Coding System Research Articles

The positioning of quality and expertise in initial teacher education: policy enactment in the Australian context

Abstract Teacher quality and teacher education improvement have been central discourses for at least two decades in global education. In Australia, despite the pervasive nature of these discussions, there is a lack of substantial evidence indicating the existence of a problem in this regard. Policies aimed at enhancing the ‘preparedness’ of teacher graduates and elevating the ‘quality’ of ITE programs have nonetheless emerged as prevalent solutions over the past decade. The latest enactment of reforms in the policy chain is the Strong Beginnings report from the Teacher Education Expert Panel. In this paper, we align with Ball’s perspective that policy should be viewed as a dynamic process rather than a presumed, ready-made solution to a problem. We utilise systematic conceptual coding using Leximancer to enable a nuanced exploration of the understandings, practices, and conditions of influence for the policy actors inscribed in the TEEP report. We also analyse concept frequency and collocation in the final Strong Beginnings report, noting two main propositions: first, that there is a problem with quality in ITE; and second, that practice is foregrounded in professionalisation. We highlight the consistencies and contradictions within the discourses of the final report and the submissions from policy actors that contributed to this policy enactment process. We suggest that evidence is used when it suits a policy position, but ignored if it disrupts the platform position. We conclude by arguing that the policy actors in this policy enactment process should be afforded the professional authority to continue a well-established process of continual improvement.

Contemporary Administrative Codes to Identify Pulmonary Vein Isolation Procedures for Atrial Fibrillation.

Use of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) to treat atrial fibrillation continues to increase. Despite great interest in leveraging administrative data for real-world analyses, contemporary procedural codes for identifying PVI have not been evaluated. In this observational retrospective cohort study, inpatient PVIs were identified among US Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 93656 in Carrier Line Files. Each patient was matched with their claims from Medicare Provider Analysis and Review to compare CPT with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) claims submitted by health care facilities to bill for PVIs. We performed the reverse for commonly matched ICD-10-PCS codes, to identify corresponding CPT-billed procedures. Finally, we reviewed institutional cases for additional comparison of CPT and ICD-10-PCS assignation for PVI. We identified 25 617 inpatient PVIs from January 2017 to December 2021, of which 18 165 (71%) were linked to Medicare Provider Analysis and Review. Of these, 16 672 (92%) were billed as ICD-10-PCS 02583ZZ: "Destruction of Conduction Mechanism, Percutaneous Approach." The reverse process yielded heterogeneous results: among 75 003 procedures billed as ICD-10-PCS 02583ZZ, only 15 691 (21%) matched with CPT 93656 (PVI), as several other unrelated procedures were billed under this ICD-10-PCS code. Institutional case review confirmed the greater specificity of CPT codes. The ICD-10-PCS code associated with CPT-billed PVI procedures actually referred to ablation of the atrioventricular junction. Yet this ICD-10-PCS code also matched with a wide range of other procedures distinct from PVI. We conclude that ICD-10-PCS codes alone are not sensitive nor specific for identifying PVI in claims and cannot be reliably used in isolation for health services research on this important procedure.

Optimization design for low-density parity-check codes in NAND flash memory systems

Optimization design for low-density parity-check codes in NAND flash memory systems

Repeatable process for extracting health data from HL7 CDA documents.

This study aims to address the gap in the literature on converting real-world Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) data into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM), focusing on the initial steps preceding the mapping phase. We highlight the importance of a repeatable Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) pipeline for health data extraction from HL7 CDA documents in Estonia for research purposes. We developed a repeatable ETL pipeline to facilitate the extraction, cleaning, and restructuring of health data from CDA documents to OMOP CDM, ensuring a high-quality and structured data format. This pipeline was designed to adapt to continuously updated data exchange format changes and handle various CDA document subsets for different scientific studies. We demonstrated via selected use cases that our pipeline successfully transformed a significant portion of diagnosis codes, body weight and eGFR measurements, and PAP test results from CDA documents into OMOP CDM, showing the ease of extracting structured data. However, challenges such as harmonising diverse coding systems and extracting lab results from free-text sections were encountered. The iterative development of the pipeline facilitated swift error detection and correction, enhancing the process's efficiency. After a decade of focused work, our research has led to the development of an ETL pipeline that effectively transforms HL7 CDA documents into OMOP CDM in Estonia, addressing key data extraction and transformation challenges. The pipeline's repeatability and adaptability to various data subsets make it a valuable resource for researchers dealing with health data. While tested on Estonian data, the principles outlined are broadly applicable, potentially aiding in handling health data standards that vary by country. Despite newer health data standards emerging, the relevance of CDA for retrospective health studies ensures the continuing importance of this work.

Impact of East-Asian monsoon on sandstorm activities over the past half century: Insights from a genetic algorithm.

For nearly half a century, the East Asian sand-dust system (SDS) has undergone complex changes in intensity and has become a new focus of attention. To date, there are many uncertainties in understanding the complex observational facts of SDS using commonly used single-climate models. This study suggests that the SDS is an organized weather system that grows under the support of an atmospheric westerly belt environment (including water, soil, aerosol composition, and climate change). The novelty of this study lies in the development of a new genetic algorithm that can decipher the generation, motion, decay, and regeneration of SDS. It focuses on analysing the historical evolution of SDS over the past half century and establishing a digital coding system based on the Genetic algorithm Chromosome-sequencing Chronology of SDS (GCC-SDS). This approach can decipher the inter- and quasi-annual fluctuations of SDS, as well as the impact of changes in climate conditions. It also reveals the influence of the Earth's rotation on the distribution and changes in winter air currents in East Asia and their influence on SDS activity the region. This further deepens our understanding of historical changes in SDS and the mechanisms behind their impact.

Contribution of infection to mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study using electronic records

While people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are more susceptible to infections, studies potentially underestimate the true burden of infection-related mortality since they rely on clinical coding systems primarily structured by body system, and by only focusing on underlying cause. This study examined cause-specific mortality in people with T2D compared to the general population during 2015-2019, focusing on infections. 509,403 people aged 41-90 years with T2D alive on 1/1/2015 in Clinical Practice Research Datalink were matched to 976,431 without diabetes on age, sex, and ethnicity. Recorded underlying cause of death was identified through national linked mortality data; infection-related deaths were counted across all ICD-10 (10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases) chapters, not just infection chapters A00-B99. All-cause and cause-specific hazard ratios (HR) for mortality during 2015-2019 compared people with T2D to people without diabetes and were estimated using Cox models adjusting for region. Additional analyses for sepsis related mortality considered the impact of including any mention of sepsis on the death certificate. 85,367/509,403 (16.8%) people with T2D died during 2015-2019 compared to 106,824/976,431 (10.9%) of people without diabetes of the same sex, age and ethnicity. All infections (11,128/85,367 = 13.0%) represented the third highest underlying cause of death among people with T2D after cardiovascular disease and cancer; a much higher contribution than counting only from specific infection chapters (1046/85,367=1.2%). The HR for people with T2D vs non-diabetes for all infection mortality (1.82, 95% CI 1.78-1.86) was higher than that estimated for all-cause (HR=1.65, 95% CI 1.64-1.66). The estimated mortality rate associated with sepsis among people with T2D was highly dependent on whether any mention was included (2.2 per 1000 person-years) or only underlying cause (0.2 per 1000 person-years); but the HR for people with T2D vs non-diabetes was similar (any mention HR=2.26, 95% CI 2.19-2.34 vs underlying cause only HR=2.52, 95% CI 2.27-2.80). People with T2D die from infections at a higher rate than similar people without diabetes, and the overall burden is greater than previously reported. Routine statistics concentrating on underlying cause of death may somewhat under-estimate the importance of infections as causes of death among people with T2D. These findings emphasise the potential importance of awareness, earlier diagnosis and treatment of infections to prevent premature deaths. National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Posisi Biji Pala Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

To maintain and increase its export market share, Indonesia must strengthen nutmeg's competitiveness and export performance, a strategic commodity in the international market. Therefore, it is important to analyze the position of Indonesian nutmeg in global trade, especially about competitive pressures from other countries such as India and the Netherlands. This analysis aims to provide an overview of strategies or policies that can be used to maintain and increase Indonesia's nutmeg export market share globally. This study aims to (1) assess the market share of Indonesian nutmeg exports in the international market and (2) analyze the market position of Indonesian nutmeg exports using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach. This study relies on secondary data in the form of the value and volume of nutmeg exports from the world's major exporting countries. The data used is a monthly time series for 2013-2022, focusing on the Harmonized System (HS) code 090811, namely whole nutmeg seeds (neither crushed nor ground). The analysis shows that Indonesia has a significant market share in the global nutmeg trade. However, Indonesia faces stiff competition, especially from India and the Netherlands.

Thermal and Structural Analysis of Piston by Ansys

Automobile part happen in excellent demand presently because of raised use of automobiles. The raised demand exist due to made better depiction and reduced cost of these part. R and D and experiment engineers endure develop fault-finding part in abbreviated attainable period to minimize begin temporal length of event or entity's existence for new products. This make necessary understanding of new science and active absorption fashionable the happening of new products. A turbine happen a mobile component that is hold by a a geometrical form and is fashioned something not liquid or solid-close by piston rings. In an device that drives a machine allure purpose search out transfer from expanding something not liquid or solid fashionable the cylinder to the a device for revolving a shaft rod by way of piston bar and or joining rod. As an fundamental part fashionable an device that drives a machine piston sustain the recurrent gas pressure and hotness working and this active condition may cause the damage of the device that drives a machine. The thorough check indicate that excellent stress perform in contact the upper end of the device that drives a machine and stress aggregation is individual of the for the most part reason on account of high temperature and pressure of fuel. The facial characteristics of the engine are device that drives a machine head, device that drives a machine hold in place bore, piston attach, skirt, ring daily routine, ring land and piston ring. Finite Element Analysis exist a imitation method which evaluates the manner of conducting oneself of part, equipment and form for miscellaneous stowing conditions containing used forces, pressures and temperatures. Thus, a complex the science of applying power to use question accompanying non-standard shape and geometry maybe resolve using subject to limitations place where one feels comfortable reasoning where a shut form resolution is not ready for use. The subject to limitations essential feature analysis system influence the stress disposal, displacements and reaction loads at supports for the model. Finite place where one feels comfortable statement of results from examination techniques maybe second hand for any of scenarios as model mesh growth, design optimization, material pressure belittlement, shape addition and code agreement. Finite place where one feels comfortable analysis in addition to bear the ability to perform to perform FEA for airplane element, automotive components, device that drives a machine element and different mechanical /fundamental part. The design for various element happen examine for compliance against the ASME Code or different appropriate secret language system. Finite Element Analysis is act for two together design and statement of results from examination / evaluation position. Two-relating to space and size and three-dimensional FEA question exist devote effort to something for structural, warm, and warm stress evaluations [1].

Unmasking Approaches and Errors to Synthesis-Type Problems: Insights from Undergraduate Chemistry Students

This study aimed to uncover common difficulties and possible areas for improvement by focusing on the approaches and errors made by 3rd-year undergraduate chemistry students in solving organic synthesis problems. The study employed a purposive sampling technique to select 112 undergraduate chemistry major students to participate in this study. Students’ responses to synthesis-type problems from mid-semester examinations within the framework of a synthetic methodology course in a Ghanaian University were examined. The primary data collection tool was a mid-semester examination that employed deductive coding systems to analyze students’ responses. The study’s findings revealed that while many students performed well in identifying and providing reagents for the given reactions, a lot more struggled with other types of synthesis problems. Specifically, the reaction mechanism-type questions recorded the lowest scores and most errors among the synthesis problems. Asignificant number of students (67.0% and 66.1%, respectively) encountered difficulties in drawing complete reaction mechanisms and proposing the synthesis of target molecules, respectively. The results further indicated that students may have relied on rote memorization in solving synthesis problems. Students’ significant errors included the inability to draw resonance structures, expand atoms/bonds, map atoms, generate starting material/chemical equivalent, and draw correct products. However, students showed glimpses of using retrosynthesis analysis through the disconnection approach and exhibited a good usage of arrows in arrow-pushing formalism. The study recommends focused interventions and teaching strategies to enhance students’ understanding of reaction mechanisms, drawing of resonance structures, expanding atoms/bonds, mapping of atoms, starting material generation, and problem-solving skills in organic synthesis. Besides, students should be provided with ample practice for synthesis design by educators.

Directional vector-based quick evaluation method for protective plate effects in X-ray fluoroscopy (DQPEX).

One radiation protection measure for medical personnel in X-ray fluoroscopy is using radiation protective plates. A real-time interactive tool visualizing radiation-dose distribution varied with the protective plate position will help greatly to train medical personnel to protect themselves from unnecessary radiation exposure. Monte Carlo simulation can calculate the individual interactions between radiations and objects in the X-ray room, and reproduce the complex dose distribution inside the room. However, Monte Carlo simulation is computationally time-consuming and not suited for real-time feedback. Therefore, we developed a new method to calculate the dose distribution with the presence of protective plates instantly using pre-computed directional vectors, named Directional vector-based Quick evaluation method for Protective plates Effects in X-ray fluoroscopy (DQPEX). DQPEX uses a database of dose distributions and directional vectors precomputed by Monte Carlo code, Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS). Assuming the dose at each position was all contributed from radiations in the direction indicated by the directional vector, the dose reduction by the protective plates at the position was determined whether the backtrace line of the directional vector has a intersect with the protective plate or not. With DQPEX, the whole dose distribution in X-ray room with the presence of a protective plate can be computed about 13s, which is approximately 1/6000 of the full PHITS simulation. Sufficient accuracy of DQPEX to visualize the effect of a protective plate was confirmed by comparing the obtained dose distribution with those obtained by the full PHITS simulation and measurements.

Study results of the stress-strain states of the crown parts of molars restored with composite, ceramic and zirconium onlays

The relevance of the research is determined by the significant need for effective restorative treatment of caries decayed teeth. The purpose of the study is comparison of the stress-strain states in simulated models of non-homogeneous composite structural elements for typical geometric characteristics of onlays made of composite, ceramic, and zirconium dioxide in the restoration of the decayed mandibular molar. Computer simulation models of biomechanical systems were obtained by digital scanning of the mandibular molar in STEP format. Control was carried out in the form of numerical characteristics and graphical visualization in the EXOCAD program. The numerical method of finite elements, information technologies and program codes of the ANSYS Workbench 12.1 system were used to solve applied problems of biomechanics. After testing the developed discrete models, they were checked for adequacy and coincidence of numerical results in areas of high voltage gradients using the tools and methods of the ANSYS 12.1 code system. The maximum displacements, gradients, and amplitudes of the Mises-equivalent stress in the structural elements of each biomechanical system were evaluated. The stress values were calculated using the method of linear scaling of the results of the numerical solution of the boundary value problems of the theory of elasticity for small deformations to correspond to the functional force load of the mandibular molar of 100 N. The estimated values of the coefficients of the strength reserve of the structural elements were calculated as the ratio of the strength limit values to the maximum calculated values of the Mises-equivalent stress, scaled by a coefficient of 10 for a force load of 100 N. It was established that the largest voltage gradients are registered at the border of the cement layer. However, the nature of force transmission, as well as stress distribution, was different for different structural materials. The maximum stress was observed in the model with a composite onlay in the local area of the surface of the force load in the cement layer. For the ceramic onlay, the maximum stress was found on the lower support surface of contact with the onlay, where its values were 1.4 times higher than on other surfaces. The analysis of the zones of maximum stress for the zirconium onlay revealed their predominant localization in the center of its occlusal surface and in the zone of change in its spatial configuration at the border with cement. The highest stress values, along with the lowest coefficients of safety margin, were found for the molar model restored with a composite onlay, which indicated the lowest endurance of this material to functional load. While the zirconium onlay provided optimal stress distribution and it was characterized by the largest safety factor, which makes this method the most acceptable for molar restoration. The obtained results should be taken into account when choosing a material for the prosthetics of lateral teeth with onlays.

Microdosimetry test on double layer beam shaping assembly neutron beam as a boron neutron capture therapy neutron source using PHITS code

A microdosimetry test on a double layer beam shaping assembly (DLBSA) neutron beam has been carried out using the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS). The test aims to understand the mechanism of interactions between neutrons and microcells and to determine the linear energy transfer (LET) and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values of the DLBSA neutron beam. The test was carried out by interacting a neutron beam with microcells containing 10B using a boron concentration of 70 ppm. The neutron source used comes from a 30 MeV cyclotron-based DLBSA. The simulation results show that the interaction of neutrons with microcells occurs through scattering, reflection, and absorption reaction mechanisms. The results of the microdosimetry test showed that the peak LET value of α-particles was 100 keV/μm and 7Li was 200 keV/μm, with an RBE value for α of 9.83 and 7Li of 6.11.

Inter-relations between mind-mindedness, maternal communicative style in the context of attachment distress, and infant–mother attachment security

The quality of the maternal communication plays a critical role in the development of secure infant–caregiver attachment. This relationship may be mediated by the caregivers’ capacity to recognize and appropriately respond to the child’s mental states (i.e., mind-mindedness). To specifically explore the role of mind-mindedness in the relationship between maternal communicative style and attachment, associations between maternal communicative style and attachment patterns were assessed in 88 infant–mother dyads using mind-mindedness as a mediator. Communicative style and attachment patterns were evaluated during the reunion episodes in the strange situation procedure. Communicative style was evaluated using the Coding System for the analysis of the Caregivers’ Communication Style scale, which produced three distinct communicative patterns: Misleading Communication, Denial Communication, and Affective Support. Attachment was classified by standard procedure as insecure-avoidant, secure, and insecure-ambivalent. Mind-mindedness, evaluated during free play, assessed mothers’ use of appropriate versus non-attuned mind-related comments. The results support a significant mediation of appropriate mind-minded comments in the relationship between affective supportive communicative style and both secure and insecure-avoidant attachment patterns, strengthening and mitigating direct relationships, respectively. No mediating role of mind-mindedness was found for insecure-ambivalent attachment. These findings help clarify the role of mind-mindedness in relation to communicative style and attachment and outline a certain behavioral consistency in mothers’ responses to their child across different observational contexts.

Harmonized system code classification using supervised contrastive learning with sentence BERT and multiple negative ranking loss

PurposeInternational trade transactions, extracted from customs declarations, include several fields, among which the product description and the product category are the most important. The product category, also referred to as the Harmonised System Code (HS code), serves as a pivotal component for determining tax rates and administrative purposes. A predictive tool designed for product categories or HS codes becomes an important resource aiding traders in their decision to choose a suitable code. This tool is instrumental in preventing misclassification arising from the ambiguities present in product nomenclature, thus mitigating the challenges associated with code interpretation. Moreover, deploying this tool would streamline the validation process for government officers dealing with extensive transactions, optimising their workload and enhancing tax revenue collection within this domain.Design/methodology/approachThis study introduces a methodology focused on the generation of sentence embeddings for trade transactions, employing Sentence BERT (SBERT) framework in conjunction with the Multiple Negative Ranking (MNR) Loss function following a contrastive learning paradigm. The procedure involves the construction of pairwise samples, including anchors and positive transactions. The proposed method is evaluated using two publicly available real-world datasets, specifically the India Import 2016 and United States Import 2018 datasets, to fine-tune the SBERT model. Several configurations involving pooling strategies, loss functions, and training parameters are explored within the experimental setup. The acquired representations serve as inputs for traditional machine learning algorithms employed in predicting the product categories within trade transactions.FindingsEncoding trade transactions utilising SBERT with MNR loss facilitates the creation of enhanced embeddings that exhibit improved representational capacity. These fixed-length embeddings serve as adaptable inputs for training machine learning models, including support vector machine (SVM) and random forest, intended for downstream tasks of HS code classification. Empirical evidence supports the superior performance of our proposed approach compared to fine-tuning transformer-based models in the domain of trade transaction classification.Originality/valueOur approach generates more representative sentence embeddings by creating the network architectures from scratch with the SBERT framework. Instead of exploiting a data augmentation method generally used in contrastive learning for measuring the similarity between the samples, we arranged positive samples following a supervised paradigm and determined loss through distance learning metrics. This process involves continuous updating of the Siamese or bi-encoder network to produce embeddings derived from commodity transactions. This strategy aims to ensure that similar concepts of transactions within the same class converge closer within the feature embedding space, thereby improving the performance of downstream tasks.

Discovering Time-Aware Hidden Dependencies with Personalized Graphical Structure in Electronic Health Records

Over the past decade, significant advancements in mining electronic health records (EHRs) have enabled a broad range of decision-support applications, and offered an unprecedented capacity for predicting critical events such as disease prognosis and mortality in healthcare. Despite the availability of comprehensive coding systems in EHRs (e.g., ICD-9), which are designed to record diverse information on diseases, procedures, and medications over time, the complex and dynamic dependencies among the recorded data are usually not captured. This limitation often hinders the contextual understanding of medical observations for effective EHR representation learning. Therefore, there is a compelling need to discover a hidden “EHR graph” that represents the medical relationship between the observed features according to a patient’s history. These hidden graphs consisting of the medical codes from the same visits can offer a comprehensive insight derived from disease-to-disease, disease-to-drug, and drug-to-drug dependencies. However, it is still unclear how to address the challenge that the dependencies may vary from patient to patient, and they can dynamically evolve from one visit to another. To this end, we propose Timeaware Personalized Graph Transformer (TPGT), a novel attention-based time-aware hidden graph model, that captures the personalized graphical structures among observed medical codes and summarizes the temporal code dependencies over time to improve patient representation for outcome prediction. Built upon an intra-visit and an inter-visit dual-attention mechanism to model patients’ EHR graphs, our model offers an interpretability of what diagnosis or medication in a patient’s history can interact, and how those interactions may change over time. We conduct extensive experiments on two real-world EHR datasets for different healthcare predictive tasks: acute kidney injury (AKI) prediction and ICU mortality prediction. The experimental results demonstrate a significant performance improvement of the proposed model over baselines through multi-aspect quantitative evaluation. Furthermore, we perform various qualitative studies to validate the interpretability of the model which highlights the application of the proposed method in the context of personalized medicine.

A Survey on Approximate Computing and Storage Techniques Applied to Video Coding Systems

A Survey on Approximate Computing and Storage Techniques Applied to Video Coding Systems

Using Skew Cyclic Codes Over R = R<sub>1</sub>×R<sub>2</sub>×R<sub>3</sub> to Detect Skew Cyclic Codes Over F<sub>q</sub>

This article investigates linear codes over the ring , focusing on the properties and structure of skew cyclic codes within this framework. We explore various algebraic features of these codes, highlighting their distinctivenessfrom traditional cyclic codes. In addition, we examine the utility ofskew cyclic codes over in the context of identifying skew cyclic codes over the finite field with optimal parameters. The findings offer fresh perspectives on developing efficient and high-performing coding systems, which could benefit error correction and data transmission applications.

Demographics of Ophthalmology and Optometry Practices and Changes in Utilization Patterns of Procedures and Services Following Private Equity Acquisition.

To characterize private equity (PE) acquisition of ophthalmology and optometry practices and compare procedural utilization before and after acquisition. Ophthalmologists and optometrists in practices acquired from 2012 to 2016 were identified and characterized using an internet archive with an additional search in 2017 to characterize doctor turnover. United States Census Bureau and Internal Revenue Service Data were used to determine population health insurance and adjusted gross income (AGI). Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes were drawn from the Medicare database. Six platform companies acquired 36 practices between 2012 and 2016, including 518 optometrists and 136 ophthalmologists with a net doctor decrease of 3% and 7%, respectively (years 2016 to 2017). PE firm-owned practices were primarily located in metropolitan core areas with above-average AGI and insurance coverage. Diagnostic procedures, total encounters, cataract surgery, and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) capsulotomy volume increased per physician 1-year post-acquisition. In adjusted difference-in-difference comparisons, cataract surgery (13.3% relative increase, P<0.001) and YAG capsulotomy (35.6% relative increase, P<0.001) remained significant. PE practices demonstrated an increase in cataract surgery procedures (28,813/platform pre-acquisition to 33,930/platform post-acquisition, P=0.015). PE acquisitions of ophthalmology and optometry practices were centered in metropolitan core areas with above-average AGI and insurance coverage. PE acquisition led to less optometrists and ophthalmologists employed at the practice. Overall, they exhibited doctor turnover with a net doctor decrease. When compared to non-PE doctors, PE-acquired doctors demonstrated an increase in cataract surgery and YAG capsulotomy volume. Overall, cataract surgery volume increased among PE practices after acquisition.

НАСЛЕДОВАНИЕ АНСАМБЛЕЙ ЦИКЛИЧЕСКИХ СТРУКТУР И СВЯЗЬ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО КОДИРОВАНИЯ С ЦИКЛИЧЕСКИМИ КОДАМИ ГРЕЯ И БУЛЕВЫМИ ФУНКЦИЯМИ

The article is devoted to the problem of genetic inheritance of ensembles of mutually coordinated cyclic processes, whose huge choir is the basis of each living organism. It is shown that the structural organization of the genetic coding system is associated with Gray cyclic codes and Karnaugh maps from the Boolean Algebra of Logic. In this regard, this system can be considered as a cyclic coding system associated with Boolean functions. On the basis of the well-known experimental data, the following provision is put forward and justified: the genetic system carries on itself, in addition to the well-known genetic code of amino acid sequences of proteins, also the genetic code of the Boolean functions encoded by n-plets of DNA and RNA, for the inherited ensuring the logically consistent interactions of the body's parts. Accounting for this second, that is Boolean-logical code, allows you to naturally explain a number of difficult problems of genetics, and also opens the way to understand the logical conjugation of many inherited physiological processes. A new understanding is proposed for the phenomenon of using of rhythms and cycles in the creativity works of people - in music, poetry, architecture, etc.: this phenomenon can reflect the unconscious desire of people to reproduce in their creations those principles of structuring, in accordance with which they are built themselves.

Network Coding-Enhanced Polar Codes for Relay-Assisted Visible Light Communication Systems.

This paper proposes a novel polar coding scheme tailored for indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in bit error rate (BER) compared to uncoded transmission, with a coding gain of at least 5 dB. Furthermore, the reliable communication area of the VLC system is substantially extended. Building on this foundation, this study explores the joint design of polar codes and physical-layer network coding (PNC) for VLC systems. Simulation results illustrate that the BER of our scheme closely approaches that of the conventional VLC relay scheme. Moreover, our approach doubles the throughput, cuts equipment expenses in half, and boosts effective bit rates per unit time-slot twofold. This proposed design noticeably advances the performance of VLC systems and is particularly well-suited for scenarios with low-latency demands.