Communication Code Research Articles

Exploiting Short Block and Concatenated Codes for Reliable Communications Within the Coexistence of 5G-NR-U and WiFi

Unlicensed spectrum offers opportunities for cellular mobile network operators, where traffic can be offloaded from licensed to unlicensed bands. Modern heterogeneous technologies such as 5G and WiFi can simultaneously operate on ISM and UNII bands under strict coexistence rules. While satisfying harmonious coexistence has largely been studied in LTE/4G, an emerging issue for future deployment is to reduce latency and to guarantee reliable communications, in the direction of achieving URLLC. This work mainly focuses on the critical issues arising in the coexistence of LBT systems, sharing common infrastructure of 5G NR-U and WiFi when operating under imperfect energy detection sensing. We consider the application of short, concatenated and product erasure correcting codes to recover missing data due to collisions in LBT-based systems. The goal is to enhance spectrum utilization with reduced delay and to achieve reliable communications under various sensing impairments, with code parameters such as block length, rate and minimum distance. Using concatenation, we construct a series of sophisticated erasure block codes with less decoding complexity. Furthermore, we derive a closed-form expression using Gaussian approximation of spectrum utilization efficiency. The results are compared with the various LDPC correcting ensembles under various levels of user activities. We provide detailed comparisons of global throughput and failure probability of codes under varied number of coexisting users. Our results show that the proposed codes can achieve over 20% higher efficiency at 0.1 false alarm probability and 30% less failure probability under high contention scenarios.

Antenna Coding and Rate Optimization for Covert Wireless Communications

The covert communication technology has emerged as a novel method for network authentication, copyright protection, and providing the evidence of cybercrimes. However, how to design the covert communication scheme in the physical layer of wireless networks and how to optimize the data rate for the covert communication channels are very challenging. In this article, we propose a wireless covert communication system (CCS), where the transmit antennas are selected and coded to generate a covert codebook. According to the covert codebook, the antennas can be dynamically combined to transmit different covert messages. In addition, we adopt a modulation scheme, named covert quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), to modulate the covert messages, where the precoding method is designed to deviate the constellations for covert information bits from those for the public information bits. Furthermore, we derive the closed-form expressions of capacity and bit error ratio (BER) for the proposed CCS. To maximize the covert data rate of the CCS, we formulate an optimization problem of the covert data rate and solve the problem to find the optimal precoding matrix. To reduce the covert information leakage, artificial noise is introduced to the system to jam the communication between the transmitting and watching nodes. We design a beamforming scheme to maximize the secure rate for the CCS, where the leakage of covert information can be minimized while the covert communication is not influenced. Simulation results show that the proposed CCS can significantly improve the covert data rate and reduce the covert BER in comparison with the traditional CCSs.

On Deep Holes of Projective Reed-Solomon Codes over Finite Fields with Even Characteristic

Projective Reed-Solomon code is an important class of maximal distance separable codes in reliable communication and deep holes play important roles in its decoding. In this paper, we obtain two classes of deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes over finite fields with even characteristic. That is, let [see formula in PDF] be finite field with even characteristic, [see formula in PDF], and let [see formula in PDF] be the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of the first [see formula in PDF] components of the received vector [see formula in PDF]. Suppose that the [see formula in PDF]-th component of [see formula in PDF] is 0, and [see formula in PDF],[see formula in PDF] where [see formula in PDF], and [see formula in PDF] is a polynomial over [see formula in PDF] with degree no more than [see formula in PDF]. Then the received vector [see formula in PDF] is a deep hole of projective Reed-Solomon codes [see formula in PDF]. In fact, our result partially solved an open problem on deep holes of projective Reed-Solomon codes proposed by Wan in 2020.

Cosmic coding and transfer for ultra high security near-field communications

By using true random number (TRN) generators, encoding with the highest security can be realized. However, a completely secure strategy to transfer these TRNs has not yet been devised. Quantum key distribution (QKD) has attempted to establish secure key distribution methodology of this kind; however, several quantum cracking strategies have been predicted and experimentally demonstrated. In this work, COSMOCAT was invented as a solution for next-generation ultrahigh security near-field communications. With COSMOCAT, TRNs are generated from naturally occurring and ubiquitous cosmic-ray muons and the generated cosmic keys are distributed by these muons with an unprecedented level of security. The successful results of this experiment indicate that our prototype and the new key-generation-and-distribution standard can be utilized for practical encoding and near-field data transfer at rates of 10-100 Mbps. It is anticipated that COSMOCAT will be one of key techniques for future high security, near-field communication management.

Software-Defined GPU-CPU Empowered Efficient Wireless Federated Learning With Embedding Communication Coding for Beyond 5G

Currently, with the widespread of the intelligent internet of things (IoT) in beyond 5G, wireless federated learning (WFL) has attracted a lot of attention to enable knowledge construction and sharing among a huge amount of distributed edge devices. However, under unstable wireless channel conditions, existing WFL schemes exist the following challenges: First, learning model parameters will be disturbed by bit errors because of interference and noise during wireless transmission, which will affect the training accuracy and the loss of the learning model. Second, traditional edge devices with CPU acceleration are inefficient due to the low throughout computation, especially in accelerating the encoding and decoding process during wireless transmission. Third, current hardware-level GPU acceleration methods cannot optimize complex operations, for instance, complex wireless coding in the WFL environment. To address the above challenges, we propose a software-defined GPU-CPU empowered efficient WFL architecture with embedding LDPC communication coding. Specifically, we embed wireless channel coding into the server weight aggregation and the client local training process respectively to resist interruptions in the learning process and design a GPU-CPU acceleration scheme for this architecture. The experimental results show its anti-interference ability and GPU-CPU acceleration ability during wireless transmission, which is 10 times the error control capability and 100 times faster than existing WFL schemes.

Intralingual Varieties in Interlingual Contact (The Case of Migrant Russian in Germany)

The paper examines the evolution of the system of intralingual varieties of Russian in the context of migration-affected unbalanced multilingualism (Russian as a heritage language vs German as a language of official communication). In this specific case of multilingualism, two languages with similar sociolinguistic characteristics (status, polyfunctionality, codification) enter in contact, whereby Russian, as a language without administrative status and used only in the personal sphere, is de facto reduced to one (informal) communicative code. This situation in turn contributes to the lexical, morphosyntactic and pragmatic transfer from German into Russian. However, as the analysis of sociolinguistic and linguistic data shows, interlingual contact also affects the system of Russian language varieties. The reduction of the original repertoire of intralingual varieties and the transfer of German interlingual varieties, i.e. the emergence of a new (mixed) system, is explained by the change in the sociolinguistic characteristics of the Russian language due to migration. An indicator of the emerging polylingual variation, including stratification, is the switching of the interlingual code instead of the intralingual code, a typical feature of the second generation in the diaspora.

Machine Learning-Based Error Correction Codes and Communication Protocols for Power Line Communication: An Overview

Machine Learning-Based Error Correction Codes and Communication Protocols for Power Line Communication: An Overview

A cognitive account of the puzzle of ideography.

We posit a cognitive account of the puzzle of ideography, which complements the standardization account of Morin. Efficient standardization of spoken language is phenomenologically attributed to a modality effect coupled with chunking of cognitive representations, further aided by multisensory integration and the serialized nature of attention. These mechanisms explain why languages dominate graphic codes for general-purpose communication.

Communication Training and Code Status Conversation Patterns Reported by Emergency Clinicians.

During acute health decompensations for seriously ill patients, emergency clinicians often determine the intensity end-of-life care. Little is known about how emergency clinicians conduct these conversations, especially among those who have received serious illness communication training. To determine the self-reported practice patterns of code status conversations by emergency clinicians with and without serious illness communication training. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among emergency clinicians with and without a recent evidence-based, serious illness communication training tailored for emergency clinicians. Emergency clinicians were included from two academic medical centers. A five-point Likert scale ("very unlikely" to "very likely" to ask) was used to assess the self-reported likelihood of asking about patients' preferences for medical procedures and patients' values and goals. Among 161 respondents (71% response rate), 77 (48%) received the training. A total of 70% of emergency clinicians reported asking about procedure-based questions, and only 38% reported asking about patient's values regarding end-of-life care. For value-based questions, statistically significant differences were observed between emergency clinicians who underwent the training and those who did not in four of the seven questions asked (e.g., the higher odds of exploring the patient's life priorities [adjusted OR=4.34, 95% CI=1.95-9.65, P-value < 0.001]). No difference was observed in the self-reported rates of all procedure-based questions between the two groups. Most emergency clinicians reported asking about procedure-based questions, and some asked about patient's value-based questions. Clinicians with recent serious illness communication training may ask more about some values and priorities.

Wandel der Kommunikation in der digitalen Welt: Pluralisierung, Individualisierung und Dynamisierung als Herausforderungen für Parlamente

How is parliamentary communication changing as a result of parliaments, committees, and MPs using digital media? There are three important changes . First, parliamentary commu- nication is becoming more pluralized; more parliamentary voices are being heard . Second, it is becoming more individualized; messages are more individually tailored . Third, it is becoming more dynamic, i .e . faster and shorter, more volatile and more surprising . These changes are ambivalent . Following Jürgen Habermas, Utz Schliesky emphatically warns of the dangers . But: the warnings are not sufficiently backed up by empirical evidence . After all, there is no evidence of a terminal decline of parliaments after 30 years of experience with digital media . Furthermore, an international comparison of parliaments would not provide any evidence that the more a parliament used digital options, the less important it would become in shaping public opinion . And above all: the view of the disintegration of parliament through digital-based communication is not shared by parliamentary players – on the contrary . The following speaks against the measures proposed by Schliesky . First, instead of a “self-restriction”, a communication code for MPs would make sense . Second, in the “rules of the game for digital spaces”, it remains unclear where there is a regulatory gap . And third, “public digital platforms” are by no means politically feasible .

Automatic Generation of Charging Point's Digital Twin for Virtual Commissioning of Their Automation Systems

The wide propagation of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure integrated into the energy distribution network poses numerous challenges for the engineering and control of the latter: the load dynamic characteristics become more unsteady, requiring more advanced control, predictions, and virtual commissioning. One step toward the automation of the design and simulation of new charging stations can be reached through the integration of the EV-specific standards and protocols with other widely spread electrical standards and, thereby, improving the compatibility between standards, increasing the reuse of the intelligent work results, and promoting the development of EVs’ infrastructure. A method for virtual commissioning of electrical charging stations is proposed, implemented, and tested in a form of a software tool in which the electrical system description from the widely used IEC 61850 standard is used as an input. The designed tool builds a digital twin of the charging station that consists of its Simulink model as well as two automatically generated communication code primitives using the open charge point protocol for control and management purposes over the autogenerated model. The generated digital twin can be used for virtual commissioning purposes. The application of the method is illustrated in a case study.

The Concept of the Training Course “Language and geographical space” (Within the Framework of the Master’s Program “Communicative Codes in Modern Intercultural Space”)

The course “Language and geographical space” is aimed at the study of modern dynamic linguistic and geographical situations associated with new political and cultural realities. At the same time, the approaches of cultural geography and critical toponymy are the main ones in the course. The key to the course is the problem of renaming geographical objects based on new ideologies and political attitudes. A comprehensive cultural and geographical approach considers renaming as an innovative and adaptive socio-cultural process. Mass renaming in cities leads to the replacement of one cultural and linguistic landscape with another, and widespread renaming of cities leads to the creation of a new geocultural space of the country. It is important to have an idea of the geographical picture of the world, which is solved on the basis of attracting various maps of the world; for linguists, familiarity with the possibilities of the cartographic method is useful. As a result, the course expands the scientific horizons and methodological arsenal of Master’s degree students.

Features of Modern Mass Media Influence on the Formation and Development of Mass Speech Culture

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the development of mass broadcasting culture in the context of the specifics of modern mass media (the case study of television and print media). Research methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of structuring, and the system method have been used to understand the peculiarities of mass media influence on the process of developing mass speech culture. The typological method enabled revealing the peculiarities of conventional and modern media in the context of the transformation of mass broadcasting culture. The abstract-logical method has contributed to the generalisation of the development trends of broadcasting culture and the role of mass media in their formation. Scientific novelty. The impact of modern mass media on the process of formation and development of mass broadcasting culture has been studied. The concepts of "speech culture" and "mass speech culture" have been clarified and supplemented. Typical for the beginning of the XXI century positive and negative trends in the influence of mass media on speech culture have been revealed. Peculiarities of the influence of the latest foreign language borrowings in the context of the specifics of the development of modern mass media have been considered. Conclusions. At the current stage, in relation to Ukrainian-language communication and verbal code, we can talk about the phenomena of mass culture at the level of psychological, political, etc. culture. Mass speech culture is formed as a certain popular way of communication used by the majority in society regardless of status and social roles in public and everyday communication. Mass media – traditional and new media – play an important role in this, as they are the ones who broadcast and reproduce the patterns of speech behaviour characteristic of modern society (for example, words, expressions, and speech phrases relevant to this socio-cultural space, quotes from characters, and speech memes). The study revealed that the influence of traditional mass media (television and print publications) on the formation of mass media culture at the present stage has increased due to the development of information and communication technologies, which has created the prerequisites for access unlimited by time and space parameters. Despite the presence of negative factors of the influence of traditional media on mass speech culture, due to changes in their system and functions as a result of globalisation processes, which is manifested in the appearance of a huge number of lexical borrowings, language simplifications on the one hand and the spread of specific regional practices (slang, dialect, sociolect), on the other hand, there is definitely a positive experience of creating a media text characterised by a high level of speech behaviour. Important in the context of raising the level of mass broadcasting culture, in our opinion, is the maintenance of a high level of the language of mass media. Key words: mass broadcasting culture, mass media, traditional media, television.

Blind recognition of sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check codes in the presence of noise

This paper studies the blind recognition method of the sparse parity-check matrices of low-density parity-check codes in noncooperative communication, which is critical to the reverse analysis of communication protocols using LDPC codes. In this paper, two improvements are made to the algorithm of Liu Qian et al. (2021) for this problem. Firstly, a Gaussian elimination method based on random column exchange and soft information is proposed to enhance the fault tolerance of the elimination process. Secondly, according to the sparse property of the parity-check matrices of LDPC codes, a random extraction method is proposed to further improve the fault tolerance of the algorithm, and it is verified theoretically. Finally, simulations verify the superior performance of the algorithm proposed in this paper.

Run length limited CCSDS convolutional codes for optical communications

Abstract This paper presents the construction of RLL-ECCs (run length limited error control codes) from three selected ECCs specified by Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for optical communications. The RLL-ECCs obtained present a practical alternative to CCSDS codes with pseudo-randomizers. Their advantage is that the maximal run lengths of equal symbols in their codeword sequences are guaranteed, which is not the case if the common approach with pseudo-randomizers is used. The other advantages are that no additional redundancy is introduced into encoded codewords and that the encoding and decoding procedures of the original error control CCSDS codes do not have to be modified in the following cases: Firstly, if hard decoding is used and the transmission channel can be modeled as a BSC (binary symmetric channel) and secondly, if soft decoding and coherent BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation is used and the appropriate transmission channel model is an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel.

Reorienting Visual Reading

AbstractThis essay explores visual reading and its colonial aspects by analyzing the novel Ze ʿim ha-panim elenu (The One Facing Us, 1995), by Ronit Matalon, an Israeli Jewish author of Egyptian descent. In this novel Matalon displaces the dramas of Mizrahi Jews (Jews originating from the Arab and Muslim world) to Cameroon, thus stressing her protagonists’ uneasy positioning within the colonizer-colonized, West-East divides and connecting Zionist racialization to broader, global processes of colonial capitalism. By exploring her elaborate readings of photographs in the novel, the essay reveals two rival traditions of reading the visual: the first involves what might be described, following Matalon, as a certain “intending toward” the photograph—a colonial reading practice through which a subject converts her absence from the photographic moment into a visionary, intentional presence. In this Barthesian tradition, the image is an empty land to be colonized, and Oriental subjects are racialized by being fetishistically associated with both authentic matter and theological aura. The second tradition, typified in the novel by the protagonist’s Egyptian mother, is a laborious collective practice of reading photographs that is attentive to subtext, nonverbal communication, and social codes. The essay argues that this reading practice has nothing to do with postcolonial or Levantine hybridity or with a “migratory state of mind”—concepts that govern scholarship on Matalon—and that its subsistence requires in fact a solid, counterdiasporic sense of home.

Adaptive Modulation and Coding for Underwater Acoustic Communications Based on Data-Driven Learning Algorithm

With the development of the underwater acoustic (UWA) adaptive communication system, energy-efficient transmission has become a critical topic in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. Due to the unique characteristics of the underwater environment, the transmitter node will almost always have outdated channel state information (CSI), which results in low energy efficiency. In this paper, we take full advantage of bidirectional links and propose an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme that aims to maximize the long-term energy efficiency of a single link by jointly scheduling the coding rate, modulation order, and transmission power. Considering the complexity characteristics of UWA channels, we proposed a bit error ratio (BER) estimation method based on deep neural networks (DNN). The proposed network could realize channel estimation, feature extraction, and BER estimation by using a fixed pilot of the feedback link. Then, we design a channel classification method based on the estimated BERs of the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and further model the UWA channels as a finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) with an unknown transition probability. Thus, we formulate the AMC problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and solve it through a reinforcement learning framework. Considering the large state-action pairs, a double deep Q-network (DDQN) based scheme is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AMC scheme outperforms the fixed MCS with a perfect channel information state, and achieves near-optimal energy efficiency.

Symbolic Communication in Soul Independent Motor Community of Jakarta (The Phenomenological Study of Jakarta Independent Soul Fans)

The phenomenon of the Yamaha mio Soul fan community is one of the two-wheeled vehicle organizations that can continue to survive and continue to develop its positive organization so that it can be recognized by symbolic communication activities that run in an Independent Soul Fans community in Jakarta. In its establishing relationships between members with a phenomenological approach. The purpose of the study was to determine the communication of verbal and nonverbal symbols in the Soul Independent Fans community in Jakarta on building intimacy and fostering relationships among members. The research method used is a qualitative method. Basic Theory used Symbolic Interactionism. The results of this study are the use of verbal symbols using verbal symbols when conveying suggestions and conveying things to members through conversations or meetings, usually if the verbal is often conveyed by the general chairman and regional head in each meeting (kopdar), verbal symbols are often used in when they gather or open a forum to talk with fellow FSI members. It can be understoon about where to know and get communication codes and symbols, all informants gave uniform comments, knew the codes and symbols from other communities on the road to the group when were driving, paying attention to the movement of the symbols shown to them. From this study it can be concluded that the use of communication symbols will be seen by the system around it, because the values or norms of society is a standard in the treatment of community members which serves to maintain the stability of the internal interactions of community members, symbols as signs that refer to certain objects outside the sign itself. . The relationship between a symbol as a signifier and something that is signified (signed by a sign) is conventional.

Performance analysis and design of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes for underwater magnetic induction communications

Magnetic induction (MI) communication is an effective scheme for underwater wireless communication. In this paper, we aim to design an underwater MI communication system based on Quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) codes. Firstly, for a given QC-LDPC code used in underwater MI communication, we propose a novel algorithm to evaluate its performance, which is named as underwater magnetic induction protograph (UWMIP) extrinsic information transfer algorithm. Furthermore, we present a differential evolution UWMIP (DE-UWMIP) algorithm, which incorporates the differential evolution method and the UWMIP algorithm. By this algorithm, we search the optimized QC-LDPC codes with best distance threshold. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and provide a good guidance to design the underwater MI communication system.

A Variationist Sociolinguistics Study of Ewe Kente at Agortime Traditional Area in the Volta Region

The proud kente cloth has knowledge and cultural heritage which has ceremonial, symbolic and authority about the wearer that is best known and mostly widely recognized of all textiles in Africa. Its unique features are wide and invokes powerful emotions as well as symbolizes the fundamental nonverbal codes ever imagined in Ghana which cuts across religion, ethnicity and instill national pride. The purpose of the study was to establish the unique message kente possesses and communicates to society as well as its status. Most of the existing writers center on textile weaving, tools and techniques in textile weaving and the aesthetic nature of kente. Though these writings are important contributions to kente, its nonverbal communicative codes have not been well documented. The adoption of the kente among Agortime-Kpetoe weavers was primarily influenced by sensory experience, fit, and interpersonal impact, which serves as an example of how several parts of the kente clothing are interconnected. The sociolinguistic theory is used as a theoretical lens in this work as well. The study made use of qualitative data for its purpose. 15 people were chosen to take part in the study using purposive sampling methods. Participants included kente cloth consumers and weavers. Data for the study was collected using an interviewing guide. Present the study’s findings before you conclude. The study finds that the Agotime Kente mostly use non-verbal codes to communicate. The study's conclusions showed that while most modern kente cloths do not communicate, certain distinctive ones do, particularly those that are currently being woven. These include clothes that express concepts of religion, rivalry, position, authority, and royalty to the user. This supports the belief of the Agotime society that non-verbal codes are more reliable and plausible for expressing royalty, authority, status, and communication between people. Keywords: Ewe kente, Symbols, Sociolinguistics, Communication, Agortime-Kpetoe