Language Code Research Articles

‘Helping academics shine’: An exploration into the relationships working-class professional services staff have with others in UK higher education

AbstractDrawing on research interviews with thirteen self-identifying working-class professional services employees in Russell Group institutions, this article attempts to develop a nuanced approach to understanding institutional cultures in UK universities, through the relationships within these establishments. Throughout the study, the tensions between working-class professional services or administrative staff and their counterparts working on academic trajectories became clear. Often highly qualified themselves, the participants in this study describe feelings relating to inadequacy and often negative attitudes proliferated towards them by academic staff. These relationships are framed within the perspective of three themes: academic hierarchies and superior academic value, treatment of staff, and language codes and patterns. In contrast, the participants in this sample often describe their relationships with their networks in professional services as highly positive, developmental, and enriching. This study focused on working-class professional services staff specifically. In the field of working-class research, professional services staff from working-class backgrounds have currently been largely omitted from research, which tends to focus on working-class students and working-class academics. Not all professional services staff identify as working-class, but due to this deficit of evidence in the research field, it is this group in particular that this paper focuses on. The findings in this paper suggest that the relationships these professional services staff have with academics are often fraught, difficult to manage, and at times, derogatory in their nature. This finding comes at the juxtaposition of the wider inclusion agenda UK universities pursue.

Retrieval-Pretrained Transformer: Long-range Language Modeling with Self-retrieval

Abstract Retrieval-augmented language models (LMs) have received much attention recently. However, typically the retriever is not trained jointly as a native component of the LM, but added post-hoc to an already-pretrained LM, which limits the ability of the LM and the retriever to adapt to one another. In this work, we propose the Retrieval-Pretrained Transformer (RPT), an architecture and training procedure for jointly training a retrieval-augmented LM from scratch and applying it to the task of modeling long texts. Given a recently generated text chunk in a long document, the LM computes query representations, which are then used to retrieve earlier chunks in the document, located potentially tens of thousands of tokens before. Information from retrieved chunks is fused into the LM representations to predict the next target chunk. We train the retriever component with a semantic objective, where the goal is to retrieve chunks that increase the probability of the next chunk, according to a reference LM. We evaluate RPT on four long-range language modeling tasks, spanning books, code, and mathematical writing, and demonstrate that RPT improves retrieval quality and subsequently perplexity across the board compared to strong baselines.

Critical Exploration of Eliza’s Use of Restricted Code and Elaborated Code in Pygmalion

This research paper explored the character of Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion and its movie adaptation, My Fair Lady, through the use of Restricted and Elaborated Code. These concepts examined Eliza’s transformation from a common flower girl to a duchess at the hands of Henry Higgins. The research employed the qualitative method and used Restricted Code and Elaborated Code concepts presented by Basildon Bernstein in his 2003 book, Theoretical Studies towards a Sociology of Language (Class, Codes and Control) for deductive thematic analysis. Given the context, Eliza’s dialogues and the settings in the play and the movie where she delivered those dialogues were also taken into account because the relationship between social class and language could not be ignored in the society Eliza inhabits. The study also focused on her dilemmas, dreams, desires and struggles to determine the outcomes of Eliza’s transformation, whether it was a blessing or a curse. By analysing Eliza’s use of language and interactions, the findings offered insights into the power dynamics of language and social class in shaping individual’s identity.

Reflexive neural circuits and the origin of language and music codes

Conscious activity is grounded on the reflexive self-awareness in sense perception, through which the codes signifying sensual perceptive events operate and constrain human behavior. These codes grow via the creative generation of hypertextual statements. We apply the model of Vladimir Lefebvre (Lefebvre, V.A., 1987, J. Soc. Biol. Struct. 10, 129-175) to reveal the underlying structures on which the perception and creative development of language and music codes are based. According to this model, the reflexive structure of conscious subject is grounded on three thermodynamic cycles united by the control of the basic functional cycle by the second one, and resulting in the internal action that it turn is perceived by the third cycle evaluating this action. In this arrangement, the generative language structures are formed and the frequencies of sounds that form musical phrases and patterns are selected. We discuss the participation of certain neural brain structures and the establishment of reflexive neural circuits in the ad hoc transformation of perceptive signals and show the similarities between the processes of perception and of biological self-maintenance and morphogenesis. We trace the peculiarities of the temporal encoding of emotions in music and musical creativity, as well as the principles of sharing musical information between the performing and the perceiving individuals.

An efficient XOR-free implementation of polar encoder for reconfigurable hardware

— This paper presents a novel approach to implementing an XOR-Free architecture of the non-systematic polar encoder (NSPE) for 5G radio. The optimization of XOR logic for hardware (HW) implementation is essential to reduce delay and power consumption. The proposed architecture for NSPE replaces XOR operations with combinational logical patterns, and some redundant patterns are removed with the help of bit manipulation to make it more efficient. The design infers multiplexers (2:1 or 4:1) and inverters as its functional units, making the design adequate and effective in alleviating HW complexity. The XOR-Free encoder performs the same functionality as the XOR-based conventional encoder. We have written a MATLAB script that generates Verilog hardware description language (HDL) code for fully or partially parallel polar encoders tailored to specific code lengths (N) and degrees of parallelism (M). A comparative analysis of various fully and partially parallel encoders with the XOR-Free algorithm is presented. The implementation results show that the proposed architectures are more efficient in terms of HW cost, power consumption, throughput, and latency.

Efficient Data Exchange between WebAssembly Modules

In the past two decades, there has been a noticeable decoupling of machines and operating systems. In this context, WebAssembly has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional virtual machines. Originally designed for execution in web browsers, it has expanded to executing code in restricted and secure environments, and it stands out for its rapid startup, small footprint, and portability. However, WebAssembly presents significant challenges in data transfer and the management of interactions with the module. Its specification requires each module to have its own memory, resulting in a “share-nothing” architecture. This restriction, combined with the limitations of importing and exporting functions that only handle numerical values, and the absence of an application binary interface (ABI) for sharing more complex data structures, leads to efficiency problems; these are exacerbated by the variety of programming languages that can be compiled and executed in the same environment. To address this inefficiency, the Karmem was designed and developed. It includes a new interface description language (IDL) aimed at facilitating the definition of data, functions, and relationships between modules. Additionally, a proprietary protocol—an optimized ABI for efficient data reading and minimal decoding cost—was created. A code generator capable of producing code for various programming languages was also conceived, ensuring harmonious interaction with the ABI and the foreign function interface. Finally, the compact runtime of Karmem, built atop a WebAssembly runtime, enables communication between modules and shared memory. Results of the experiments conducted show that Karmem represents an innovation in data communication for WASM in multiple environments and demonstrates the ability to overcome challenges of efficiency and interoperability.

Bilingualism of Children in Different Multilingual Contexts

Many parents and professionals believe that learning to speak, read and write in two languages can lead to academic deficiencies due to cognitive overload and the risk of confusion linked to handling two language codes. Therefore, some bilinguals abandon or are tempted to abandon one of the two languages, often the first language, in exchanges with their children, in favor of the language of schooling. However, all recent scientific data tend to show that bilingualism is an asset more than a handicap. Nevertheless, these positive results most often concern English-speaking contexts and are not directly transposable to a French-speaking context. Drawing on the results of our work carried out in Oceania and in other territories, this article will deal with bilingual development and the impact of educational systems that promote the heritage or local languages from primary school. More specifically, the oral language of the bilingual, biliteracy and the effects of cross-linguistic transfer will be addressed. Results from both longitudinal studies in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, confirmed by other studies conducted in Sub-Saharan African, show a positive effect of the bilingual education curriculum on local language (Drehu and Tahitian) skills without having negative effects on French. We demonstrated that the expected effects of cross-linguistic transfer are only possible if the pupils learn to read and write in the two languages (local language and French). Additionally, learning to read in one of those local languages makes it easier to learn to read in French, which has a more opaque writing system.

May the Source Be with You: On ChatGPT, Cybersecurity, and Secure Coding

Software security is an important topic that is gaining more and more attention due to the rising number of publicly known cybersecurity incidents. Previous research has shown that one way to address software security is by means of a serious game, the CyberSecurity Challenges, which are designed to raise awareness of software developers of secure coding guidelines. This game, proven to be very successful in the industry, makes use of an artificial intelligence technique (laddering technique) to implement a chatbot for human–machine interaction. Recent advances in machine learning have led to a breakthrough, with the implementation and release of large language models, now freely available to the public. Such models are trained on a large amount of data and are capable of analyzing and interpreting not only natural language but also source code in different programming languages. With the advent of ChatGPT, and previous state-of-the-art research in secure software development, a natural question arises: to what extent can ChatGPT aid software developers in writing secure software? In this work, we draw on our experience in the industry, and also on extensive previous work to analyze and reflect on how to use ChatGPT to aid secure software development. Towards this, we conduct two experiments with large language models. Our engagements with ChatGPT and our experience in the field allow us to draw conclusions on the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the usage of this new technology.

Tutoring as a form of support for the adaptation of foreign students at the university

Introduction. Strengthening globalization processes leads to the expansion of international cooperation in the field of education. This is especially reflected in the growth of international mobility of students in higher education institutions, in particular, Russian universities. And if the first students of the beginning of the large waves of mass educational migration were proficient in the Russian language and were familiar with Russian culture, then the students who followed them were much less proficient in the language and cultural code. And, since the internationalization of education remains a prerequisite for the existence of universities, and long-term adaptation of foreign students to learning conditions worsens the quality of their training, there is a need to organize their psychological and pedagogical support in the first years of study. The purpose of the article: to specify the main problems of adaptation of foreign students to the conditions of study in Russian universities and to justify the need to organize their tutor support. Materials and methods. The study involved 556 international students of the first and second years of study of three Tatarstan universities (Kazan National Research Technological University (KNRTU-KICT), (Kazan); Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev (KNRTU-KAI), (Kazan); Elabuga Institute of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (EI KFU) (Elabuga). Research results. The results of the study confirmed the presence of adaptation problems among foreign students. The main ones are difficulties with the Russian language (41%) and acclimatization (21%). It takes 46% of students about a year to get used to the learning conditions, and 23% – more than a year. The main learning difficulties they identify are awkwardness when speaking in public in front of an audience (23%) and teachers’ underestimation of their educational results (20%). More than half of the students see older compatriots as a source of help in overcoming cultural and educational barriers; The help of a supervisor turned out to be effective only for 15% of respondents. Taking into account the results obtained, it is proposed to organize the training of future tutors from among foreign senior students who have undergone appropriate psychological and pedagogical training. Conclusion. While maintaining the institute of curatorship, it is necessary to create a tutoring institute in universities that train foreign students. The main functions of tutors, which are absent from the curators of academic groups, should be to help foreign students overcome barriers to socio-cultural adaptation and insufficient proficiency in Russian, promote the acceptance of foreigners by their new environment, help in building effective interaction with the university administration and teachers, study students' personalities, monitor the results of their educational activities, help in professional identification, monitoring of newly emerging difficulties of students, strengthening cooperation between Russian and foreign students.

Deeper, Sharper, Faster: Application of Efficient Transformer to Galaxy Image Restoration

The Transformer architecture has revolutionized the field of deep learning over the past several years in diverse areas, including natural language processing, code generation, image recognition, and time-series forecasting. We propose to apply Zamir et al.'s efficient transformer to perform deconvolution and denoising to enhance astronomical images. We conducted experiments using pairs of high-quality images and their degraded versions, and our deep learning model demonstrates exceptional restoration of photometric, structural, and morphological information. When compared with the ground-truth James Webb Space Telescope images, the enhanced versions of our Hubble Space Telescope–quality images reduce the scatter of isophotal photometry, Sérsic index, and half-light radius by factors of 4.4, 3.6, and 4.7, respectively, with Pearson correlation coefficients approaching unity. The performance is observed to degrade when input images exhibit correlated noise, point-like sources, and artifacts. We anticipate that this deep learning model will prove valuable for a number of scientific applications, including precision photometry, morphological analysis, and shear calibration.

Analisis Campur Kode Bahasa Batak Pada Saat Pembelajaran di Kelas X SMA YAPIM Merek Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024

The research was carried out with the title "Analysis of Batak Language Code Mixing When Learning Indonesian in Class The use of code mixing is the Batak regional language. The aim of this research is to determine the main causes of the use of code mixing during learning. This research methodology is a qualitative descriptive method. Data was obtained from class X students of YAPIM Brand High School and the results of interviews from Indonesian language teachers. Data collection techniques were carried out by interviewing, recording and taking notes. The results of this research are forms of code mixing in teacher and student conversations in Indonesian language learning in class X SMA YAPIM Brand, namely: a. Use of Toba Batak language code mixing, b. There are 76 code-mixed data, the forms of code-mixing use are 13 code-mixes of word insertion, 17 phrase insertions, 46 clause insertions, word and sentence insertions. Factors causing code mixing are: a. Students' proficiency in speaking two languages, including the Toba Batak regional language and Indonesian, b. Social environment, c. Contextual situation. However, Indonesian language interference is not eliminated by the presence of the regional language, it's just that students sometimes focus more on using the regional language instead of being in context when speaking with fellow students.

The Effects of Sheng’ Vocabulary Usage in the Learning of Kiswahili Grammar in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya

Purpose: Sheng’ is a linguistic code based primarily on the Kiswahili structure and grammar with the lexicon drawn from Kiswahili, English and the various ethnic languages of Kenya; that are mostly spoken in towns and other urban areas. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of Sheng’ vocabulary on the learning of Kiswahili grammar in public secondary schools in Kenya. Methodology: Krejcie & Morgan sampling table was used to sample the schools. Stratified random sampling, simple random sampling and purposive strategy were used to sample the public secondary schools to participate. Krejcie and Morgan sampling table was used to sample 55 teachers of Kiswahili and 360 students to take part in the study. Data was collected using observation schedules, focused group discussion guides and a writing task for students. Questionnaires and interview guides were used for teachers of Kiswahili. Qualitative data collected was analyzed thematically to generate information that was summarized in graphics and discussed in narrative form. Quantitative data was analyzed with the help of Statistical package for social Studies. Findings: The findings of the study further revealed that Sheng’ vocabulary influenced written Kiswahili grammar as learners wrote Sheng’ words whereas they were expected to write standard Kiswahili. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: School administrators should come up with a school-based language policy so as to control learners’ language environment. The ministry of education should encourage the culture of drama, music and debate competition among schools. The Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development should also ensure language use is stipulated in Kiswahili curriculum and Sheng’ be considered as an independent language code in the country.

Design of an efficient Transformer-XL model for enhanced pseudo code to Python code conversion

The landscape of programming has long been challenged by the task of transforming pseudo code into executable Python code, a process traditionally marred by its labor-intensive nature and the necessity for a deep understanding of both logical frameworks and programming languages. Existing methodologies often grapple with limitations in handling variable-length sequences and maintaining context over extended textual data. Addressing these challenges, this study introduces an innovative approach utilizing the Transformer-XL model, a significant advancement in the domain of deep learning. The Transformer-XL architecture, an evolution of the standard Transformer, adeptly processes variable-length sequences and captures extensive contextual dependencies, thereby surpassing its predecessors in handling natural language processing (NLP) and code synthesis tasks. The proposed model employs a comprehensive process involving data preprocessing, model input encoding, a self-attention mechanism, contextual encoding, language modeling, and a meticulous decoding process, followed by post-processing. The implications of this work are far-reaching, offering a substantial leap in the automation of code conversion. As the field of NLP and deep learning continues to evolve, the Transformer-XL based model is poised to become an indispensable tool in the realm of programming, setting a new benchmark for automated code synthesis.

Perceived impact of generative AI on assessments: Comparing educator and student perspectives in Australia, Cyprus, and the United States

The growing use of generative AI tools built on large language models (LLMs) calls the sustainability of traditional assessment practices into question. Tools like OpenAI's ChatGPT can generate eloquent essays on any topic and in any language, write code in various programming languages, and ace most standardized tests, all within seconds. We conducted an international survey of educators and students in higher education to understand and compare their perspectives on the impact of generative AI across various assessment scenarios, building on an established framework for examining the quality of online assessments along six dimensions. Across three universities, 680 students and 87 educators, who moderately use generative AI, consider essay and coding assessments to be most impacted. Educators strongly prefer assessments that are adapted to assume the use of AI and encourage critical thinking, while students' reactions are mixed, in part due to concerns about a loss of creativity. The findings show the importance of engaging educators and students in assessment reform efforts to focus on the process of learning over its outputs, alongside higher-order thinking and authentic applications.

Fairness in Classifying and Grouping Health Equity Information.

This paper explores the balance between fairness and performance in machine learning classification, predicting the likelihood of a patient receiving anti-microbial treatment using structured data in community nursing wound care electronic health records. The data includes two important predictors (gender and language) of the social determinants of health, which we used to evaluate the fairness of the classifiers. At the same time, the impact of various groupings of language codes on classifiers' performance and fairness is analyzed. Most common statistical learning-based classifiers are evaluated. The findings indicate that while K-Nearest Neighbors offers the best fairness metrics among different grouping settings, the performance of all classifiers is generally consistent across different language code groupings. Also, grouping more variables tends to improve the fairness metrics over all classifiers while maintaining their performance.

Analisis Campur Kode Bahasa Daerah Nias dalam Proses Pembelajaran di SMP Swasta Idanoi

The research entitled "Analysis of Nias Regional Language Code Mixing in the Learning Process at Idanoi Private Junior High School" was conducted with the aim of finding out things related to code mixing that often occurs in the school environment in the delivery of information by students. The method used in this study is qualitative, using a descriptive approach in the form of written or spoken words from people and observed behavior. The data collection technique was produced from observations in the form of video recording documentation and audio recordings carried out at Idanoi Private Junior High School. The research was carried out in one meeting in which the researcher took a sample of 10 boys and 10 girls in class VII-A. After taking the sample, the researcher conducted a codemixing analysis and concluded when the teaching and learning process began. After conducting the research, the researcher learned that the code mixing that occurred in Idanoi Private Junior High School was influenced by several factors, including the community environment, social interactions, and the school environment itself

A capturing math language use during block play: Creation of the spatial and quantitative mathematical language coding system

The goals of the current study were: 1) to modify and expand an existing spatial mathematical language coding system to include quantitative mathematical language terms and 2) to examine the extent to which preschool-aged children used spatial and quantitative mathematical language during a block play intervention. Participants included 24 preschool-aged children (Age M = 57.35 months) who were assigned to a block play intervention. Children participated in up to 14 sessions of 15-to-20-minute block play across seven weeks. Results demonstrated that spatial mathematical language terms were used with a higher raw frequency than quantitative mathematical language terms during the intervention sessions. However, once weighted frequencies were calculated to account for the number of codes in each category, spatial language was only used slightly more than quantitative language during block play. Similar patterns emerged between domains within the spatial and quantitative language categories. These findings suggest that both quantitative and spatial mathematical language usage should be evaluated when considering whether child activities can improve mathematical learning and spatial performance. Further, accounting for the number of codes within categories provided a more representative presentation of how mathematical language was used versus solely utilizing raw word counts. Implications for future research are discussed.

A poetics of “Wind in a Box”

Abstract This essay is a re-application of the language codes of Roland Barthes and Jonathan Culler’s concept for Structuralist Poetics. The approach I use explores the codes demonstrated in Barthes’ well-known text, S/Z with slight modifications for their application to poetry. The concepts borrowed from Mr. Culler are from his book of the same title: Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature (Cornell University Press, 1975). Culler’s main argument is that there must be other, un-attempted strategies combined with conventional approaches in literature of that time period. His answer to this problem was to develop a set of linguistic-based concepts to compensate for the reader in the analysis of literary works. I have applied in this essay my approach based on Culler’s methodology and the language codes of Roland Barthes: semantic, symbolic, cultural-referential, actional and hermeneutic. I apply Culler’s concepts to a reading of poetry followed by an application of the language codes as a further development of my work in revitalizing this never-before applied method.

Towards a More Objective and High-throughput Spheroid Invasion Assay Quantification Method.

Multicellular spheroids embedded in 3D hydrogels are prominent in vitro models for 3D cell invasion. Yet, quantification methods for spheroid cell invasion that are high-throughput, objective and accessible are still lacking. Variations in spheroid sizes and the shapes of the cells within render it difficult to objectively assess invasion extent. The goal of this work is to develop a high-throughput quantification method of cell invasion into 3D matrices that minimizes sensitivity to initial spheroid size and cell spreading and provides precise integrative directionally-dependent metrics of invasion. By analyzing images of fluorescent cell nuclei, invasion metrics are automatically calculated at the pixel level. The initial spheroid boundary is segmented and automated calculations of the nuclear pixel distances from the initial boundary are used to compute common invasion metrics (i.e., the change in invasion area, mean distance) for the same spheroid at a later timepoint. We also introduce the area moment of inertia as an integrative metric of cell invasion that considers the invasion area as well as the pixel distances from the initial spheroid boundary. Further, we show that principal component analysis can be used to quantify the directional influence of a stimuli to invasion (e.g., due to a chemotactic gradient or contact guidance). To demonstrate the power of the analysis for cell types with different invasive potentials and the utility of this method for a variety of biological applications, the method is used to analyze the invasiveness of five different cell types. In all, implementation of this high-throughput quantification method results in consistent and objective analysis of 3D multicellular spheroid invasion. We provide the analysis code in both MATLAB and Python languages as well as a GUI for ease of use for researchers with a range of computer programming skills and for applications in a variety of biological research areas such as wound healing and cancer metastasis.

Improving the Community Services through Electronic Management of East Pringsewu Subdistrict Administration

Every Government Institution cannot be separated from carrying out daily administrative activities. Manuscripts or recordings of documents or information, including text, images,and sound recordings, are called archives because archives are records of every activity carried out. Currently, the East Pringsewu sub-district office for filing letters and other activities still uses manual methods. The implementation of E-Government is expected to enable all service activities to the community to be carried out electronically, thereby simplifying policy and service functions. The data collection methods used in this writing are observation, documentation, interviews, and literature study. The SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) method is used in this research, namely a systematic approach to planning, designing, developing, testing,and maintaining software systems. Based on needs analysis, the system developed focuses on managing population data, archiving,and correspondence related to village authority. Before implementing the system, it is necessary to design the system. When designing a system, use the Unified Modeling Language (UML) approach using Use Case Diagrams, Activity Diagrams, and Class Diagrams. Use case diagrams to describe the interaction between users and the system being developed. This research uses the PHP programming language and Visual Studio Code as a text editor and MySQL DBMS. Applications can be used as a medium for implementing subdistrict or village development with information technology and supporting the progress of subdistricts or villages byGovernment recommendations in developing E-Government.