonomic classes, the most frequent were the common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 8%), polar bear (Ursus maritimus, 6%) and European perch (Perca fluviatilis, 5%). Most sampling took place in the United States (17%), Norway (13%), Canada (12%) and China (10%), which were also the main publishing countries. Polar regions attracted significant research interest from countries all around the globe. Aquatic habitats (marine: 31%, freshwater: 28%) of temperate zones were the most common locations for sample collection. We encourage researchers to work towards closing the following gaps: investigating new‐generation PFAS, assessing PFAS in mid‐ and low‐income countries and performing more long‐term studies, especially on invertebrates. We note the recent rise in studies on the physiological consequences of PFAS exposure and encourage further work on this crucial topic. Furthermore, we recommend that the statement of potential and actual conflicts of interest, and the provision of raw data and analysis code should be made compulsory by all journals and routinely enforced. This practice will mitigate conflict of interest and ensure reproducibility.

Parametric study of depth to maximum bending moment for prestressed concrete piles resisting lateral load

Seismic design of prestressed concrete piles requires transverse spiral reinforcement to be proportioned to confine and thus retain an intact concrete core during inelastic rotation cycles. Prescriptive provisions of the International Building Code require a prescriptive minimum volumetric ratio of confinement reinforcement relative to the pile cross section and a minimum in-ground depth to which the confinement reinforcement must extend. This study seeks to determine a practical maximum depth to maximum in-ground bending moment for 12, 14, and 16 in. (300, 360, and 410 mm) prestressed concrete piles subjected to displacement consistent with lateral seismic loads. A commercially available lateral analysis software was used to conduct a parametric analytical study of square and octagonal piles embedded in substantially varied soil conditions. Piles were modeled to remain elastic. Depth to maximum in-ground moment was recorded. Maximum depth values for each pile type were reported. Analysis of results indicates that prescriptive depth requirements may be overly conservative for 12 and 14 in. square piles in nonliquefiable soils. It was concluded that a reduction could be made to the code-prescribed depth of ductile reinforcement for some pile types in nonliquefiable conditions.

Transforming Time Petri Nets into Heterogeneous Petri Nets for Hybrid System Monitoring

Increasing industrial system complexity challenges maintenance and health monitoring, that involves both diagnosis and prognosis tasks. While formalisms like Time Petri Nets (TPN) simplify the explicit expression of temporal uncertainties, Heterogeneous Petri Nets (HtPN) offer a formalism for hybrid system health monitoring that lacks explicit time representation. This article demonstrates HtPN’s ability to explicitly represent temporal information. Key contributions include a lossless transformation from a subclass of the TPN to a subclass of the HtPN and the provision of a Python code for conversion. This transformation enables simulation, diagnosis, and prognosis with explicit time representation.

Some issues on improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This article discusses some issues related to improving the judicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is emphasized that the judiciary occupies a special place in the mechanism for protecting human rights. The importance of the category of justice for the judicial system is considered, the norms of the current legislation are analyzed, and it is concluded that the term “impartiality of judges” means justice. Justice is impossible if the court is biased, and accordingly, biased justice gives rise to unfair decisions and leads to a low level of citizens' trust in the state as a whole. The article also discusses such a problem as the high workload of judges, and it is proposed to introduce the institution of assistant judges. The legal experience of foreign countries in which the institute of judicial assistants operates is analyzed. World practice shows that assistant judges directly contribute to improving the quality of the administration of justice. Particular attention is paid to the process of expanding the specialization of courts. An analysis of the administrative form of legal proceedings is carried out, as well as the provisions of the new Administrative Procedure Code. In conclusion, this article concludes that the judicial system must be stable and conservative, and a unified judicial practice must be formed.

The action of rights in rem on the relations of merchant shipping

The article explores the legal nature and analyzes the relationship of property, obligation and public law relations arising in the field of merchant shipping. The conclusion about the leading role of civil law in the regulation of these relations is substantiated. At the same time, the basis for the construction of both obligations and public marine legal relations are proprietary relations and rights ("rights in rem"), that establish the affiliation of material objects which are used for merchant shipping. Considering the inconsistency of the current real law regulation with existing socio-economic needs, the author analyzes the content of the bills prepared in the process of reforming civil legislation. In author`s opinion, these bills do not fully solve the tasks of establishing in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation a closed list of rights in rem («numerus clausus») and proper regulation of possession. In particular, the unresolved problems of regulating proprietary rights on natural resources, the controversial approach of the legislator and the authors of the reform to determining the legal status of a sea vessel are noted. The author does not agree with the exclusivity of the principle of a single real estate object and justifies the need to preserve the status of a sea vessel as a real thing. The article defends the position of a consistent distinction between real and obligation, absolute and relative, as well as private law and public law relations. However, the author does not agree with the self-removal of civilists from the tasks of coordinating civil and administrative legislation. The right of ownership and other absolute proprietary rights (rights in rem) are regulated exclusively by civil law. Their connection with such public law obligations as obligations to ensure the safety and environmental friendliness of merchant shipping is realized by concretizing in relative public legal relations the general passive legal obligation of the owner not to violate the subjective rights of other persons. This obligation is enshrined in the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and is characterized in modern civil science as a general regulatory and protective obligation of a public law nature. The author of the article substantiates that such an obligation may arise not only from the owner, but also in cases where a person owns a material object on other titles (bareboat charter, possession of cargo, etc.). The above justifies the need to formulate the general provisions of rights in rem not only considering the tasks of ensuring civil circulation, but also taking into account the needs of public law regulation of such areas as merchant shipping.

Interpretation of the Manifest Injustice Provisions of the Civil Code

Interpretation of the Manifest Injustice Provisions of the Civil Code

Determination of carbohydrate content in soft drinks. Methodological aspects and results of research using various methods

An important component of the programs to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other chronic noncommunicable diseases is limiting the intake of added sugars. Information about the composition of the product and its nutritional value contained in the labeling contributes to the informed choice of consumers when forming a diet. On July 1, 2023, new provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation came into force, providing for the imposition of an excise tax on "sugar-containing drinks" - soft drinks made with added sugar and containing carbohydrates in quantities of more than 5 g/100 ml. The stated goal of the new excise regulation is to reduce sugar consumption by the population. Currently, information on the carbohydrate content in soft drinks is provided by manufacturers based on calculated values according to the recipe, which makes it possible to take into account as much as possible all the carbohydrate components of the product. There is no standardized method for analytically assessing the carbohydrate content of soft drinks (including "sugar-sweetened beverages" for excise tax purposes). The purpose of the work was the comparative analysis of existing analytical methods for determining the content of sugars and carbohydrates in general in foods, including beverages; and determination of the most correct analytical approach to assessing the content of carbohydrates in soft drinks. Material and methods. The existing methods for determining sugars and carbohydrates in foods, including beverages, have been analyzed. The objects of research were samples of model aqueous solutions with different sugar concentrations (30 samples) and 17 samples of industrially produced soft drinks (including tonic and tonic energy drinks) made using sugar or sugars (glucose-fructose syrup), sweeteners, and a mixture of sugar and sweeteners. The total content of sugars/carbohydrates in beverages was determined: in accordance with MU 10-05031531-372-93 as the difference between the total dry matter content and the dry matter from acids; by the Bertrand method; by the Bertrand-Schorl method. The obtained values were compared with the calculated data specified in the labeling of consumer packaging of the products. Results. The determination of sugars in model solutions showed sufficient accuracy of the Bertrand-Schorl method: deviations of the obtained values from the amount of sugars added to the model solution were observed only at their high concentration (over 10 g/100 ml) and amounted to ±0.1 g/100 ml. The carbohydrate content in industrial soft drinks estimated by various methods differed slightly from that indicated in the labeling (obtained by calculation). The differences were at the level from - 0.2 to +0.4 g/100 ml when using the method from MU 10-05031531-372-93, at the level from -2.6 to +0.8 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand method and at the level from -2.7 to +0.1 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand-Schorl method. The greatest differences were observed for tonic drinks (including energy drinks) - from -2.7 to +0.3 g /100 ml, depending on the method. Conclusion. The research data showed that the Bertrand-Schorl method can be used as a basis for developing a state standard for determining the total sugar content in soft drinks and for assessing their carbohydrate content in general. At the same time, the method needs to be refined for tonic drinks. At present, the most acceptable method is to assess the carbohydrate content using the analytical method given in MU 10-05031531-372-93, but it should be taken into account that deviations from the carbohydrate content values determined by this method from the values obtained by calculation can be up to +10%. At the same time, the calculation method for determining the carbohydrate content in drinks remains a priority, including for the purposes of excise regulation.

Cassation complaint - a remedy in the administrative justice system from the perspective of the dispositional principle

The paper deals with the cassation complaint as one of the remedies in the administrative justice system from the perspective of the dispositional principle, which is the driving force of administrative court proceedings. However, the application of the dispositional principle in cassation complaint proceedings is limited compared to proceedings before an administrative court. Such limitations arise from the nature of cassation proceedings. The paper will focus on the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Code governing cassation complaints, to what extent they limit the principle of disposition, and whether such a limitation is justified.

Dismissal of an employee based on the results of certification

The essence of the employment relationship involves the expectations of the employer to receive labor of a certain quality and in a certain quantity from an employee. In addition, social and technological progress gives the employer the right to expect from the employee the appropriate development of skills, abilities and business abilities. As one of the means of stimulating employees to improve their work, the certification mechanism (periodic, etc.) is used. The legislator has established certain features of the legal regulation of relations between the employee and the employer in the event of a discrepancy between the employee and the position held by him or the work performed by him due to insufficient qualifications, confirmed by the results of certification. The article deals with the problems associated with the occurrence of a situation when the certification commission, created by the employer to assess the business qualities of an employee, comes to the conclusion that he is inconsistent with the position held by him or the work assigned by him due to various circumstances of an objective or subjective nature. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation assumes that the certification of employees should be largely regulated by local regulations, taking into account the requirements formulated at the industry and departmental levels. At the same time, there are problems in legal regulation that do not depend on the actions of the employer or the industry management state body. One of these is the problem of exercising the right of the employer to dismiss the employee in connection with the negative results of the certification. The author of the article draws attention to the provision of the Labor Code that dismissal on the grounds provided for in paragraph 3 of part 1 of Article 81 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation is allowed if it is impossible to transfer the employee with his written consent to another job available to the employer (as a vacant position or a job corresponding to the qualifications an employee, as well as a vacant lower position or a lower paid job) that an employee can perform taking into account his state of health.

Structural Monitoring and Rehabilitation of a Gerber Bridge

Many existing reinforced concrete bridges exhibit behavior at the Service Limit State and the Ultimate Limit State which can be considered unsatisfactory with respect to the current provisions of Codes, due to deficiencies deriving from obsolete calculation methods, ageing, material degradation, diffuse or localized corrosion and increased loads. Among these, cantilever concrete bridges with half-joints, also called Gerber bridges in Europe, may present a decrease of safety conditions for the most stressed current sections of the deck or for local potential failure mechanism of critical members, that affect the performance of elements sensitive to degradation, such as Gerber saddles. To perform vulnerability assessment, the validation of FEM models against on-site tests and investigation is of fundamental importance for acquiring information on the constraint conditions, verifying the structural scheme by identifying the degree of collaboration between the structural elements and identifying the state of cracking or damage. Thus, for a case of study the results of a structural assessment performed with Finite Element model are presented through validation with on-site tests. Then, a simple strengthening intervention through external prestressing which changes the structural behavior in service life, is implemented without the need to recourse to interventions of greater impact, obtaining an improvement of the overall performance. The results of monitoring and on-site load tests are presented as the validation method for the analyses on different FE models together with the proposed intervention.

Effect of silica fume on strength of recycled aggregate concrete

The present study deals with investigating the effects of using coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) on compression & split-tensile resilience of M25 grade concrete mixes. Five different mixes of modified recycle aggregate concrete (RAC) were designed and prepared considering replacement proportion of normal coarse aggregates as 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % with RCA. The specimens were prepared according to Indian standard codal provisions and experimentally tested for its mechanical characteristics in laboratory conditions. A steep degradation in compressive and tensile strength on increasing RCA proportion was observed, which may result due to improper bonding at interfacial region in RAC mixes. To overcome this strength deterioration, the effect of adding pozzolanic materials like silica fumes is also studied for making strength improvements. The silica fumes as admixture, in percentages of 4%, 8% and 12%, was added in RAC mixes for finding the optimum proportions. Overall, the study provides a sustainable solution for problematic concrete waste dumping while utilizing it in casting new concrete structures of significant strengths.

Performance of Concrete Materials Containing Recycled Aggregate from Construction and Demolition Waste in India

The recycling and reuse of waste concrete in India have gained significant momentum as sustainable construction practices are increasingly prioritized. This abstract provides a concise overview of the current state of recycling and reuse of waste concrete in India, with a focus on the relevant provisions of the Indian Standard (IS) codes. India produces a substantial amount of construction and demolition waste, including concrete. The IS codes, such as IS 2386 Part 1:1963, IS 2386 Part 3:1963, and IS 456:2000, play a crucial role in guiding the testing, evaluation, and usage of recycled concrete materials. IS 2386 Part 1:1963 outlines testing procedures for aggregates, including recycled aggregates derived from waste concrete. These tests assess properties like particle size distribution, specific gravity, water absorption, and crushing strength to ensure the quality and suitability of recycled aggregates. IS 2386 Part 3:1963 provides methods for testing the compressive strength of concrete cubes made with recycled aggregates. This allows for evaluating the structural performance of recycled concrete. IS 456:2000, the Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, includes provisions for using recycled aggregates in concrete. It establishes maximum limits for replacing natural aggregates with recycled aggregates, ensuring the durability and strength of the resulting concrete. While the IS codes provide essential guidance, challenges remain, including awareness among stakeholders, standardized testing procedures, and the development of appropriate recycling infrastructure. In conclusion, adherence to IS codal provisions supports the recycling and reuse of waste concrete in India, promoting sustainable practices and contributing to a greener construction industry.