Code Changes Research Articles

Common changes in rat cortical gene expression after antidepressant drug treatment: Impacts on metabolism of polyamines, mRNA splicing, regulation of RAS by GAPs, neddylation and GPCR ligand binding

Objectives This study sought to identify pathways affected by rat cortical RNA that were changed after treatment with fluoxetine or imipramine. Methods We measured levels of cortical RNA in male rats using GeneChip® Rat Exon 1.0 ST Array after treatment with vehicle (0.9% NaCl), fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) or imipramine (20 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Levels of coding and non-coding RNA in vehicle treated rats were compared to those in treated rats using ANOVA in JMP Genomics 13 and the Panther Gene Ontology Classification System was used to identify pathways involving the changed RNAs. Results 18,876 transcripts were detected; there were highly correlated changes in 1010 levels of RNA after both drug treatments that would principally affect the metabolism of polyamines, mRNA splicing, regulation of RAS by GAPs, neddylation and GPCR ligand binding. Using our previously published data, we compared changes in transcripts after treatment with antipsychotic and mood stabilising drugs. Conclusions Our study shows there are common, correlated, changes in coding and non-coding RNA in the rat cortex after treatment with fluoxetine or imipramine; we propose the pathways affected by these changes are involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs.

Evaluation of LVRT capability and stability analysis of VSC based advanced control approach for grid connected PV system under grid fault conditions

Short circuit faults are a prevalent issue in power systems, causing disruptions to the grid's normal operation. Dynamic behaviours of the conventional power systems during short circuit faults have been extensively studied and understood. The bulk of ongoing research and development are focusing on the dynamic performance of grid-connected renewable energy systems under these fault conditions, due to changes in the grid code and a decrease in system inertia. The development of effective control strategies to enhance the system's reliability during fault conditions is of paramount importance. In this paper, a two-stages grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPV) having a rated power of 2 MW was created in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The dynamic behaviour of the presented system was evaluated in two scenarios: steady state conditions and short circuit faults. A line-to-ground short circuit fault was created at the grid side, and its effect on the PV system's operation was observed. An advanced control system was designed to maintain stability during fault conditions. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the designated control system in minimizing the effects of short circuit faults on the GCPV system's function, and restoring the system promptly after the fault was cleared. Furthermore, considering modifications in grid regulations, the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of the designed system was analysed and validated according to the UK standards. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) level at the common coupling point was also analysed for voltage and current, remaining below the acceptable level of 5% as specified in the IEEE Std. 519.

Midpoint geometric integrators for inertial magnetization dynamics

We consider the numerical solution of the inertial version of Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation (iLLG), which describes high-frequency nutation on top of magnetization precession due to angular momentum relaxation. The iLLG equation defines a higher-order nonlinear dynamical system with very different nature compared to the classical LLG equation, requiring twice as many degrees of freedom for space-time discretization. It exhibits essential conservation properties, namely magnetization amplitude preservation, magnetization projection conservation, and a balance equation for generalized free energy, leading to a Lyapunov structure (i.e. the free energy is a decreasing function of time) when the external magnetic field is constant in time. We propose two second-order numerical schemes for integrating the iLLG dynamics over time, both based on implicit midpoint rule. The first scheme unconditionally preserves all the conservation properties, making it the preferred choice for simulating inertial magnetization dynamics. However, it implies doubling the number of unknowns, necessitating significant changes in numerical micromagnetic codes and increasing computational costs especially for spatially inhomogeneous dynamics simulations. To address this issue, we present a second time-stepping method that retains the same computational cost as the implicit midpoint rule for classical LLG dynamics while unconditionally preserving magnetization amplitude and projection. Special quasi-Newton techniques are developed for solving the nonlinear system of equations required at each time step due to the implicit nature of both time-steppings. The numerical schemes are validated on analytical solution for macrospin terahertz frequency response and the effectiveness of the second scheme is demonstrated with full micromagnetic simulation of inertial spin waves propagation in a magnetic thin-film.

Error in persona (Canon 1097 § 1 CIC/83) in Light of Doctrine and Jurisprudence

Canon 1097 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, like Canon 1083 § 1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law declares that error of person (error in persona, rendered as error circa personam in the previous Code) nullifies a marriage. Traditionally understood ‘person’ is about physical identity, but in the broader sense, adopted especially after the judgement of the Roman Rota c. Canals of 21 April 1970, the identity of a person consists of her qualities: ethical, moral, social, etc. The aim of the present study is to show error of person (as the reason for the nullity of a marriage) as construed by doctrine and jurisprudence; in particular, it concerns the notion of the person as the object of error. In the first part, the position of doctrine is discussed; the second part deals with the position of the judiciary. Both in doctrine and jurisprudence, the dominant view is that the person identifies herself in her physical dimension. Error in persona, a title of nullity of marriage, which is rare, should be used in accordance with the intention of the legislator, who made significant changes in the post-Conciliar Code of Canon Law, abolishing the legal figure of error redundans in errorem personae and introducing error qualitatis directe et principaliter intentae and deceptio dolosa.

Numerical coupling of aerosol emissions, dry removal, and turbulent mixing in the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1) – Part 1: Dust budget analyses and the impacts of a revised coupling scheme

Abstract. An earlier study evaluating dust life cycle in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1) has revealed that the simulated global mean dust lifetime is substantially shorter when higher vertical resolution is used, primarily due to significant strengthening of dust dry removal in source regions. This paper demonstrates that the sequential splitting of aerosol emissions, dry removal, and turbulent mixing in the model's time integration loop, especially the calculation of dry removal after surface emissions and before turbulent mixing, is the primary reason for the vertical resolution sensitivity reported in that earlier study. Based on this reasoning, we propose a revised numerical process coupling scheme that requires the least amount of code changes, in which the surface emissions are applied before turbulent mixing instead of before dry removal. The revised scheme allows newly emitted particles to be transported aloft by turbulence before being removed from the atmosphere, and hence better resembles the dust life cycle in the real world. Sensitivity experiments show that the revised process coupling substantially weakens dry removal and strengthens vertical mixing in dust source regions. It also strengthens the large-scale transport from source to non-source regions, strengthens dry removal outside the source regions, and strengthens wet removal and activation globally. In transient simulations of the years 2000–2009 conducted using 1∘ horizontal grid spacing, 72 vertical layers, and unchanged tuning parameters of emission strength, the revised process coupling leads to a 40 % increase in the global total dust burden and an increase of dust lifetime from 1.8 to 2.5 d in terms of 10-year averages. Weakened dry removal and increased mixing ratios are also seen for other aerosol species that have substantial surface emissions, although the changes in mixing ratio are considerably smaller for the submicron species than for dust and sea salt. Numerical experiments confirm that the revised coupling scheme significantly reduces the strong and non-physical sensitivities of model results to vertical resolution in the original EAMv1. This provides a motivation for adopting the revised scheme in EAM as well as for further improvements on the simple revision presented in this paper.

Regression test prioritization leveraging source code similarity with tree kernels

AbstractRegression test prioritization (RTP) is an active research field, aiming at re‐ordering the tests in a test suite to maximize the rate at which faults are detected. A number of RTP strategies have been proposed, leveraging different factors to reorder tests. Some techniques include an analysis of changed source code, to assign higher priority to tests stressing modified parts of the codebase. Still, most of these change‐based solutions focus on simple text‐level comparisons among versions. We believe that measuring source code changes in a more refined way, capable of discriminating between mere textual changes (e.g., renaming of a local variable) and more structural changes (e.g., changes in the control flow), could lead to significant benefits in RTP, under the assumption that major structural changes are also more likely to introduce faults. To this end, we propose two novel RTP techniques that leverage tree kernels (TK), a class of similarity functions largely used in Natural Language Processing on tree‐structured data. In particular, we apply TKs to abstract syntax trees of source code, to more precisely quantify the extent of structural changes in the source code, and prioritize tests accordingly. We assessed the effectiveness of the proposals by conducting an empirical study on five real‐world Java projects, also used in a number of RTP‐related papers. We automatically generated, for each considered pair of software versions (i.e., old version, new version) in the evolution of the involved projects, 100 variations with artificially injected faults, leading to over 5k different software evolution scenarios overall. We compared the proposed prioritization approaches against well‐known prioritization techniques, evaluating both their effectiveness and their execution times. Our findings show that leveraging more refined code change analysis techniques to quantify the extent of changes in source code can lead to relevant improvements in prioritization effectiveness, while typically introducing negligible overheads due to their execution.

A domain-specific language for managing ETL processes.

Maintenance of Data Warehouse (DW) systems is a critical task because any downtime or data loss can have significant consequences on business applications. Existing DW maintenance solutions mostly rely on concrete technologies and tools that are dependent on: the platform on which the DW system was created; the specific data extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) tool; and the database language the DW uses. Different languages for different versions of DW systems make organizing DW processes difficult, as minimal changes in the structure require major changes in the application code for managing ETL processes. This article proposes a domain-specific language (DSL) for ETL process management that mitigates these problems by centralizing all program logic, making it independent from a particular platform. This approach would simplify DW system maintenance. The platform-independent language proposed in this article also provides an easier way to create a unified environment to control DW processes, regardless of the language, environment, or ETL tool the DW uses.

Towards automatically identifying the co‐change of production and test code

AbstractIn software evolution, keeping the test code co‐change with the production code is important, because the outdated test code may not work and is ineffective in revealing faults in the production code. However, due to the tight development time, the production and test code may not be co‐changed immediately by developers. For example, we analysed the top 1003 popular Java projects on GitHub and found that nearly 9.3% of cases (i.e., 464,417) did not update their production and test code at the same time, that is, the production code is updated first, and then the test code is updated at intervals. The result indicates that much test code will not be updated in time. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, Jtup, to remind developers to co‐change the production code and test code in time. Specifically, we first define the co‐changed production and test code as a positive instance, while unchanged test code (i.e., production code changed and test code unchanged) as a negative instance. Then, we extract multidimensional features from the production code to characterize the possibility of their co‐change, including code change features, code complexity features, and code semantic features. Finally, several machine learning‐based methods are employed to identify the co‐changed production and test code. We conduct comprehensive experiments on 20 datasets, and the results show that the Accuracy, Precision, and Recall achieved by Jtup are 76.7%, 78.1%, and 77.4%, which outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art method.

A Comparative Study of Commit Representations for JIT Vulnerability Prediction

With the evolution of software systems, their size and complexity are rising rapidly. Identifying vulnerabilities as early as possible is crucial for ensuring high software quality and security. Just-in-time (JIT) vulnerability prediction, which aims to find vulnerabilities at the time of commit, has increasingly become a focus of attention. In our work, we present a comparative study to provide insights into the current state of JIT vulnerability prediction by examining three candidate models: CC2Vec, DeepJIT, and Code Change Tree. These unique approaches aptly represent the various techniques used in the field, allowing us to offer a thorough description of the current limitations and strengths of JIT vulnerability prediction. Our focus was on the predictive power of the models, their usability in terms of false positive (FP) rates, and the granularity of the source code analysis they are capable of handling. For training and evaluation, we used two recently published datasets containing vulnerability-inducing commits: ProjectKB and Defectors. Our results highlight the trade-offs between predictive accuracy and operational flexibility and also provide guidance on the use of ML-based automation for developers, especially considering false positive rates in commit-based vulnerability prediction. These findings can serve as crucial insights for future research and practical applications in software security.

Explicit Effects and Effect Constraints in ReML

An important aspect of building robust systems that execute on dedicated hardware and perhaps in constrained environments is to control and manage the effects performed by program code. We present ReML, a higher-order statically-typed functional language, which allows programmers to be explicit about the effects performed by program code and in particular effects related to memory management. Allowing programmers to be explicit about effects, the regions in which values reside, and the constraints under which code execute, makes programs robust to changes in the program source code and to compiler updates, including compiler optimisations. ReML is integrated with a polymorphic inference system that builds on top of region-inference, as it is implemented in the MLKit, a Standard ML compiler that uses region-based memory management as its primary memory management scheme.

Theory of liquid and plastic limits for fine soils, methods of determination and outlook

Albert Atterberg introduced various consistency limits (state transitions) for fine-grained soil in the 1910s. Of these, the liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) are ubiquitous in geotechnical engineering practice, including their usage for soil classification and in deducing useful geotechnical parameters through correlations. Given that it is about 110 years since they were first introduced, it seems timely to review critically the current state of play regarding various definitions and theories of these index parameters and their standardised testing methods, as described in majorly used codes worldwide. Because different codes allow different LL apparatus types and employ some dissimilar criteria (e.g. in establishing the end point for the PL test), a change in method or code may produce different consistency limits results for testing the same soil. These differences are rationalised in terms of the controlling soil and test parameters. Some potential pitfalls in consistency limits testing are highlighted. Attention then turns to strength-based approaches, mostly employing fall-cone (FC) set-ups, emphasising their unsuitability for determining Atterberg’s PL. Considering the general poor reproducibility of the PL test, this paper concludes with an alternative way forward, obtaining useful FC index parameters that provide new possibilities for strength predictions and in the classification of fine-grained soils.

The Association Between Tooth Brushing and Gum Disease Through the National Health and Nutrition Survey

Objective: This study analyses the relationship between brushing and gum disease using the 8th KNHANES data of the Korea Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and provides basic data when establishing national policies in the future. Methods: This study period is from March 1 to 30, 2023. It was conducted using raw data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) by the Korea Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, and all household members aged 1 and 80 who meet the appropriate household members requirements in the sample survey were selected as subjects. The subjects of the study were 6,728 out of a total of 7,090 participants in the 8th 2021 National Health and Nutrition Survey, excluding 362 missing. 6,728 people were selected for treatment of gum disease, gender, tooth brushing for a day yesterday, tooth brushing timing, chewing problems related to oral health surveys, and gum disease. Results: Age of this study * When to brush: Of the total 6,728 post-snack patients, 6265 "no" and 319 "yes" showed that most of them did not brush their teeth after a snack. The x2 statistical value is 502.389 significance probability .000, and at the significance level of .05, age * brushing timing: There is a significant difference from age in brushing after snacks (p<.05). Conclusion: In the regression analysis of education level reclassification and tooth brushing period, the F statistics are 118.903, significance probability .000, whether or not to brush one day yesterday at the significance level of .05 (t=8.365, p=).000), when to brush: after a snack (t=2.989, p=.000), when to brush: before going to bed (t=12.214, p=.000), (adult) chewing problem (t=7.526, p=.000), whether there are complaints of copyright inconvenience (t=-5.643, p=.000), Treatment item: Treatment of gum disease (t=-4.119, p=.000) is significant. The total change in the education level reclassification code is explained by 136% (134% according to the correction coefficient).

Principles of autonomous testing of high-performance .NET application

In the landscape of software development for high-performance .NET applications, autonomous testing emerges as a critical strategy to ensure reliability, scalability, and performance. This article delves into the practice of autonomous, or unattended, testing—where automated test cases are executed independently without human intervention. Our exploration is grounded in the application of autonomous testing in environments handling large data volumes and supporting high concurrency, which are typical scenarios for mission-critical .NET applications. We discuss the benefits of autonomous testing, including its ability to significantly increase test coverage, enhance defect detection at early stages, and ensure consistent and reliable testing outcomes across various scenarios. The implementation of robust testing frameworks such as NUnit, xUnit, or MSTest, which support features like parallel test execution and test parameterization, plays a foundational role in the effective deployment of autonomous testing systems. Moreover, the article highlights the necessity of integrating autonomous testing into continuous integration and deployment pipelines to facilitate continuous testing. This integration ensures that every code change is thoroughly validated before deployment, thereby enhancing software quality and accelerating delivery cycles. We also examine the challenges and best practices in fostering a culture that supports autonomous testing within organizations. By emphasizing the strategic importance of training, cross-functional collaboration, and continuous improvement, we propose methods to overcome resistance to change and enhance the adoption of autonomous testing practices.

Does a Stewardship Code Improve the Firm Valuation and ESG Factors in India?

This is the first study from an emerging market to examine the effect of stewardship codes on the relationship between institutional investors' (IIs) ownership and firm valuation, along with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors3.. Using all S&P BSE listed non-financial firms data from financial years 2014-2015 to 2022-23, the results reveal a negative relationship between future firm value and II's ownership. Notably, stewardship code adoption does not affect Independent institutional investors' (IIIs)/ mutual fund (MF) ownership relationships with future firm valuation; however, Other institutional investors' (OIIs) negative relationship gets more profound. Difference in Difference (DID) analysis results confirm that the stewardship code positively affects IIs' and firm valuation relationship concerning firms with low promoter ownership than firms with high (more than 50%) ownership. However, the effect of the stewardship code changes throughout the different levels of Tobin Q. We find that an increasing IIs ownership enhances the likelihood of a positive change in ESG and its factors in which the environmental (E) factor contributes substantially . Further, a positive change in the governance score is associated with other institutional investors' (OIIs) ownership. Adopting the stewardship code strengthens the association between MF ownership and ESG factors.

Code-Switching and Bilingualism in French Guiana: Exploring Influences Between French Creole and Standard French

The paper focuses on detailing the reasons and effects of code-switching and bilingualism in French Guiana. The primary focus is on analyzing the patterns of code-switching between two dominant languages in the region: The commonly known French Creole and Standard French, which are, furthermore, one of the many, different languages. Using the mixed-methods approach that is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods, the study attempts to find the various social, cultural and linguistic factors that make bilingualism in this very particular sociolinguistic setting feasible. French Guiana being different from other countries as it has different cultures and having different languages coming from different sources. It is the clashing of French Creole and Standard French that points to the history, the social-political dimension and the culture that define the language in this region. Through detailed research of the code-switching in this case study, the aim is to gain a nuanced perception of the intricacies of bilingual communication. The innovative method adapted in the study provides overall understanding of the code-switching patterns applied. Statistical analysis will help us understand code-switching patterns, distribution, while qualitative analysis will give us social and cultural reasons of switching to another language. The effects of the study have made us face the role of language, identity and social conditions. These links affect different disciplines particularly language matters and education. From this study, we will derive such insights that will aid in the making of inclusive policies that will adapt to the diverse linguistic practices. Students attending these schools also benefit from applying the data to their language development programs, those taking into account the multilingual nature of their environments. For example, the study’s conclusion that multilingualism is favorable paves the way for other researchers to come up with more studies on multilingualism. The research undertaken has provided the foundation for further studies to be carried out in relation to the villi context in linguistic studies that will be carried out to identify the same phenomenon in other sociolinguistic contexts. Typically, the outcomes of a this study direct a more general view into dilemmas of dual language and code changing.

Lobiranje i/ ili trgovina uticajem?

In this article, the author discusses the relatively new Lobbying Act that was enacted in the Republic of Serbia in 2019. According to the author's point of view, this Act is not in alignment with the Criminal Code, and the necessary amendments to the Criminal Code have not been made following the adoption of the Lobbying Act. Lobbying essentially involves attempting to influence government authorities to pass laws and perform other actions within their jurisdiction in exchange for appropriate compensation. On the other hand, the basic form of committing the criminal act of trading in influence is realized by making requests or receiving gifts or other benefits with the intent to mediate in performing an official act, utilizing one's official or social position or influence, which can be real or presumed. It is evident that lobbying and trading in influence overlap, which raises the question of whether a lobbyist, during the act of lobbying, is effectively involved in trading in influence or if the Lobbying Act decriminalizes trading in influence. According to the author, trading in influence is a broader concept than lobbying. This is because lobbying includes only influencing government authorities to pass laws, while trading in influence can be related to any authority, such as the police, administrative authorities, etc. This is why the Lobbying Act did not decriminalize trading in influence in general. However, the fact is that the lobbyist, according to positive legislation, is in danger of committing a criminal offense, so a change in the Criminal Code is necessary. The legislative body needs to amend the Criminal Code accordingly. It should be stipulated that a lobbyist who acts in accordance with the Lobbying Act does not commit a criminal offense. Additionally, the Lobbying Act needs to be revised. The question is - is it necessary to have registered lobbyists and non-registered lobbyists? The Lobbying Act should only prescribe registered lobbyists.

Cankar’s name code (novel “Nina”)

The article deals with the novel “Nina” (1906) by the prominent Slovenian writer Ivan Cankar (1876–1918), which researchers and critics refer to as the most unusual and complex of his works. Trying to unravel one of the mysteries of the Slovenian classic and starting from the code of the name that became the title of the work, the article aims to show how the process of changing the axiological paradigm was going on in the writer’s creative laboratory, which was accompanied by a change in the onomastic code. This process is demonstrated by the history of the creation of the drama “Beautiful Vida” (1911), originally titled “Hrepenenye” – “Hrepenenje”), the work on which was going on simultaneously with the creation of the text of “Nina”. In the conceived drama, Nina acts as a character who carries all the nuances that make up the essence of this capacious term: from dreams of love and homesickness to a feeling of transcendent love that takes a person away, aspirations for everything beautiful in life. However, at the final stage of work on the play, I. Cankar deviates from the original idea and connects the symbolism of hrepenenje with the name of Beautiful Vida, a mythologem that is significant for Slovenian culture, while emphasizing in letters to friends and brother that “it will be something completely new and ours.” Thus, there is a change in the value artistic paradigm in the work of the writer, who, living in the multicultural environment of the European capital, and creating works in his native language, refuses the literary and cultural European code in favor of his national one.

Evolution and Implications of Changes in Seismic Load Codes for Earthquake Resistant Structures Design

Seismic load is a critical load that can trigger damage or collapse of structures, especially in earthquake-prone areas. The susceptibility of structures to seismic loads is influenced by factors related to soil characteristics and structural behavior. This paper comprehensively examines the development of Indonesian seismic code design parameters and their comparison with the current seismic code. The results of the analysis showed that the design spectral acceleration of short-period AD and long-period A1 SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 increased with increasing PGA values, with a consistent pattern of SC < SD < SE. Unlike the previous two codes, design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2012 and SNI 2019 experience fluctuations in all types of soil. The ratio design spectral acceleration of AD and A1 SNI 2019 to KBI 1987 and SNI 2002 varies; there are up, fixed, and down for SC, SD, and SE soil conditions. The ratio of design spectral acceleration AD and A1 SNI 2019 to SNI 2012 designs also varies; this condition is due to changes in site coefficients. There were significant changes to the SKBI 1987 and SNI 2002 structural systems, especially the low and medium seismic levels. The increase in the seismic influence coefficient ratio of some cities varies for each type of soil and code. The increase in the 1970 PMI seismic coefficient was < 30% for all soil types, and the highest percentage increase occurred in SC soil types. The increase in seismic coefficient in SKBI 1987, SNI 2002, and SNI 2012 is more dominant in SE soil types. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-04 Full Text: PDF

Enhancing Security Patch Identification by Capturing Structures in Commits

With the rapid increasing number of open source software (OSS), the majority of the software vulnerabilities in the open source components are fixed silently, which leads to the deployed software that integrated them being unable to get a timely update. Hence, it is critical to design a security patch identification system to ensure the security of the utilized software. However, most of the existing works for security patch identification just consider the changed code and the commit message of a commit as a flat sequence of tokens with simple neural networks to learn its semantics, while the structure information is ignored. To address these limitations, in this paper, we propose our well-designed approach E-SPI, which extracts the structure information hidden in a commit for effective identification. Specifically, it consists of the code change encoder to extract the syntactic of the changed code with the BiLSTM to learn the code representation and the message encoder to construct the dependency graph for the commit message with the graph neural network (GNN) to learn the message representation. We further enhance the code change encoder by embedding contextual information related to the changed code. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we conduct the extensive experiments against six state-of-the-art approaches on the existing dataset and from the real deployment environment. The experimental results confirm that our approach can significantly outperform current state-of-the-art baselines.

CONCEPTO, TIPOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DE LOS CONTACTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS: NUEVOS ENFOQUES

The article studies a series of problems connected with the definition of linguistic contacts, such as the complicated sociolinguistic, linguocognitive and ethnic-cultural phenomenon. Such contact is accompanied by the specific processes of linguistic interferences, linguistic code change and linguistic borrowings. Linguistic contacts are due to non-linguistic phenomena such as population migration, the coexistence of different ethnic groups in the same territory or in the surrounding area, wars, colonization, political, economic, cultural and educational connections. Language contacts are closely linked with types of interethnic cultural contacts. There are several types of linguistic contacts: contacts according to their duration and stability; according to direct and indirect connections; contacts between related and unrelated languages; contacts with unilateral and with mutual influence; marginal and intraregional contacts; casual and permanent contacts; natural and artificial contacts. The consequences of language contacts. Language contacts are based on linguistic and sociolinguistic phenomena. Due to its significant nature, three aspects of language contact are distinguished: the consequences of language contact that affect the language; the consequences that concern the speaker of a language and the consequences that have effects on communication. Due to their duration, the consequences of linguistic contacts can be short-term and long-term. As a result of linguistic contacts can be formed pidgins and creole languages, which are the adstratum phenomena, or one of the contacted languages can be assimilated with the won/winning language, which are the substratum or superstratum phenomena. The different linguistic levels of linguistic contacts have a very stable character: the most stable is the lexical level, the least stable are the phonology and morphology levels.