Language Code Research Articles

Unraveling the functional attributes of the language connectome: crucial subnetworks, flexibility and variability

Language processing is a highly integrative function, intertwining linguistic operations (processing the language code intentionally used for communication) and extra-linguistic processes (e.g., attention monitoring, predictive inference, long-term memory). This synergetic cognitive architecture requires a distributed and specialized neural substrate. Brain systems have mainly been examined at rest. However, task-related functional connectivity provides additional and valuable information about how information is processed when various cognitive states are involved. We gathered thirteen language fMRI tasks in a unique database of one hundred and fifty neurotypical adults (InLang [Interactive networks of Language] database), providing the opportunity to assess language features across a wide range of linguistic processes. Using this database, we applied network theory as a computational tool to model the task-related functional connectome of language (LANG atlas). The organization of this data-driven neurocognitive atlas of language was examined at multiple levels, uncovering its major components (or crucial subnetworks), and its anatomical and functional correlates. In addition, we estimated its reconfiguration as a function of linguistic demand (flexibility) or several factors such as age or gender (variability). We observed that several discrete networks could be specifically shaped to promote key functional features of language: coding-decoding (Net1), control-executive (Net2), abstract-knowledge (Net3), and sensorimotor (Net4) functions. The architecture of these systems and the functional connectivity of the pivotal brain regions varied according to the nature of the linguistic process, gender, or age. By accounting for the multifaceted nature of language and modulating factors, this study can contribute to enriching and refining existing neurocognitive models of language. The LANG atlas can also be considered a reference for comparative or clinical studies involving various patients and conditions.

Language policy in the hospitality industry in Russia

The present study explores language policy and management in the industry of hospitality and tourism in the Russian Federation. Hospitality is a vital sector of the economy which receives strong government support. In 2021 and 2022, amendments to the Federal Law on the Foundations of Tourism Activity were adopted and the National Project “Tourism and the Hospitality Industry” was initiated. These documents aim to promote tourist activity in the country as well as improve the quality of TOPs (tourismoriented products). Foreign language command is inextricably linked with service quality and employees are expected to follow the accepted language code and protocol, though this is unevenly implemented. The paper analyses the adequacy of language policy in the field of hospitality. The term “language management” is preferred to “language policy planning” (LPP) as it better reflects the efforts made to implement changes in current language practices within the social group of hospitality professionals. These changes are driven by the latest political and social developments and reflect current economic and social environment. The paper draws on the latest relevant government documentation and industry language practices, comparing this analysis with the perceptions of 130 interns in Russian hospitality establishments. The comparison identifies existing language problems in the hospitality industry and points to directions for future enhancement. The study also aims to explore the adequacy of English-language preparation for hospitality professionals. It considers foreign language instruction for occupational purposes both at the tertiary level and in the workplace setting. The research paper aims to shed light on how language policy and language management may be of relevance to ESP (English for special purposes) teachers in the area of hospitality.

Bilingualism in culturological projection: the phenomenon of open thinking

Bilingualism is considered as a phenomenon of culture in the context of language contact. A comparative analysis of the phenomena of bilingualism and biculturality is carried out. It is shown that, while creating prerequisites for the biculturality of the subject, bilingualism, however, does not provide it. The function of choosing a language as a choice of social roles, which opens up for a bilingual subject, is shown. The leading role of language choice in the context of communicative adaptation is substantiated. The criteria of language choice are considered: social, socio-psychological and occasional-situational. Adaptive strategies are modelled in relation to speech behaviour in a communicative situation. The significance of the balance between the linguistic and ethnic identity of the subject, on the one hand, and his desire to meet the linguistic expectations of the interlocutor, on the other, is shown. The role of bilingualism as a factor in the emphasis of reflection on language is substantiated. It is shown that in a bilingual context the problems of language development go beyond boundaries of linguistics and become а subject of wide social discussions. The role of bilingualism in literary creativity is revealed, the value of using lexemes of the second language as a tool for enriching artistic expressiveness is shown. It is proved that the more languages in the applied thesaurus of the subject, the richer the emotional palette of his perception of the world. The potential of the language is revealed in relation to not only expressing, but also reflecting emotions, which expands the range of reflexive comprehension of the emotional sphere. On the material of the texts of poetic culture in Belarus, the expansion of the range of expressive possibilities of bilingual subject is substantiated and its significance for the development of artistic culture is demonstrated. The specificity of bilingual subject’s thinking is revealed. Firstly, it is substantiated that in different linguistic projections, a particular fragment of reality can not only turn with its different facets, but in general be configured in a different way, expanding the interpretive potential of the subject and his cognitive capabilities. Thus, the picture of the world of a bilingual subject turns out to be more multidimensional and more plastic. Secondly, it is shown that the possibility of switching the language code, open to a bilingual subject, entails the possibility of appealing to the values of both cultures behind the languages. The thinking of a bilingual subject turns out to be open in relation to more than one option for perceiving reality, which provides not only a richness of perception, but also an expansion of the range of understanding. Such open thinking also means expanding the possibilities of mutual understanding in cross-cultural dialogue, which ensures the effectiveness of both interpersonal communications and the success of international interactions.

Developing Sentinel Surveillance for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Using Test Results From Routine Screening During Pregnancy.

Background Interpretation of case-based surveillance of chlamydia and gonorrhea is limited by the lack of negative tests for comparison. We sought to develop a sustainable electronic health record (EHR)-based approach to disease surveillance in a sentinel population of pregnant persons. Methods We conducted a 1-year assessment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in persons receiving at least 1 pregnancy-related visit within our university medical center. Data were obtained using EHR analytic structured query language code. Patients were categorized by whether they had an STI test during pregnancy and if screened, by the STI test results (positive or negative). We assessed screening and positivity by demographic using bivariate analyses. Predictors of a positive STI test were determined using logistic regression. Results We identified 4553 persons who received pregnancy care from January 1 to December 31, 2021. Seventy-six percent (n = 3483) of persons were screened for an STI during pregnancy. Those who identified as white or had private insurance were less likely to have a chlamydia test. Among persons screened, Trichomonas was the most commonly detected STI (5%, 141/2698) followed by chlamydia (4%, 135/3456), and gonorrhea (0.7% 24/3468). Predictors of a positive STI test during pregnancy were Black race (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.0; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.2–8.7), 25 years or younger (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.9–3.3), and public insurance (aOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–2.1). Conclusions We demonstrated that EHRs can be used to assess gonorrhea and chlamydia positivity. These methods could potentially be applied in other jurisdictions to improve the understanding of national STI surveillance.

The Relationship between Students' Mimetic Approaches and Learning Styles in Architectural Design Education

Architects' attitudes most likely get from the common values obtained during their education and these values are acquired within the period of architectural education i.e., from the first year to the last year. In this sense, design problems are mostly defined with the help of mimetics and it is believed that thinking through mimetics enables the student to explain and understand an unknown situation relative to a familiar situation. So, believing that each student in the design studio uses certain language codes and develops them with knowledge, in this paper the design preferences of four architecture students at three different stages of their education are cross-sectionally analysed using the method called "Metaphorical Reasoning: Context and Depth" and the design approaches of each student are revealed. As shown in this study, some students have an excellent ability to use abstract concepts and have been able to switch between resources (between-domain sources and within-domain sources) very boldly. In the process, the accumulation of knowledge and education changed their mimetic behaviour, and the abstract concepts of some novices became more complex as their education progressed. On the other hand, some other novices who took tangible design approaches remained almost unchanged until the end. Considering that these different mimetic approaches of students are related to their learning styles, Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) method was used and learning styles of four students were revealed. The learning styles of the students obtained by Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) method support all the findings.

Accounting for Context in Randomized Trials after Assignment

Many preventive trials randomize individuals to intervention condition which is then delivered in a group setting. Other trials randomize higher levels, say organizations, and then use learning collaboratives comprised of multiple organizations to support improved implementation or sustainment. Other trials randomize or expand existing social networks and use key opinion leaders to deliver interventions through these networks. We use the term contextually driven to refer generally to such trials (traditionally referred to as clustering, where groups are formed either pre-randomization or post-randomization — i.e., a cluster-randomized trial), as these groupings or networks provide fixed or time-varying contexts that matter both theoretically and practically in the delivery of interventions. While such contextually driven trials can provide efficient and effective ways to deliver and evaluate prevention programs, they all require analytical procedures that take appropriate account of non-independence, something not always appreciated. Published analyses of many prevention trials have failed to take this into account. We discuss different types of contextually driven designs and then show that even small amounts of non-independence can inflate actual Type I error rates. This inflation leads to rejecting the null hypotheses too often, and erroneously leading us to conclude that there are significant differences between interventions when they do not exist. We describe a procedure to account for non-independence in the important case of a two-arm trial that randomizes units of individuals or organizations in both arms and then provides the active treatment in one arm through groups formed after assignment. We provide sample code in multiple programming languages to guide the analyst, distinguish diverse contextually driven designs, and summarize implications for multiple audiences.

Ethnosocilinguistic study on the language selection at imigrant Pendalungan communities in Gresik

ABSTRACT This paper is a study that examines the language code used by immigrant communities from the Tapal Kuda area, which is usually referred to as the Pendalungan group (the result of acculturation of Madurese and Javanese cultures who live and settle in the coastal area, in Roomo Pesisir Village, Gresik and their language patterns. This research is a qualitative research because it produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and their observable behavior. The data collection techniques used are observation and interviews. At the data analysis stage, using ethnomethodological techniques in Ethnosociolinguistics. This study produced three language codes for the immigrant community in the Roomo Pesisir region, Gresik with details: 1) Indonesian; 2) Javanese (ngoko and krama); 3) Madurese (rough) language, and seven patterns of language selection in daily interactions by migrants from the Roomo Pesisir region, Gresik. The seven patterns of language selection are 1) everyday language in the family; 2) Language at school/workplace; 3) Language with fellow immigrants from the same area; 4) Language at the event (celebration, vaccine, recitation, etc.); 5) Language with parents; 6) Language based on ethnicity; 7) Language based on social status. The seven language patterns are the result of friction in the use of the three languages by speakers at the same timeKeywords: Etnosiciolinguistic, Language Pattern, Imigrant Communities

Semantic focuses of a text. Communicative sense

The communicative paradigm, which supplemented the activity paradigm in the 20th century, allowed the text to rise to the status of the subject, replacing in the written form the communicative partner, and thus elevating understanding to the rank of an independent process of mental activity with its product. In the communicative paradigm, the Subject (Speaker) is opposed to the other Subject (Destination), not the Object. The place of one of the Subjects can be taken by the text as a sociocultural formation, the keeper of cultural and historical memory and the accumulator of human senses. The subjectivity of the text is the result of the consolidation of writing in culture. The semantic space of a text as a sign is three-dimensional. Its coordinates are located on the axes of the speech event: beingness, thinkability and communicability of the text. In the terms of rhetoric — ethos, logos and pathos. These spaces gather the focus of the senses of the text. Any text includes the senses of being, typological and communicative. As a communicative subject, the text is always addressed to someone. It does not simply recreate being, but also addresses it to others. In other words, the text contains a model of a potential reader to whom the content of the text is addressed, as it requires a certain encyclopedic competence for understanding. The relationship with this reader creates a possible focus of text sense: a certain language code, a certain literary style, certain signs of specialization, and the role functions of the text itself in relation to readers. The addressed sense is a communicative sense, paralogical in its linguistic characteristics, which gathers like-minded people around itself, who understand each other in the culture of interlocutors.

The Image of Muslim in The Kingdom Trailer: A Multimodal Analysis

Based on multimodal analysis, the study at focus analyses The Kingdom trailer (2007) by adopting Kress and van Leeuwen’s Visual Grammar (1996, 2006), Chandler’s social categories of codes (2007) and Bernstein’s (2003) language codes. This kind of analysis is used to illustrate how the image of Muslim is portrayed in such a trailer. It aims to show how multimodal representational aspects are utilized in depicting such distorted image. Also, it aims at presenting how visual semiotic resources and speeches are constructing certain negative images. This research assumes that meaning construction is not monomodal but an outcome of multimodal means of communication.
 The prime conclusions of the current study can be presented as both, visual and verbal aspects which disseminate a negative image of Muslims. Through guns, fight, and extreme behaviour, Muslims are presented as a threat to the Western and prosperous way of life that necessitates force majeure, military actions and murdering. The study at focus also shows that this trailer makes use of a visual mode more than language and the kind of image presented is distorted, unfavourable and misleading. Also, (mis)representation of Muslims in this trailer fuels Islamophobia in a radical manner. Moreover, it has been found that behavioural codes are utilized to link Muslims and Islam to terrorism via the depiction of religious rituals such as prayer and call for prayer after terrorist acts.

Bibliometric Analysis of Educational Researches on Bilingualism

The aim of this research is to perform a bibliometric analysis of published academic studies on “bilingualism” in the category of educational research in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Research titles were searched using the keyword “bilingualism” in all WoS data bases on the Web of Knowledge Web page. In order to reach a holistic interpretation, the study was done to cover the 51-year time period between the years 1970-2021 by starting from the oldest date available in the database. As a result of the search, the bibliometric data of the 1975 academic study was used as the data set of the study. The bibliometric analysis was used as the data analysis technique in the study. The research topics and orientations of the academic publications examined within the scope of the study were visually mapped through the keywords in the publications. Within this direction, WordArt online word cloud software was preferred. The social network analysis of the keywords of the 1975 academic study on bilingualism that is one of the bibliometric analysis tools, was visualized by using the VOSviewer (Version 1.6.16) package program. As a result of the analysis done, the year 2020 was the year with the most publications on bilingualism in the WoS database. In the field, mostly English publications were made. Most of the detected publications are of the article type. The California State University System – USA ranks first as the institution in which the authors publish on bilingualism. Most publications on bilingualism were done in the International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. The country with the most publications and the country with the most cooperation network is the USA. It has been determined that concepts such as bilingualism, multilingualism, bilingual education, language policy, language switching, dual literacy, identity, language ideologies, second language acquisition, code change and literacy are used in scientific publications. It is thought that the study draws a broad framework for researchers in the field and contributes to the field.

Language, Literature, and Cultural Codes in the Puya Ke Puya Novel by Faisal Oddang: A Study of Semiotics

This study aims to examine the form of language code, literary code, cultural code in the novel Puya Ke Puya by Faisal Oddang as teaching materials for prose fiction literature study programs in universities. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques are documentation with reading and listening techniques, and recording techniques. Data analysis was carried out through several stages, namely data identification, data classification, description, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the language codes used in the Puya Ke Puya novel were the use of regional languages in the form of greetings, kinship elements, everyday vocabulary and the use of foreign languages, literary codes depicted in words with connotations and figurative meanings, cultural codes in the novels concerned the system. The culture that exists among the Toraja people such as social organization systems, living equipment systems and technology, and religious systems.

The very concept of language contact in light of contemporary interest in translanguaging

This paper makes a case for viewing the concept of translanguaging as one that puts a heavy strain on a good deal of the time-honoured concepts of language contact, language code, code-switching, discrete languages as self-contained entities, hermetically sealed off from one another, and so forth — that is to say, the entire conceptual paraphernalia with the help of which we are used to working when dealing with the phenomenon of multilingualism. Far from being an exception to a rule, multilingualism is recognised as the norm in today’s world, the much-touted monolingualism having been exposed as the product of repressive policies enacted in the past in the name of geopolitical expediencies. Among these repressive policies is the formation of nation-states, historically brandished as the bulwark of a collective identity and also of differentiation vis-à-vis those with whom one no longer feels any common bond — an exception foisted upon the natural order of things. In other words, monolingualism is a point totally out of the curve, a fact that is historically attested, though overshadowed by its ‘contamination’ with factors that have to do with deep-seated geo-political interests.

Preparing First-Year Engineering Students to Think About Code: A Guided Inquiry Approach

In the wake of the so-called fourth industrial revolution, computer programming has become a foundational competency across engineering disciplines. Yet engineering students often resist the notion that computer programming is a skill relevant to their future profession. Here are presented two activities aimed at supporting the early development of engineering students’ attitudes and abilities regarding programming in a first-year engineering course. Both activities offer students insights into the way programs are constructed, which have been identified as a source of confusion that may negatively affect acceptance. In the first activity, a structured, language-independent way to approach programming problems through guided questions was introduced, which has previously been used successfully in introductory computer science courses. The team hypothesized that guiding students through a structured reflection on how they construct programs for their class assignments might help reveal an understandable structure to them. Results showed that students in the intervention group scored nearly a full letter grade higher on the unit’s final programming assessment than those in the control condition. The second activity aimed to help students recognize how their experience with MATLAB might help them interpret code in other programming languages. In the intervention group, students were asked to review and provide comments for code written in a variety of programming languages. A qualitative analysis of their reflections examined what skills students reported they used and, specifically, how prior MATLAB experience may have aided their ability to read and comment on the unfamiliar code. Overall, the ability to understand and recognize syntactic constructs was an essential skill in making sense of code written in unfamiliar programming languages. Syntactic constructs, lexical elements, and patterns were all recognized as essential landmarks used by students interpreting code they did not write, especially in new languages. Developing an understanding of the static structure and dynamic flow required of programs was also an essential skill which helped the students. Together, the results from the first activity and the insights gained from the second activity suggest that guided questions to build skills in reading code may help mitigate confusion about program construction, thereby better preparing engineering students for computing-intensive careers.

SCIENTIFIC TEXT LANGUAGE CODE COMPLEXITY AS A FACTOR OF COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES

The article is devoted to the problem of a scientific text understanding in the space of interdisciplinary communication, which is relevant for modern psycholinguistics. The interdependence between the structural and semantic features of a scientific text and the reasons that prevent its adequate interpretation is considered. It is ascertained that the difficulties in the scientific text understanding are determined by the complexity of the language code. The author substantiates that incorrect decoding of a text message is associated with a mismatch of the cognitive-linguistic characteristics of the professional conceptual spheres of the text producer and its addressee. The conceptual sphere of a specific scientific field for the purposes of communication is verbalized in the form of a conceptual and terminological apparatus, in which the terms are united by a stable invariant system of associative and semantic ties and are marked by the associative competence of the bearer of this conceptual sphere. The interpretation of the semantics of language signs is determined by the meanings of terms originally acquired by the specialist in the corresponding professional field of knowledge. The difference between the objects of research in the contacting scientific fields determines the inconsistency of lexico-semantic systems representing these spheres of knowledge, in which isomorphic terms can be largely differentiated in their semantic content. It is established that errors in the adequate identification of the meanings of isomorphic terms of another field of scientific knowledge arise as a result of incorrect associative modeling of semantics in the language structure of a polysemantic word. Significant factors that hamper scientific text understanding are the features of its structural and semantic organization associated with a large number of special terminology used and logical and compositional disorder in the presentation of a textual judgment.

Code Mixing Used in Instagram Account's Vj. Daniel

Code mixing is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that occurs when people speak in more than one language and use code. This study investigated the different types and factors of code-mixing used by Vj Daniel’s Instagram account. The goal of this study was to discover the different types of code mixing used in Vj Daniel’s Instagram account, as well as the factors that led to code mixing. Furthermore, this was a field study that employed both qualitative and descriptive methods. The data sources were taken from Vj Daniel’s caption on Instagram. There were two steps in the data collection process. To begin, read the caption on Vj Daniel’s Instagram account carefully, several times, and thoroughly to grasp the content. Second, take note of the data that has been mixed with content code. To find the types of code mixing and the factors that caused code mixing, library research was used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings, there were three types of code mixing discovered in Vj Daniel’s Instagram account: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. Perception of the interlocutor’s linguistic background, Language dominance, Language attitude, Psycholinguistic motivation: closing lexical gaps, and finally, mixing in a highly accessible word or phrase are the factors that cause code mixing.
 Keywords: Code Mixing, Base, Instagram Account, Vj.Daniel, Sosiolinguistics

The Implementation of Numerical Codes for the Analysis of Solar Flux Inputs and the Optimization of Thermal Comfort for a Monobloc Habitat

The purpose of this work is to design computer codes to estimate the different thermal exchanges of the facades of a habitable envelope with its environment in order to optimize thermal comfort. This optimization is based on the use of real climate data from the region under consideration. To achieve this goal, we have developed five fundamental codes in FORTRAN language. The first code consists in Modelling the flow of the heat transfer fluid in the heating slab pipe. The second is designed to model the heat transfer by conduction within the concrete slab. The third is developed for the Modelling of thermal exchanges in a habitable envelope assimilated to a parallelepipedal cavity based on the nodal method. The fourth code is reserved for the Modelling of solar radiation by evaluating the wage flux density on different positions of the walls. The fifth and last code is dedicated to the evaluation of the perfect thermal coupling between the concrete slab and the heat transfer fluid pipes. The validation of the models implemented in the calculation codes was made on the basis of data measured recently for a clear sky of solar radiation at the radiometric station of the renewable energies research unit in the Saharan environment URER’MS of Adrar. The results obtained showed a very good agreement between the calculated values using the computational codes developed and those measured by the radiometric station of the URER’MS during the typical day.

Developing Microservice-Based Applications Using the Silvera Domain-Specific Language

Microservice Architecture (MSA) is a rising trend in software architecture design. Applications based on MSA are distributed applications whose components are microservices. MSA has already been adopted with great success by numerous companies, and a significant number of published papers discuss its advantages. However, the results of recent studies show that there are several important challenges in the adoption of microservices such as finding the right decomposition approach, heterogeneous technology stacks, lack of relevant skills, out-of-date documentation, etc. In this paper, we present Silvera, a Domain-Specific Language (DSL), and a compiler for accelerating the development of microservices. Silvera is a declarative language that allows users to model the architecture of microservice-based systems. It is designed so that it can be used both by inexperienced and experienced developers. The following characteristics distinguish Silvera from similar tools: (i) lightweight and editor-agnostic language, (ii) built with heterogeneity in mind, (iii) uses microservice-tailored metrics to evaluate the architecture of the designed system, and (iv) automatically generates the documentation. Silvera’s retargetable compiler transforms models into runnable code and produces the documentation for each microservice in the model. The compiler can produce code for any programming language or framework since code generators are registered as plugins. We present a case study that illustrates the use of Silvera and also discuss some current limitations and development directions. To evaluate Silvera, we conducted a survey based on A Framework for Qualitative Assessment of DSLs (FQAD), where we focused on the following DSL characteristics: functional suitability, usability, reliability, productivity, extendability, and expressiveness. Overall, the survey results show that Silvera satisfies these characteristics.

A Sociolinguistic Study of Code Switching in the Lyrics of the Song "Tak Tun Tuang" by Upiak Isil

The title of this research is: “A Sociolinguistic Study of Code Switching in the Song Lyrics of Tak Tun Pour by Upiak Isil”. The purpose of this study is to describe the types, forms, and reasons for code switching in the lyrics of the song Tak Tun Pour. The research method used is descriptive method. The data consists of quotations in the form of lines and stanzas of the song lyrics undergoing code switching. The analysis was carried out by clarifying the types, forms, and reasons for code switching based on the theory presented by Suwito. The results of data analysis show that the type of code switching that appears in the lyrics of the song Tak Tun Pour is internal code switching. The code switching that occurs is in the form of intersentential switching. The reason for code switching is adjusting to the language code controlled by the interlocutor, the inability to use the language code that is being used for a long time continuously and continuously, changes in the interlocutor, and the specific intentions of the speaker. The type of code switching that appears is inward code switching. Code switching that occurs is in the form of insertion of words, phrases, clauses and repetition of words.

A Psycholinguistic Study of Codeswitching: Data from Burundian Multilingual Adult Speakers

Codeswitching (CS) is an unavoidable linguistic phenomenon amongst multilingual speakers. Whereas CS has mainly been studied in a sociolinguistic and structural perspective, this article has studied this phenomenon in a psycholinguistic perspective based on the tenets of Competition Model (MacWhinney, B., 1982, 1987). The aim of the study was to analyse how patterns of codeswitching can illustrate the level of language competence among adult speakers. Participants were Burundian educated adult multilingual speakers using both Kirundi (L1), French (chronological L2) and English as languages learned in the multilingual education system of Burundi. Some of the speakers could use Swahili, a language learned outside the formal education (Swahili was not in formal education during the schooling time of the participants in this study). Data was collected through a semi structured interview which was recorded (45minutes for each interview) and later transcribed for analysis. This study was designed as a unilingual mode of language production. The results show that less competent speakers either produced a great amount of ‘intruders’ into the language being used (English) and the lowest level of competence was marked by a shift of mode i.e. a complete change of code being used. None of the participants has been able to keep the unilingual/monolingual mode that they were required to operate in. What has been termed as ‘fluent’ codeswitching in natural language production designs is seen as a sign of incapability to keep the mode, therefore a sign of only middle level of language competence as far as the use of the known languages is concerned. Generally, in this study, we argue that codeswitching patterns among more competent speakers are built on single words or short phrases from a different language, middle language competence codeswitches were based on a navigation into different languages whereas lower competence was based on a complete shift of language (code) whereby the speakers changed the language they were supposed to use to a different language.

Establishment of a Simple Pediatric Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Database Based on the Structured Electronic Medical Records

ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish a pediatric lower respiratory tract infections (PLRTIs) database based on the structured electronic medical records (SEMRs), to provide a brief overview and the usage process of the SEMRs and the database.MethodsAll the medical information is recorded by a clinical information system developed by Eureka Systems Company. A plugin of the software was used to set the properties of items of the SEMR. Children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) who were admitted to the department of respiratory medicine of our hospital from May 2020 were included. PostgreSQL 13.1 software was used to construct the PLRTIs database.ResultsSeven kinds of SEMRs were established, and the admission record was the most important and complex among them. It was mainly composed of 10 parts, i.e., basic information, history of present illness, past history (without respiratory disease), past history of respiratory diseases, personal history, family history, physical examination, the score of LRTIs, auxiliary examination, and diagnosis. With the three-level doctor ward round, the recorded information of the SEMR would be checked repeatedly, thus guaranteeing the correctness of the information. The data of the SEMR and laboratory tests could be extracted directly from the hospital information system (HIS) by PostgreSQL 13.1 software with the specific structured query language (SQL) code. After manually checking the original records, the datasets were imported into PostgreSQL 13.1 software, and a simple PLRTIs database was constructed. According to the inclusion criteria of this study, a total of 1,184 children with LRTIs were included in this database from 1 May 2020 to 30 April 2021.ConclusionA series of SEMRs for PLRTIs were designed and used during the hospitalization. A simple PLRTIs database was established based on the SEMR. The SEMRs will provide complete and high-quality data on LRTIs in children.